scholarly journals The Place of Central Asian Turkic Republics in the Global World

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esra Karapınar
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
National Identities ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The World ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Global World ◽  
Second World

Globalization process which started at the end of nineteenth century and goes on at the present shows its impacts more in some countries or less in some other countries but this is a process that closes up countries, blots out authorities’ immunities, makes them become transparent, and strengthens socio-cultural, political and especially economic relations. After the terms of being introverted and self-sufficiency between First and Second World Wars, struggles to liberalized world trade have been accelerated since 1960, and good and service flows between countries grew both as a volume and value. As a result of liberalization and deregulation politics which appears since 1980, the capital could move easier on the world. So, how has this process felt its effect on the Central Asian Turkic Republics includes Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan that arised in 1991 after dissociation in the Soviet Union because of clearing and reconstruction policy applied and after facility of establishing its own, independent states by earning their national identities to Turkish elements who lived under the sovereignty of Russians for years is given? The aim of study here is to analyse the effects of that globalization wave in the Turkic Republics which spread out all over the world. For this purpose, first of all changes in the Soviet Union 's policy will be considered and reflections of it on the economical life are to be investigated, and then applications and what the course of actions about integration with the World determined by mentioned republics after dissociation are to be discussed.

To the discussion about the modern world order

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
A. Mustafabeyli
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Intergovernmental Relations ◽  
World System ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
World Order ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Second World

In many political researches there if a conclusion that the world system which was founded after the Second world war is destroyed of chaos. But the world system couldn`t work while the two opposite systems — socialist and capitalist were in hard confrontation. After collapse of the Soviet Union and the European socialist community the nature of intergovernmental relations and behavior of the international community did not change. The power always was and still is the main tool of international communication.

The Making and Breaking of States: The End of Empire in India Revisited

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith M. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Arab World ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
State And Society ◽  
The World ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Imperial State ◽  
Second World

Recent events in the Arab world have sharpened and widened public interest in the way states can be broken and made. Since the end of the Second World War the world has seen three great waves of state-breaking and state-making: the end of European empires; the collapse of the Soviet Union; and the contemporary ‘Arab Spring’. By revisiting an example from the first of these great waves, perhaps the greatest ‘imperial ending’—the end of British imperial rule in India in 1947, this lecture investigates issues which may prove instructive in probing the dynamics of other phases of turbulence in the structures and nature of states. It addresses four major questions which are relevant across the many different episodes of state breaking and making, with the help of evidence from the case of the South Asian subcontinent. What is the relationship between state and society and the patterns of relationship which help to determine the nature and vulnerability of the state? What makes a viable and destabilising opposition to the imperial state? What is the nature of the breaking or collapse of that state? How are states refashioned out of the inheritance of the previous regime and the breaking process?

A Fragmented Mediterranean, 1945–1990

The Great Sea ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Abulafia
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Free Access ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Western Government ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Second World

The Allied victory over Germany in the Second World War, like that in the First, left the Mediterranean unsettled. After Greece emerged from its civil war with a pro-western government, there were ever louder rumbles in Cyprus, where the movement calling for enôsis, union with Greece, was gathering pace again. Precisely because the Greeks sided with the West, and because Turkey had kept out of the war, during the late 1940s the United States began to see the Mediterranean as an advance position in the new struggle against the expanding power of the Soviet Union. The explicit theme was the defence of democracy against Communist tyranny. Stalin’s realism had prevented him from supporting Communist insurgency in Greece, but he was keen to find ways of gaining free access to the Mediterranean through the Dardanelles. In London and Washington, the fear that Soviet allies would establish themselves on the shores of the Mediterranean remained real, since the partisan leader in Yugoslavia, Tito, had played the right cards during the last stages of the war, even winning support from the British. Moreover, the Italians had lost Zadar along with the naval base at Kotor and chunks of Dalmatia they had greedily acquired during the war, while Albania, after an agonizing period of first Italian and then German occupation, had recovered its independence under the Paris-educated Communist leader Enver Hoxha, whose uncompromising stance was to bring his country into ever-greater isolation. When he took power, Hoxha imagined that his country would form part of a brotherly band of socialist nations, alongside Tito’s renascent Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. Close ties with the Yugoslavs were sealed by economic pacts which reveal Tito’s hope of drawing Albania into the Yugoslav federation. Hoxha had other aspirations, and in his view Albania’s right to defend every square inch of the national territory extended into the waters off the Albanian coast: the Corfu Channel, long used as a waterway linking Greece to the Adriatic, was mined to prevent foreign incursions. Britain decided to send warships through the channel, asserting its right to police the Mediterranean on behalf of the nations of the world.

America Abroad

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kal Raustiala
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Role ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World ◽  
Second World

The single most important feature of American history after 1945 was the United States’s assumption of hegemonic leadership. Europeans had noted America’s enormous potential since at least the nineteenth century. After the Civil War the United States had one of the largest economies in the world, but, as noted earlier in this book, in geopolitical terms it remained a surprisingly minor player. By 1900 the United States was playing a more significant political role. But it was only after 1945 that the nation’s potential on the world stage was fully realized. Victory in the Second World War left the United States in an enviable position. Unlike the Soviet Union, which endured devastating fighting on its territory and lost tens of millions of citizens, the United States had experienced only one major attack on its soil. Thanks to its actions in the war America had great influence in Europe. And the national economy emerged surprisingly vibrant from the years of conflagration, easily dominant over any conceivable rival or set of rivals. When the First World War ended the United States ultimately chose to return to its hemispheric perch. It declined to join the new League of Nations, and rather than maintaining engagement with the great powers of the day, America generally turned inward. The years following the Second World War were quite different. In addition to championing—and hosting—the new United Nations, the United States quickly established a panoply of important institutions aimed at maintaining and organizing international cooperation in both economic and security affairs. Rising tensions with the Soviet Union, apparent to many shortly after the war’s end, led the United States to remain militarily active in both Europe and Asia. The intensifying Cold War cemented this unprecedented approach to world politics. The prolonged occupations of Germany and Japan were straightforward examples of this newly active global role. In both cases the United States refashioned a conquered enemy into a democratic, free-market ally—a significant feat. The United States did not, however, seek a formal empire in the wake of its victory.

Clan Politics and Regime Transition in Central Asia

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 802-804
Author(s):  
Nilgun Onder
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Regime Transition ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Central Asian Republics

Clan Politics and Regime Transition in Central Asia, Kathleen Collins, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 376.The long isolation of Central Asia finally ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union. Five new independent states emerged from the ashes of the Soviet Union, the very first time in history that the peoples of Central Asia gained their own independent states modelled on the modern state. This development caught the world, including Central Asians themselves, by surprise. It changed the geopolitics of the entire Eurasia. In the ensuing years, the Central Asian republics have undergone simultaneous multiple transformations: state building; political regime transformation; and transition from Soviet communism. Thus the new states in Central Asia have provided scholars with new cases of multiple economic and political transitions to study and compare. In recent years, there has been a significant proliferation of English-language publications on Central Asia. Kathleen Collin's book, a comparative historical study of political development in Central Asia, is a major contribution. While its focus is on Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, it often provides examples from the other two Central Asian republics, namely Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. It is thoroughly researched and rich in information and details. It also makes a significant contribution to the political science literature on democratization, regime transition and consolidation.

scholarly journals A few remarks on East Prussia goldsmith heritage in Lithuania

Menotyra ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalia Vasiliūnienė
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
World War ◽  
German Scientist ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World ◽  
East Prussia ◽  
Second World

The newly identified goldsmiths’ works of East Prussia are presented in the article: a chalice from Kaunas St. Cross Church forged by Otto Schwerdfeger, a master in Königsberg, in 1704 (?), a ciborium from Vilnius St. Apostles Peter and Paul Church made by goldsmith Johann Kownatzky in Tilsit in the 1760–80s, and a monstrance from Valakbūdis Church made by Michael Greiffenhagen II, a master from Tilsit, in 1795 (?). After the World War II, East Prussia was annexed by the Soviet Union. Destruction of the region and its historical memory and enormous losses of the cultural heritage partly resulted in knowledge gaps in Lithuania about the goldsmithing in this region. For the knowledge of goldsmith history in East Prussia, works by Eugen von Czihak, a German scientist, based on the information collected before the First and Second World Wars are very important. The goldsmithing of Eastern Prussia is pretty seldom mentioned in the Lithuanian historiography. Only sparsely survived works by Königsberg, Tilsit and Klaipėda (Memel) masters from the 17th – 19th century have been published. On the contrary, the context of Lithuanian goldsmith history is described based on data provided by the German writings. According to our knowledge, the goldsmith heritage from Königsberg predominates in Lithuania. Not a few goldsmith works from Tilsit were also identified in Lithuania. The works of Eastern Prussian goldsmiths are of particular value. Because of the dramatic fate of Königsberg region, the survived number of goldsmith works throughout Europe is relatively low.

scholarly journals Economic relations between Sweden and Romania during the Second World War

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-112
Author(s):  
Andreea Dahlquist
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Oil Products ◽  
Economic Pressure ◽  
Agricultural Machinery ◽  
World War ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World

The growth of Swedish-Romanian trade increased after Sweden opened its first diplomatic representation on Romanian soil in Galați (1851), Brăila (1852), Bucharest (1852), and Constanța (1880). In 1922, Sweden and Romania signed the first convention that regulated commerce. Later, in 1929, Romania took a loan of 30 million dollars from a Swedish concern in what proved to be a significant moment in the history of Swedish-Romanian economic relations.During the Second World War, both countries faced difficulties maintaining stable trade as a result of economic pressure from Germany and, eventually, the Soviet Union. Despite the challenges, Sweden succeeded in importing Romanian oil products, fodder, and grains – essential products for their economy – while Romania purchased Swedish agricultural machinery and other technologies.By the end of the war, several Swedish companies had established operations in Romania; among them, internationally recognized companies such as Swedish Matches, Kullager, Elektrolux, L.M. Ericsson, and Elektro-Invest.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Entrepreneurship in Central Asian Turkic Republics According to International Indices

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azamat Maksüdünov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Heritage Foundation ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
General Evaluation ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Freedom Index ◽  
Global Competitiveness Index ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship

With the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the Central Asian Turkic Republics gained their independence and started transition to the market economy. Entrepreneurship plays a major role for the successful transition and sustainable development. Since independence, each country has been carrying out its own activities to develop entrepreneurship. The results of national-scale activities to improve entrepreneurship can be observed in international rankings. In this context, main purpose of this study is to evaluate entrepreneurship in Central Asian Turkic Republics according to related international indices and to develop recommendations for the improvement of entrepreneurship in the region. For this purpose, data from international indices like, Global Entrepreneurship Index published by the Global Entrepreneurship and Development Institute, Economic Freedom Index published by the Heritage Foundation, Global Competitiveness Index published by the World Economic Forum and Doing Business Reports published by the World Bank, will be utilized. To obtain the expected value of entrepreneurship for economic development it is necessary to see the current performance for all countries. Results of this study are thought to provide important information for institutions and organizations regulating market in those countries. Additionally, this study gives a chance to make a general evaluation of Central Asian Turkic Republics' activities on entrepreneurship.

scholarly journals Russia and Azerbaijan

1997 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 103-105
Author(s):  
Talip Kucukcan
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Early Period ◽  
National Identities ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Independent States ◽  
North And South ◽  
Bear Witness

The last centuries of human history bear witness to the generation of havocand carnage brought about by the disintegration of world empires and superpowersthat ruled vast areas inhabited by people of different ethnic. religious,and national backgrounds. One such event took place in the early period of thiscentury: the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Its downfall left a power vacuumin many areas of the Balkans. North Africa and the Middle East. Out of the ashesof its ruin, new and independent states emerged.Toward the end of the twentieth century, the Soviet Union totally disintegratedand suddenly disappeared from the international scene in a relatively shorttime. As mentioned. history has recorded the gradual decline and final fall ofgreat empires. The collapse of the Soviet Union differs from other olderempires. We will draw a comparison between its disintegration and the fall ofthe older Ottoman Empire.There are abundant scholarly and literary analyses indicating that the OttomanEmpire underwent a process of gradual dismantling from it initial decline to itsfinal collapse. The Soviet Union, however, underwent an abrupt end to its reignand. entered ultimate oblivion without experiencing a prolonged loss of vitality.This abrupt fall and quick end may be auributed to various factors, from the failureof economic policies to the yearning for freedom. including the revival ofethnic, religious. and national identities. These are the points emphasized bySwietochowski's timely book on Russia and Azerbaijan.The current wave of world events exerts itself nor only upon the political elitebut also within academic quarters and on publishing trends. As the 1979 Iranianrevolution drew greater attention to Islam and was followed by the establishmentof new departments of Islamic studies and the publication of hundreds ofbooks on the subject, the collapse of the Soviet Union generated a significantamount of interest and, accordingly, academicians and publishing housesresponded to the growing search to know more about the region.Swietochowski's look should be considered a significant contribution to theseeffons.It is a widely held observation thal the disintegration of Lhe Soviet Union dramaticallychanged and traumatized the geopolitical and geocullural landscape ofthe area. Swietochowski's book concentrates specifically on Azerbaijan byexamining closely the last two centuries of this unknown land's history. As thetitle Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition suggests, the authordeals with a people whose land is divided between north and south. He usesarchival sources, official documents, and numerous books and articles written invarious languages to inform readers about a land and a people about which littlewas known before the Soviet Union's downfall. Swietochowski's work ...

Russian Emigration and the USA. F. Stepun and M.M. Karpovich (Preface to the Publication of Letters from F.A. Stepun to M.M. Karpovich)

2021 ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
Vladimir K. Кantor ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Eastern Bloc ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Second World

The author examines a geopolitical line in the development of Russian philoso­phy in emigration. Not only the Russian revolution of 1917, not only the Nazi revolution of 1933–1935, but the Second World War changed the balance of power on the intellectual map of the world. Hitler was defeated by the Soviet Union with the help of the Anglo-American allies. As a result, two blocks emerged. They got a taste for the disposal of Europe and other countries of the United States, the USSR also strengthened, expanding the area of its influence (“Eastern bloc”). Should emigrants return to Russia? Bunin tried, but at the bor­der he turned back after reading articles about Akhmatova and Zoshchenko in the Pravda newspaper. Remain in a devastated and half-starved Europe, which has no time for emigrants? Or choose the third path where the track has al­ready been paved. Russian intellectuals from Germany have already settled in the United States, many have taken root there, some have returned. This, in essence, was the second emigration, the continuation of the first. There was already an experience of flight, but there was also a craving for German culture, which, despite the German Nazism sweeping through the world, Russian thinkers highly valued. They – as it should be in trouble – held on to each other. An example of this intellectual collaboration is Karpovich and Stepun.

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