Impact of Globalization on Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries

Global Entrepreneurship ◽

Contemporarily, globalization is regarded as one of the most comprehensive forces that shape the modern world. It led to major increases in worldwide trade and exchanges in an increasingly open, integrated, and borderless international economy. The participation of developing countries in the globalization process created an opportunity for them to better utilize their comparative advantages through entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship is often associated with job creation, wealth creation, innovation and its related welfare effects. Thus it is generally credited with economic development instrument especially for developing countries. In this regard, impact of globalization on entrepreneurship in developing countries is investigated in the study. Entrepreneurship and globalization data is collected from KOF Index of Globalization and Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. The data of the countries classified by UNDP Country Classification System. Comparison of the data has shown that globalization has a positive impact on entrepreneurial activities and although entrepreneurship levels are rising all over the world it is more effective in developing countries than developed ones and emerging markets in the last decade due to the increase in the globalization process.

Entrepreneurial Activities and Level of Development in Morocco: Empirical Investigation from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Data

Global Business Review ◽

10.1177/0972150915619799 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 241-256 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Aomar Ibourk ◽

Jabrane Amaghouss

Keyword(s):

Empirical Investigation ◽

Global Entrepreneurship ◽

Monitor Data

ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY IN AMERICAN INDIAN NATIONS: EXTENDING THE GEM METHODOLOGY

Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship ◽

10.1142/s108494671350009x ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 18 (02) ◽

pp. 1350009

Author(s):

REBECCA J. FRANKLIN ◽

MICHAEL H. MORRIS ◽

JUSTIN W. WEBB

Keyword(s):

American Indian ◽

Early Stage ◽

The United States ◽

Entrepreneurial Activity ◽

Nascent Entrepreneurship ◽

Individual Level ◽

Global Entrepreneurship ◽

Indian Nations

Drawing on institutional theory and using a methodology adapted from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), early stage entrepreneurial activities are examined within American Indian nations. Examining a context within a larger institutional context, comparisons are made between three American Indian nations and the United States. Patterns are identified regarding total entrepreneurial activity (TEA), nascent entrepreneurship, business discontinuation and new and established business rates. Additional analyses are conducted of individual-level variables within American Indian nations including location, self-efficacy and other variables in relation to nascent entrepreneurship and business ownership. Implications are drawn for tribal entrepreneurship development and further extension of the GEM methodology.

The More the Merrier? Immigrant Share and Entrepreneurial Activities

Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice ◽

10.1177/1042258718795344 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 42 (5) ◽

pp. 698-733 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Chengguang Li ◽

Rodrigo Isidor ◽

Luis Alfonso Dau ◽

Rudy Kabst

Keyword(s):

Knowledge Spillover ◽

New Firms ◽

Native Communities ◽

Spillover Theory ◽

Global Entrepreneurship ◽

Knowledge Spillover Theory ◽

Using Data ◽

The Relationship

We examine the relationship between immigrant share and entrepreneurial activities in a country. Building on knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship (KSTE), we hypothesize that immigrant share positively relates to the creation, growth, and export activities of new firms through knowledge spillover between immigrant and native communities. We further suggest that favorable attitudes of natives toward immigrants positively moderate this relationship. Using data for 32 countries from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, we find support for the hypothesized direct relationships and for the moderating influence of a nation's attitude toward immigrants. Our study has implications for KSTE and research on entrepreneurship and immigration.

The Emerging trend Women entrepreneurship in Pakistan

Journal of Arts & Social Sciences ◽

10.46662/jass-vol7-iss2-2020(217-230) ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 217-230

Author(s):

Samina Yaqoob

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Personal Experience ◽

Poverty Reduction ◽

Financial Constraints ◽

Future Research ◽

Wealth Creation ◽

Women Entrepreneurship ◽

Economic Constraints

Though the field of entrepreneurship is continuously growing and mature but still there is a need to explore the role of women entrepreneurship in developing countries. This study highlight, how women execute her entrepreneurial venture while facing different challenges such as cultural, social, and economic constraints etc.? Moreover, how she can play her best role for the welfare of society in developing countries. Our results showed that female entrepreneurial activities herald the optimization of their social and economic wellbeing, moreover it benefits to society through, wealth creation, poverty reduction etc. In this study Gioia methodology was undertaken to explore the women entrepreneur growth route in Pakistan. By the analysis of women personal experience author identified different social, cultural, financial constraints during the growth phase. The new emerging model provide the useful basis for future research imperatives.

Women Entrepreneurship in Visegrad Region and its Drivers

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun201664061899 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 64 (6) ◽

pp. 1899-1910 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Marian Holienka ◽

Zuzana Jančovičová ◽

Zuzana Kovačičová

Keyword(s):

Early Stage ◽

Entrepreneurial Activity ◽

Female Population ◽

Women Entrepreneurship ◽

Individual Level ◽

Level Data ◽

Global Entrepreneurship ◽

Visegrád Countries

The aim of our paper is to analyze the quantitative aspects of entrepreneurial activity among female population, and to investigate for drivers of women involvement in early‑stage entrepreneurial activities in Visegrad countries (i.e. Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia and Poland). We employ Global Entrepreneurship Monitor national and individual level data for four consecutive years 2011 – 2014 (altogether 16,036 respondents). First, we analyze the main indicators of female entrepreneurial activity, including the inclusivity index, using the descriptive statistics methods. Second, we execute logistic regression analysis and look for the factors related to entering the entrepreneurial path among women in our region, while considering the opportunity and necessity motive dichotomy. Our results show that women in V4 region exhibit more sceptic attitudes towards entrepreneurship as well as low inclusion in entrepreneurial activity in all stages, compared to their male counterparts. Further in our analysis, we have identified the most important factors that act as women entrepreneurship drivers, considering its motivation. Our findings therefore unveil the problematic aspects of women entrepreneurship in Visegrad countries and point out the potential solutions. In our paper we further discuss these findings and their implications.

Do Entrepreneurial Activities Decrease Income Inequality and Boost Human Development? Evidence from BRICS Economies

Global Business Review ◽

10.1177/0972150921996186 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 097215092199618

Author(s):

Ritu Rani ◽

Naresh Kumar

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Income Inequality ◽

Human Development ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Random Effect ◽

National Income ◽

Series Data ◽

Brics Countries ◽

Global Entrepreneurship ◽

This article investigates the relationship between entrepreneurial activities, income inequality and human development in Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) nations. The study uses a 12-year time series data (2004–2015) for five BRICS countries: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The secondary data are collected from Global Entrepreneurship and Development Institute (GEDI), Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), World Bank indicators and World Inequality Database. Fixed effect and random effect approach are used to develop a model for investigating the association among entrepreneurial activities, income inequality and human development. The study found that entrepreneurial activities will not only increase the share of the top 1% earners but also increase the share of bottom 50% earners in BRICS countries. Thus, the difference between richest and poorest will remain constant, and entrepreneurial activities have neutral impact on income inequality. The other important finding of the study is that entrepreneurial activities have a positive impact on human development in BRICS nations. Hence, personal gains linked with enhanced entrepreneurial activities accrue to both top 1% and bottom 50% earners. Thus, entrepreneurship will increase the share of the richest and poorest in national income and the poorest can also enjoy the benefits of economic growth, which results in more human development in the societies of BRICS nations. The study recommends to policymakers of BRICS nations that they should focus on creation of entrepreneurial ecosystem in BRICS countries, which further enhances the human development in these economies. In addition, the study more precisely recommends that welfare of the society could be improved with the help of entrepreneurial activities. The study analyses the characteristics, motivations and ambitions of individual starting businesses in BRICS countries.

Employment creation in Kenya: exploring the Jua Kali enterprises

Problems and Perspectives in Management ◽

10.21511/ppm.16(4).2018.38 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 453-467

Author(s):

Eric E. Mang’unyi ◽

Christine W. Mwanzia ◽

Krishna K. Govender

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Informal Sector ◽

Strong Evidence ◽

Job Creation ◽

Demographic Variables ◽

Income Generation ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Employment Creation ◽

Policy Makers ◽

In developing countries, non-agricultural micro-sized informal enterprises are known to create employment and income generation opportunities. However, due to the complexity and unregulated nature of the sector and, in particular, the Jua Kali, achieving efficient and effective sustainability remains a major challenge for the owners and policy makers alike. Since many unknown barriers continue to impact the effective and efficient development of the aforementioned enterprises, the aim of this study was to determine the barriers to effective job creation in a developing country’s informal micro enterprise industry using evidence from the Jua Kali sub-sector in Kenya. The data from a survey conducted among a random sample of 118 enterprises, which were listed in one Jua Kali Association Directory Nairobi, were analyzed using exploratory factor and regression analyses. Strong evidence supports the notion that some socio-demographic variables such as age, education and marital status have an impact on entrepreneurial activities in the Jua Kali sector. Training, advise and consultation for Jua Kali entrepreneurs need to be enhanced, as this will be necessary to advance their business prowess. The results contribute to studies in entrepreneurship and management by demonstrating that designing and implementing the systems, activities and programs for supporting employment creation through the informal sector can improve productivity at all levels of the economy and improve the living of these entrepreneurs.

ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A COMPARATIVE BETWEEN G7 AND BRICS COUNTRIES

Gestão & Regionalidade ◽

10.13037/gr.vol37n111.6761 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 (111) ◽

Author(s):

Carla Carolinne dos Santos Silva ◽

André Luiz Cavalcanti ◽

Ricardo Gouveia Rodrigues

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Categorical Data ◽

Population Survey ◽

Adult Population ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Entrepreneurial Intention ◽

Social Characteristics ◽

Brics Countries ◽

Global Entrepreneurship

The objective of this study is to investigate a possible difference in entrepreneurial intention between developed and developing countries. For this purpose, we used the data of the year 2014 of the Adult Population Survey, made available by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). The intentional sample was defined based on two groups: developed countries belonging to the G7 and developing countries, belonging to BRICS. To test the hypotheses, we used non-parametric tests for categorical data. The results show that BRICS countries have greater entrepreneurial intention when compared to the G7 countries. In addition, the BRICS countries do not have the same perception and entrepreneurial intention; finally, we found that men have a greater entrepreneurial intention when compared to women. The study contributes to the literature of entrepreneurship, more particularly when it comes to entrepreneurial profile and intention, advancing with comparative studies between countries with different economic, cultural and social characteristics.

Perception of the National Entrepreneurship Conditions – Differences Across Time and Expert Specialization

South East European Journal of Economics and Business ◽

10.2478/jeb-2021-0001 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

Sanja Pfeifer ◽

Slavica Singer ◽

Nataša Šarlija ◽

Sunčica Oberman Peterka

Keyword(s):

Time Frame ◽

Dependent Process ◽

External Context ◽

Global Entrepreneurship ◽

Perceptual Difference ◽

Abstract Creating an external context that will have nourishing effect on the entrepreneurial activities seems to be timely, path and location dependent process. The systemic explorations of the national entrepreneurial context (environment) are still relatively underrepresented. The paper explores strengths and weaknesses of the national entrepreneurship conditions in Croatia and how stable these conditions are in the longer time frame. The aim of the study is to provide more detailed insight on the differences in perceptions among experts engaged in Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and along the time. Findings indicate deterioration of the national entrepreneurial conditions in Croatia. Experts’ perceptions of national entrepreneurial conditions diverge between experts who have and those who do not have prior entrepreneurial experiences. The time also matters – perceptual difference in evaluating the quality of national entrepreneurship conditions is observed across 2015–2018.