scholarly journals Complex reconstruction of the life path and psychological characteristics of a historical person as a method of historical psychology

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (121) ◽  
pp. 97-109
Author(s):  
Elena N. Kholondovich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Legal Consciousness ◽  
Biographical Research ◽  
Historical Figures ◽  
Single Method ◽  
Life Path

The article analyzes the works on the study of historical figures in various socio-humanitarian sciences: history, philosophy, literary studies, psychology. Various approaches to biographical research in psychology are considered: psychoanalysis, psychiatry, historical psychology. There is a growing interest in biographical research in both science and mass consciousness. In historical psychology, personality is studied from different perspectives: from the point of view of its genius, its orientation, legal consciousness as a representative of the moral elite, etc. It is concluded that there is no single method of studying the historical personality in psychology. The author offers a comprehensive reconstruction of the life path and psychological characteristics of a historical person as a method of historical psychology, which is based on the structural and dynamic model of a person by B. G. Ananyev, the subject-activity approach by S. L. Rubinstein, and the ideas of B. F. Lomov on the system determination of the psyche, a procedure of psychological and historical reconstruction that allows combining various methods in the study (modeling, biographical method, praximetric method, quantitative methods, etc.). The proposed method will allow us to study the historical personality comprehensively, in the dynamics included in the integral system of social relations, as well as to reveal the features of its development in the context of historical time. Various hierarchically organized structures (individuum, personality, subject of activity, individuality) cover all levels of relations and interactions of a person and the functions and roles performed by him in the process of living life at each stage of his development. Such a study reaches the level of a systematic reconstruction of the life path of a historical person as an integral phenomenon without losing the complex methodological basis.

scholarly journals Ideological manifestations of Christian-legal traditions in the legal system

2021 ◽  
pp. 195-199
Author(s):  
I. V. Mima
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Legal Consciousness ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Legal Traditions ◽  
Historical Heritage

The process of development of various directions of objective scientific analysis of problems of the theory of the state and law is investigated; the analysis of transformational processes of Christian-legal traditions in the legal system is carried out. The author argues that the Christian legal traditions are a unique religious and social value, because they embody the fundamental principles of civilized organization of religious relations in society, their regulatory requirements. Christian legal traditions generalize national law at the level of the legal space, reflect the unity of the legal system, which fixes the legal individuality and identity of the country, which affects the formation of the national idea. The author notes that in modern society, Christian legal traditions, Christian legal traditions appear as a legal category, a phenomenon of legal culture, an element of the legal system and a component of the succession of law, which captures generalized legal experience, legal memory, legal knowledge and legal ideas. passed down from generation to generation as acceptable ways of organizing society, models of formation of the legal system, order in law, hierarchy of values in law, etc. The point of view that Christian-legal traditions can be characterized from the standpoint of traditionalism and modernism is substantiated. Socio-historical heritage is a liability of past traditions and a basis for the formation of new traditions. In general, modern society is characterized by the action of real Christian legal traditions, which combines authentic and non-authentic Christian legal traditions and socio-historical heritage in ensuring the heredity of social development with its previous stages. Authenticity is determined by the preconditions for the formation of Christian legal traditions in society, arising from the laws of the stages of its development. Inauthentic Christian legal traditions are created artificially and act as declared social norms that have not yet confirmed their value nature in the course of social practice. They are most often observed in societies undergoing transformational periods of their existence, during which there is a need for new methods of regulating social relations and means of community unification. Such Christian legal traditions can be used to fill gaps in the mechanism of social and normative regulation of social relations by connecting the past with new conditions and needs. In addition, Christian-legal traditions occupy an important place in the socio-normative organization of modern society, and during the historical process of development of society the content of Christian-legal traditions was influenced by ideological, cultural and socio-economic deformations of society. Christian-legal traditions as religious-normative principles ensure the realization of Christian-legal ideals and values in religious relations, their indisputable status in public life. Keywords: legal system, Christian-legal traditions, legal heritage, traditionalism and modernism, legal culture, legal consciousness, authentic and non-authentic Christian-legal traditions.

scholarly journals About the Determination of Crime

2020 ◽  
pp. 274-280
Author(s):  
Bohdan Holovkin
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
General System ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Legal Consciousness ◽  
Behavioral Strategies ◽  
Criminal Offenses

In the article on the basis of system approach the concept and mechanism of determination of crime are considered, the system of determinants of crime is established, causality of this phenomenon is revealed. It is noted that crime arises, exists and develops as a result of the interaction of members of society with each other, as well as with the social environment and society as a general system. Therefore, crime first and foremost linked to the conditions of life of society, the state of social consciousness and the system of social relations. Crime does not produce a single phenomenon, process or event, but a synergy of similar and homogeneous phenomena and processes. In addition, crime is capable of self-reproduction, by regularly repeating the most persistent forms of criminal behavior. Of all the types of determination, causality is of paramount importance, since this category reflects the objective, regular link between crime and the phenomena that give rise to it. At the level of society, the causes of crime are criminogenic deformations of the legal consciousness and legal culture, which, under certain conditions, naturally give rise to criminal forms of behavior by members of society. Such deformations lead to a criminal state, when people think about the benefits of criminal behavior and are not afraid of criminal responsibility. Deformations of the legal consciousness include defects in the legal worldview, distorted values, the legal subculture, double morality, anti-social interests, and opportunistic behavioral strategies. Among the conditions contributing to the increase in the crime rate, the biggest influences are: shadow economy and criminal monopolism; corruption; poverty of a large part of the population; income inequality; job cuts and unemployment; uncontrolled urbanization; ill-considered changes to the legislation, first of all criminal; human rights abuses; social tension and conflicting; concealment of criminal offenses from accounting, low rates of disclosure of criminal offenses; unfair judgments (sentences); trafficking in weapons, ammunition and explosives; unreasonable large-scale amnesty of criminals; high levels of consumption of alcoholic beverages, drugs and psychotropic substances; child homelessness and neglect.

scholarly journals Axiological Aspects of State Control and Supervision

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-61
Author(s):  
Saniat Agamagomedova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Evolutionary Approach ◽  
State Control ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
The Public ◽  
Administrative Procedures ◽  
The Subject

The subject of research is state control and supervision from the point of view of axiological approaches. The first level of the latter makes it possible to determine value of state control and supervision as administrative forms; the second level forms variants of theoretical and legal substantiation of the correlation between the control and supervisory activities of the state and the totality of values protected by law. The aim of the article is to propose methodological techniques for determining the value of state control and supervision, which is understood as the importance of these institutions in the public administration system as a whole in the context of the possibility of using other administrative forms to achieve regulatory goals. The value of the control and supervisory activities of the state is substantiated from the point of view of the possibility of replacing state control and supervision with other regulatory mechanisms within the framework of deregulation processes (horizontal approach), as well as taking into account previous development of these administrative forms (evolutionary approach). Value of state control and supervision is seen as the ability to ensure the protection of legally protected values with minimal interference of public authorities in controlled activities. Value of the considered management forms is substantiated using the category of deregulation, which is understood as: process of development of a certain sphere of social relations; process of delegating state powers; trends to expanding the freedom of subjects, transition to “soft” regulation; process of reducing and simplifying administrative procedures (procedural deregulation). Determination of the value of state control and supervision is associated with the justification of the possibility of replacing these management forms with others in relation to a certain area of regulation, which determines a specific ratio of various management forms and mechanisms. From the point of view of evolutionary approach, value of state control and supervision is determined by the previous development of these administrative forms in the system of state power. Within the framework of the theoretical and legal substantiation of the category “values protected by law” in the system of state control and supervision, a variety of positions are highlighted. As a conclusion, a modern formula is proposed: state control and supervision — socially significant results — mandatory requirements — values protected by law.

scholarly journals Criminological and socio-psychological research of suicidal terrorism in the postmodern era

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 03004
Author(s):  
Dmitry Vladimirovich Lobach ◽  
Tatiana Vladimirovna Kvasnikova ◽  
Nina Leonidovna Smirnova ◽  
Olga Vladimirovna Khabibulina ◽  
Sergey Stanislavovich Shestopal
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Social Protest ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
National Values

The article examines the criminological and socio-psychological characteristics of suicidal terrorism as a type of political violence at the present stage. The use of the historical method of scientific research allows concluding that although suicidal terrorism manifests itself in different historical epochs, only since the second half of the 20th century, suicidal terrorism has become a widely used violent practice. The analysis of the positions on this topic allows defining suicidal terrorism as a violent practice aimed at causing maximum damage to the population and (or) civilian items, as well as state authorities, institutions, or international organizations to intimidate the population and influence official authorities, which is accompanied by a conscious refusal of the perpetrator to save his/her life. At the same time, suicidal terrorism itself is represented in two forms: classic suicidal terrorism and high-probability suicidal terrorism. Based on the analysis of statistical data on the spread of suicidal terrorism in the world, a sharp trend in the growth of this type of terrorism in the 21st century is determined, as well as correlation changes in the specific coefficient of harm caused depending on the tactics of suicidal terrorism. Two key approaches to understanding the causes of suicidal terrorism are considered. As to the first approach, suicidal terrorism is explained from the perspective of religious self-consciousness and the crisis of cultural and national values that have been historically developed in traditional society. Within the second approach, the determination of suicidal terrorism is due to social protest against an unfair system of social organization and established social relations.

The existential problem of the person in the story by O.Bokey “Atau-kere”

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-248
Author(s):  
A. Bolkenbaeva ◽  
◽  
Z. Ertisova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Existential Problem

The scientific article deals with the problem of Existentialism, which has not lost its relevance in modern society. The scientific opinions of many scientists underlying the research were discussed, the psychological characteristics of Existentialism and its basic concepts were analyzed. Revealing the relationship between science and Existentialism, existentialists supplemented the reasoning: "from a scientific point of view, it is impossible to be silent about the existence of man" with an argument, analyzing the actions of the heroes of O. Bokey's story "Atau-Kere". Although the existentialist did not investigate human existence from a scientific point of view, the existentialist in the work scientifically grouped the actions of the characters, demonstrating the psychological sequence of thinking. He noted that the existence of images in one's own world is a complex psychological process. We tried to find ways to solve this problem by analyzing the actions of the heroes. That's the scientific basis of the article. Existentialism considers two types of human life: false and true. The first is the daily life of a person, and the next is his life, detached from social relations and independent of anyone, listening to his inner nature. The author in his article tried to prove that the way to solve this problem lies in spiritual wealth.

Statisticians and Political Scientists

1933 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold F. Gosnell
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Index Numbers ◽  
General Direction ◽  
Political Reasoning ◽  
The Times

In his classic book, Human Nature in Politics, published in 1908, Graham Wallas said: “We must aim at finding as many relevant and measurable facts about human nature as possible, and we must attempt to make all of them serviceable in political reasoning.” While the point of view which Wallas expressed at that time has by no means been universally accepted, and is today challenged by men like Charles A. Beard, certain steps have been taken toward its recognition.Wallas was particularly impressed by the successful use of quantitative methods made by the economists, and well he might be. To mention a single case, the work of F. Y. Edgeworth, in the measurement of utility, the algebraical or diagrammatic determination of economic equilibriums, and the application of the theory of probability to sampling and in the measurement of economic value or index numbers, showed the trend of the times in economics. The twentieth century has marked an acceleration of this trend. Political scientists have not only lagged far behind the economists in the use of statistics, but they have shown important resistance in some sections to following in this general direction. What is the explanation of this situation?

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Ability to Accurately Produce Angular Details by 3D Printing of Plastic Parts

Machines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Andrei Marius Mihalache ◽  
Gheorghe Nagîț ◽  
Laurențiu Slătineanu ◽  
Adelina Hrițuc ◽  
Angelos Markopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Vertex Angle ◽  
Function Type ◽  
Constant Height ◽  
3D Printers ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Mathematical Processing ◽  
Plastic Parts

3D printing is a process that has become widely used in recent years, allowing the production of parts with relatively complicated shapes from metallic and non-metallic materials. In some cases, it is challenging to evaluate the ability of 3D printers to make fine details of parts. For such an assessment, the printing of samples showing intersections of surfaces with low angle values was considered. An experimental plan was designed and materialized to highlight the influence of different factors, such as the thickness of the deposited material layer, the printing speed, the cooling and filling conditions of the 3D-printed part, and the thickness of the sample. Samples using areas in the form of isosceles triangles with constant height or bases with the same length, respectively, were used. The mathematical processing of the experimental results allowed the determination of empirical mathematical models of the power-function type. It allowed the detection of both the direction of actions and the intensity of the influence exerted by the input factors. It is concluded that the strongest influence on the printer’s ability to produce fine detail, from the point of view addressed in the paper, is exerted by the vertex angle, whose reduction leads to a decrease in printing accuracy.

Determination of a Rubber-Like Material Model as an Inverse Problem

2011 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Derewonko ◽  
Andrzej Kiczko
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
Axial Stress ◽  
Constitutive Models ◽  
Material Model ◽  
Polyester Fabric ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Air Cushion ◽  
Ill Conditioning ◽  
Stress States

The purpose of this paper is to describe the selection process of a rubber-like material model useful for simulation behaviour of an inflatable air cushion under multi-axial stress states. The air cushion is a part of a single segment of a pontoon bridge. The air cushion is constructed of a polyester fabric reinforced membrane such as Hypalon®. From a numerical point of view such a composite type poses a challenge since numerical ill-conditioning can occur due to stiffness differences between rubber and fabric. Due to the analysis of the large deformation dynamic response of the structure, the LS-Dyna code is used. Since LS-Dyna contains more than two-hundred constitutive models the inverse method is used to determine parameters characterizing the material on the base of results of the experimental test.

Resistance to Outflow of Cerebrospinal Fluid Determined by Bolus Injection Technique and Constant Rate Steady State Infusion in Humans

Neurosurgery ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kosteljanetz
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Bolus Injection ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Injection Technique ◽  
Communicating Hydrocephalus ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Infusion Technique

Abstract Two methods for the determination of resistance to the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid, the bolus injection technique and the constant rate steady state infusion technique, were compared. Thirty-two patients with a variety of intracranial diseases (usually communicating hydrocephalus) were studied. There was a high degree of correlation between the resistance values obtained with the two methods, but values based on the bolus injection technique were systematically and statistically significantly lower than those obtained with the constant rate infusion test. From a practical point of view. both methods were found to be applicable in a clinical setting.

Determination of In-plane Shear Strength of Unidirectional Composite Materials Using the Off-axis Three-point Flexure and Off-axis Tensile Tests

2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (21) ◽  
pp. 2487-2507 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Vargas ◽  
F. Mujika
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Composite Materials ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Unidirectional Composite ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Experimental Point ◽  
Plane Shear ◽  
Lift Off ◽  
Flexure Test

The aim of this work is to compare from an experimental point of view the determination of in-plane shear strength of unidirectional composite materials by means of two off-axis tests: three-point flexure and tensile. In the case of the off-axis three-point flexure test, the condition of small displacements and the condition of lift-off between the specimen and the fixture supports have been taken into account. Some considerations regarding stress and displacement fields are presented. The in-plane shear characterization has been performed on a carbon fiber reinforced unidirectional laminate with several fiber orientation angles: 10°, 20°, 30°, and 45°. Test conditions for both off-axis experimental methods, in order to ensure their applicability, are presented. Off-axis flexure test is considered more suitable than off-axis tensile test for the determination of in-plane shear strength.

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