Trade Openness and Macroeconomic Policy in OECD Countries

Trade openness has been subject to an important issue many studies in literature. It allows us to analyze potential trade as a percentage of gross domestic product. Total value of international trade in goods and services shows the countries’ integration into the world economy. Generally, small countries are more integrated because of their dependency on imports. On the other hand, there many variables which effects trade integration. Our study focuses on to analyze the effects on trade openness and make inferences for OECD countries. In this paper we aim to examine the relationship between trade openness and macro-economic indicators in OECD countries. To analyze the relationship, we used panel data regression analysis. Data obtained from World Bank, The Heritage Foundation and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The panel data covers 2000-2013 periods and 33 countries. The analysis made through the Stata econometric packet program. We predicted pooled, fixed effects and random effects panel data models and analyzed them. It has been found that gross domestic savings, investment freedom, and unemployment rate are statistically significant. The results found in this paper show that investment freedom and gross domestic savings have positive effect on trade openness as we expected. On the other hand, unemployment rate has positive effect on trade openness. These findings have important policy implications for OECD countries. Our interpretation of these findings is that, integration to world economy has generally positive effects for macroeconomic factors in OECD countries, but it should be limited.

International Trade and Macro-Economic Policy in Eurasian Economies

International Conference on Eurasian Economies 2016 ◽

10.36880/c07.01494 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Naime İrem Koşan ◽

Sudi Apak ◽

Selahattin Sarı

Keyword(s):

International Trade ◽

Panel Data ◽

Russian Federation ◽

World Economy ◽

The Other ◽

Foreign Direct Investments ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Other Hand ◽

Domestic Savings ◽

International trade is defined the exchange of goods, services, and capital among various countries and regions. Also the potential of imports and exports account for an important part of growth. On the other hand, total value of international trade in goods and services shows the countries’ integration into the world economy. In this paper we focused on to analyze the effects on imports and make inferences for Eurasian Countries. In this paper we aim to examine the relationship between imports and macro-economic indicators in 6 Eurasian economies. To analyze the relationship, we used panel data regression analysis. Data obtained from World Bank. The panel data covers 1996-2012 periods and 6 countries which named Kazakhstan, Russian Federation, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyz Republic, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. We predicted pooled, fixed effects and random effects panel data models using the Stata and analyzed them. The dependent variable is defined the imports in our model. It has been found that gross domestic savings, foreign direct investments and, and exports are statistically significant for this countries. The results found in this paper show that gross domestic savings has negative effects on imports. On the other hand, for this 6 countries foreign direct investments (inflow) and exports have positive effects on imports as we expected. It shows us the economic positions of Eurasian countries still depend on Russian Federation. Also, these findings have important policy implications for Eurasian Countries. Our interpretation of these findings is that, integration to world economy has generally positive effects on foreign direct investments for this countries.

Origins of Banks and Credit Supply in Ivory Coast

International Journal of Economics and Finance ◽

10.5539/ijef.v12n5p81 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 81

Author(s):

Prao Yao Seraphin

Keyword(s):

Panel Data ◽

Ivory Coast ◽

Inflation Rate ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Negative Influence ◽

The Other ◽

Foreign Banks ◽

Credit Supply ◽

Other Hand ◽

This paper provides an empirical assessment of the relationship between banking origins and the supply of credit in Ivory Coast. The analysis focuses on 14 banks composed of local banks, African banks and foreign banks outside Africa. The study covers the period from 2000 to 2016. Using the panel data approach, we show that local banks positively influence the supply of credit unlike foreign and African banks. Foreign banks, on the other hand, have a negative influence on the supply of credit in Ivory Coast. In addition, the results highlight the positive impact of growth and market share on the supply of credit to the private sector. On the other hand, the size of banks and the inflation rate are unfavourable to the supply of credit in Ivory Coast. The study suggests that local banks should be strengthened so that they can provide more financing to the Ivorian economy.

Tongues, a Sign for Unbelievers?: A Structural and Exegetical Study of I Corinthians XIV. 20–25

New Testament Studies ◽

10.1017/s0028688500004276 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 180-203 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

B. C. Johanson

Keyword(s):

The Other ◽

Logical Relation ◽

Other Hand ◽

Positive Sense ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Negative Sense ◽

I Corinthians xiv. 20–25 has long posed severalcruces interpretationisfor commentators. The basic problems concern the relationship of the assertions made about tongues and prophecy in υ. 22 to the quotation of Isa. xxviii. 11–12 in υ. 21 and to the illustrations concerning tongues and prophecy in υυ. 23–5. As to the quotation, J. Ruef remarks that most commentators admit to the difficulty of seeing how it substantiates Paul's conclusion that tongues are meant as a sign for the unbeliever. Concerning the illustrations, both J. Héring and J. P. M. Sweet note that in the light of the assertions we would expect them to be the reverse of what they are. While tongues are asserted to be meant as a sign for unbelievers and prophecy for believers, the illustrations depict the negative effect of tongues upon unbelievers and the positive effect of prophecy not on believers but upon unbelievers. The second assertion (υ. 22b) in particular contradicts the second illustration (υυ. 24–5) in that it clearly states that ‘prophecy is meant as a signnot for unbelieversbut for believers’. This is so if σημεĩον is taken in a positive sense. If, on the other hand, it is taken in a negative sense, the logical relation of this second illustration to the second assertion becomes ambiguous.

Advances in Marketing, Customer Relationship Management, and E-Services - Handbook of Research on Decision-Making Techniques in Financial Marketing ◽

The Relationship Between Economic Growth and Innovation

10.4018/978-1-7998-2559-3.ch017 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 358-382

Author(s):

Samet Akça ◽

Bilge Afşar

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Panel Data ◽

Unit Root ◽

Oecd Countries ◽

Patent Applications ◽

The Relationship ◽

This chapter studies innovation and economic growth and emphasizes their relationship. In this context; innovation and economic growth outputs of 16 OECD countries between 2005 and 2015 are analyzed. GDP is considered as economic growth variable, R&D investments in GDP (%), and patent applications are considered as innovation variables. In light of these variables, panel data analyze is used. Unit root, Pedroni co-integration and FMOLS tests were applied with the order. As a result, the increase in patent applications and R&D investments was found to have a positive effect on economic growth.

The Impact of Hospital Specialization on Congestion and Efficiency

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11051475 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 1475

Author(s):

Sung-hun Park ◽

Joong Ko ◽

Eun-song Bae ◽

Meehyang Chang ◽

Daecheol Kim

Keyword(s):

The Other ◽

Efficiency Improvement ◽

Hospital Size ◽

Other Hand ◽

Hospital Beds ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Hospital Specialization ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship ◽

The purpose of this study is to verify the existence of congestion in Korean hospitals, to identify the causes of congestion, and to suggest directions for efficiency improvement of hospitals. The result showed that congestion occurred in 71.90% of 1185 hospitals. In addition, it was found that hospital specialization has a negative effect on congestion. In other words, the higher the hospital specialization, the lower the overall congestion rate of the hospital. More specifically, the specialization of hospitals also showed a negative effect on congestion of nurses. On the other hand, hospital specialization was found to have a positive effect on the congestion of the number of doctors, but it does not have a significant effect on the congestion of hospital beds. It was also found that hospital size has an effect on the relationship between hospital specialization and congestion, but the location of the hospital and the type of ownership did not act as a moderator.

Globalization and Welfare Compensation: Disentangling the Ties that Bind

International Organization ◽

10.1162/00208180152507542 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 55 (3) ◽

pp. 509-551 ◽

Cited By ~ 147

Author(s):

Brian Burgoon

Keyword(s):

Panel Data ◽

Welfare State ◽

Trade Openness ◽

The Elderly ◽

Oecd Countries ◽

Social Policies ◽

Industrialized Countries ◽

The Relationship ◽

The Welfare State

Three perspectives dominate debate over the relationship between globalization and the welfare state in industrialized countries: that globalization constrains the welfare that hitherto legitimated openness, that globalization still sparks demands for welfare while opening few forces to flee or fight against it, and that openness has little effect on welfare. A closer look at the “globalization” and “welfare” aggregates on which most scholars focus, however, reveals varying politics connecting different elements of globalization and welfare that may help reconcile this debate. First, compared to general trade openness, low-wage competition may spark stronger pressure to expand and less pressure to constrain welfare compensation. Second, all kinds of openness affect vulnerable and thriving groups in ways that differ across social policies, especially training and relocation benefits compared to benefits for youth dependents and the elderly. Consequently, different faces of openness may spark predictably different politics that spur some aspects of welfare, retrench others, and have little effect on still others. Panel data for eighteen OECD countries supports this argument.

Hubungan Antara Laba Perusahaan Dan Kompensasi Ceo Dengan Menggunakan Data Panel

Jurnal Manajemen Teori dan Terapan | Journal of Theory and Applied Management ◽

10.20473/jmtt.v1i1.2357 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tiarapuspa Tiarapuspa

Keyword(s):

Panel Data ◽

Significant Relationship ◽

Ceo Compensation ◽

Stock Exchange ◽

The Other ◽

Other Hand ◽

The main purpose of this research is to explain the relationship between profit and CEO compensation. The relationship between CEO compensation and company profit in 1992-1996 from 32 firms that listed in Jakarta Stock Exchange has a different result. Some researches find that there is a significant relationship but in the other hand find there isn’t a significant relationship. This result support generalization or validity external from previous research. This research used panel data to examination this relationship.

Does Customer-Based Reputation Lead Customers Not to Switch? Examining Moderating Influences in Hypermarkets

International Journal of Marketing Studies ◽

10.5539/ijms.v11n2p64 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 64

Author(s):

Hao-Te Lu ◽

Yi-Chou Wang

Keyword(s):

Moderating Effect ◽

Additional Research ◽

The Other ◽

Significant Positive Effect ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

Other Hand ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship ◽

Accumulating evidence underscores the importance of business reputation. Therefore, understanding the impact of reputation on customers is important and requires additional research. In this article, we attempted to understand the impact of customer-based reputation (CBR) on customers’ repatronage intentions across three hypermarkets of different sizes. We used switching inducement as a moderating variable to examine whether the relationship between CBR and repatronage intentions was moderated by inducements to switch. Inperson questionnaires/surveys were administered to a convenience sample to collect data from three different hypermarkets. In total, 1,099 questionnaires were collected and sorted for analysis. The results indicated that CBR had a significant positive effect on repatronage intentions in all three hypermarkets. On the other hand, a moderating effect was significant for only the smaller hypermarket, whereas there was no significantly interaction when large, multinational branded hypermarkets were considered.

‘He Brought the Cold Death on my Harandra’: The Cosmic Trilogy and the Ecotheology of Laudato si'

Journal of Inklings Studies ◽

10.3366/ink.2018.0013 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 166-182

Author(s):

Maria Poggi Johnson

Keyword(s):

Natural Environment ◽

The Other ◽

Space Travel ◽

Human Relationships ◽

Other Hand ◽

Divine Will ◽

In his trilogy of space travel novels, published between 1938 and 1945, C.S. Lewis strikingly anticipates, and incarnates in imaginative form, the insights and concerns central to the modern discipline of ecotheology. The moral and spiritual battle that forms the plot of the novels is enacted and informed by the relationship between humans and the natural environment, Rebellion against, and alienation from, the Creator inevitably manifests in a violent and alienated attitude to creation, which is seen as something to be mastered and exploited. Lives and cultures in harmony with the divine will, on the other hand, are expressed in relationships of care and respect for the environment. The imaginative premise of the Trilogy is that of ecotheology; that the human relationships with God, neighbour, and earth and are deeply and inextricably intertwined.

KONSTRUKSI ISLAM DALAM KEKUASAAN NEGARA

KOMUNIKA Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi ◽

10.24090/komunika.v6i2.359 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Nurul Aini Musyarofah

Keyword(s):

Islamic Law ◽

Social Condition ◽

The Other ◽

Good Society ◽

Ideal Form ◽

Other Hand ◽

Islamic Politics ◽

The Relationship ◽

The Ideal

The relationship between Islam and state raises a controversy that includes two main groups;formalists and substantialists. Both of them intend to achieve a good social condition which is inaccordance with Islamic politics. The ideal form of good society to be achieved is principallydescribed in the main source of Islamic law, Al Qur’an and As Sunnah, as follows. A form of goodsociety should supprot equality and justice, egalitarianism, and democracy in its social community.The next problem is what the needed methods and instruments to achieve the ideal Islamic politicsare. In this case, the debate on the formalization and substance of Islamic teaching is related to therunning formal political institution.Each group claims itself to be the most representative to the ideal Islam that often leads to anescalating conflict. On the other hand thr arguments of both groups does not reach the wholeMuslims. As a result, the discourse of Islam and state seems to be elitist and political. As a result,Both groups suspect each other each other and try to utilize the controversy on the relationshipbetween Islam and state to get their own benefit which has no relation with the actualization ofIslamic teaching.