scholarly journals Examination of ‘Pause’ in Pinter's The Homecoming and Baker's Circle Mirror Transformation

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 254-269
Author(s):  
Nawal Abass ◽  
Rua'a Tariq Jawad ◽  
Maysoon Taher Muhi
Keyword(s):  
Literary Texts ◽  
Great Care ◽  
Pragmatic Markers ◽  
A Value ◽  
Turn Taking ◽  
Language Communication ◽  
Do So ◽  
Production Approach

Pauses as pragmatic markers are considered important devices that help readers to gain a better and deeper understanding of certain texts as well as speech, promoting effectively language communication. They can help both the speaker and the hearer, due to the functions they have in a text. Their occurrence in speech has a value that they make it more understandable. In this regard, the present study aims to examine the forms and functions of pauses in literary texts, more specifically, in selected extracts from two dramas, namely, Pinter's The Homecoming and Baker's Circle Mirror Transformation and to compare how the two writers use pauses in these two dramas. To do so, the sequential production approach of turn-taking by Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson (1974), in combination with the contributions of some scholars who state the multifunctional use of pauses, has been used. The findings of the present study show that pauses do not exist arbitrarily in speech, but they are found to serve certain functions depending on the context in which they occur. Pauses, whether silent or filled have certain references. They are not merely meaningless. Pauses can express what is going on inside the characters without even saying a word. Regarding the selected extract from each play, it is noticed from the comparison that the two writers employ pauses frequently. Pauses are used by the two writers to be informative and that is why they should be studied with great care as they affect the interpretation of a certain text and consequently affect understanding

scholarly journals Pauses and Hesitations in Drama Texts

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Nawal Fadhil Abbas ◽  
Ru'aa Tariq Jawad ◽  
Maysoon Tahir Muhi
Keyword(s):  
A Value ◽  
Turn Taking ◽  
Do So ◽  
Production Approach

Pauses and hesitations are phenomena that can be found in speech. They can help both the speaker and the hearer, due to the functions they have in a dialogue. Their occurrence in speech has a value that they make it more understandable. In this regard, the researchers intend to critically examine the pauses and hesitations used in the two texts as well as their functions. The present paper aims to identify the types of pauses and hesitations used by Pinter’s The Homecoming and Baker’s Circle Mirror Transformation as well as the functions they serve and to compare both playwrights in this regard. To do so, the sequential production approach of turn taking, in combination with the contributions of some scholars who state the multifunctional use of pauses and hesitations, has been used. The findings of the present study show that pauses and hesitations do not exist arbitrarily in speech but they are found to serve certain functions depending on the context in which they occur. Regarding the two selected extracts, it is noticed from the comparison that the two writers do not use pauses and hesitations equally. Baker uses them more frequently than Pinter due to the context in which they are used which requires using pauses to aid comprehension.

Challenging Gender Hierarchies in Narratives of the Nation: Representations of Women in Zintgraff and the Battle of Mankon and Hard Choice

Imbizo ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Epongse Nkealah ◽  
Olutoba Gboyega Oluwasuji
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Gender Differentiation ◽  
Hard Choice ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Gender Hierarchies ◽  
The Face ◽  
The One ◽  
Representations Of Women ◽  
Do So

Ideas of nationalisms as masculine projects dominate literary texts by African male writers. The texts mirror the ways in which gender differentiation sanctions nationalist discourses and in turn how nationalist discourses reinforce gender hierarchies. This article draws on theoretical insights from the work of Anne McClintock and Elleke Boehmer to analyse two plays: Zintgraff and the Battle of Mankon by Bole Butake and Gilbert Doho and Hard Choice by Sunnie Ododo. The article argues that women are represented in these two plays as having an ambiguous relationship to nationalism. On the one hand, women are seen actively changing the face of politics in their societies, but on the other hand, the means by which they do so reduces them to stereotypes of their gender.

scholarly journals Spire: A Cooperative, Phase-Symmetric Solution to Distributed Consensus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emil Koutanov
Keyword(s):  
Protocol Design ◽  
Consensus Algorithm ◽  
Distributed Consensus ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
Successive Iteration ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
A Value ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
Phase Symmetry ◽  
Do So

All existing solutions to distributed consensus are organised around a Paxos-like structure wherein processes contend for exclusive leadership in one phase, and then either use their dominant position to propose a value in the next phase or elect an alternate leader. This approach may be characterised as adversarial and phase-asymmetric, requiring distinct message schemas and process behaviours for each phase. In over three decades of research, no algorithm has diverged from this basic model, alluding to it perhaps being the only viable solution to consensus. This paper presents a new consensus algorithm named Spire, characterised by a phase-symmetric, cooperative structure. Processes do not contend for leadership; instead, they collude to iteratively establish a dominant value and may do so concurrently without conflicting. Each successive iteration is structured identically to the previous, employing the same messages and invoking the same behaviour. By these characteristics, Spire buckles the trend in protocol design, proving that at least two disjoint cardinal solutions to consensus exist. The resulting phase symmetry halves the number of distinct messages and behaviours, offering a clear intuition and an approachable foundation for learning consensus and building practical systems.

scholarly journals Rb, Rc and New Physics: An Updated Model Independent Analysis

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (04) ◽  
pp. 723-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Bamert
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Neutral Current ◽  
New Physics ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Coupling Constant ◽  
A Value ◽  
Independent Analysis ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Do So

We analyze LEP and SLC data from the 1995 Summer Conferences as well as from low energy neutral current experiments for signals of new physics. The reasons for doing this are twofold: first to explain the deviations from the Standard Model observed in Rb and Rc and second to constrain nonstandard contributions to couplings of the Z0 boson to all fermions and to the oblique parameters. We do so by comparing the data with the Standard Model as well as with a number of test hypotheses concerning the nature of the new physics. These include nonstandard [Formula: see text]-, [Formula: see text]- and [Formula: see text]-couplings as well as the couplings of the Z0 to fermions of the entire first, second and third generations and universal corrections to all up- and down-type quark couplings (as can arise see for example in Z' mixing models). We find that nonstandard [Formula: see text] couplings are both necessary and sufficient to explain the data and in particular the Rb anomaly. It is not possible to explain Rb, Rc and a value of the strong coupling constant consistent with low energy determinations invoking only nonstandard [Formula: see text]- and [Formula: see text]-couplings. To do so one has to have also new physics contributions to the [Formula: see text] or universal corrections to all [Formula: see text] couplings.

Philosophical Pursuit and Flight: Homer and Thucydides in Plato’s Laches

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-91
Author(s):  
Steve Maiullo
Keyword(s):  
Fifth Century ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Traditional Model ◽  
Philosophical Approach ◽  
Know How ◽  
Do So

Abstract This paper offers a new reading of Plato’s Laches that examines the dialogue’s philosophical approach not only to courage but also to two literary texts that both formed and questioned traditional Athenian views of it: Homer and Thucydides. In the middle of Plato’s Laches, the eponymous character claims that the courageous man “should be willing to stay in formation, to defend himself against the enemy, and to refuse to run away.” Socrates responds by wondering whether a man can be courageous in retreat. He cites Homer’s description of Aeneas’ horses that “know how to pursue and flee quickly this way and that” (191b), a quotation that appears twice in the Iliad: once at 5.222-3 when Aeneas refuses to retreat from the rampaging Diomedes and again at 8.106-8 when Diomedes retreats from Hector, despite their belief that to do so is cowardly. On the surface, it seems that the contexts of the Homeric line do not match Socrates’ argument. This paper will argue that Socrates’ apparent ‘miscue’ is both intentional and purposeful because it signals a correspondence between the Homeric scenes and Thucydides’ narrative of the Battle of Mantinea that invites criticism of Homer’s place in the value systems of contemporary Athens. Plato signals a philosophical reading of Homer’s Iliad and of Thucydides’ description of the Battle of Mantinea, through which we are invited to evaluate not only the traditional model of Athenian education, embodied by the former, but also its application in fifth-century Athens, as revealed by the latter. This paper, therefore, demonstrates that the philosophical and literary strategies behind Plato’s decision to ‘misuse’ Homer reveal a disjunction between wisdom and manliness in the Athenian cultural tradition that philosophy aims to resolve.

scholarly journals Animism and Language Evolution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eldar T. Hasanov
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Language Evolution ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Evolution Of Language ◽  
Early Humans ◽  
Language Communication ◽  
Ritual Speech ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Evolutionarily Stable ◽  
Do So

The exact mechanism of the evolution of language remains unknown. One of the central problems in this field is the issue of reliability and deceit that can be characterized in terms of honest signaling theory. Communication systems become vulnerable to dishonesty and deceit when there are conflicting interests between the signaler and receiver. The handicap principle explains how evolution can prevent animals from deceiving each other even if they have a strong incentive to do so. It suggests that the signals must be costly in order to provide accurate and reliable communication between animals. Language-like communication systems, being inherently vulnerable to deception, could only evolve and become evolutionarily stable if they had some mechanisms that can make the communication hard to fake and trustworthy. One of the theories that try to solve the problem of reliability and deception is the ritual/speech coevolution hypothesis. According to this theory, hard-to-fake rituals evolved concurrently with language - by reinforcing trust and solidarity among early humans and preventing deceitful and manipulative behavior within the group. One of the drawbacks of this hypothesis is that the relationship between ritual and speech is too indirect. Rituals could not have a real-time effect on every instance of speech and encompass all aspects of everyday language communication. Therefore they are not efficient enough to provide instant verification mechanisms to guarantee honest communication. It is more likely that the animistic nature of language itself, rather than ritual, was the handicap-like cost that helped to ensure the reliability of language during its origin. The belief in the parallel dimension of animistic spirits emerged concurrently with language as a hard-to-fake attestation mechanism that ensured inviolability of one's speech. The notion that animism emerged because of early behaviorally modern humans’ incoherent and flawed observations about the natural world is unlikely, because it implies a very improbable scenario, that there had been a more coherent and rational pre-animistic period which later degraded to animistic one.

scholarly journals PELATIHAN MENULIS BUKU BAGI SANTRI MILLENIAL MELALUI PROGRAM INTELLIGENT WRITTING MOVEMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agung Mafazi ◽  
Fitri Windradi
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
A Value ◽  
Real Work ◽  
Written Form ◽  
High Level ◽  
Do So

ABSTRACTSelf development activities as an effort to improve one's abilities are activities that need tobe continuously activated. In the digital era like now, it is very easy to meet various kinds ofworks in cyberspace. Some people assume, there are works that are useful and real work thatclearly has a value of benefits. Millennial young generation these days are so fond of usingtechnology to search for various information, but sometimes the information obtained doesnot bring benefits to their achievements and development. One form of enthusiasm is thedesire to expose himself in written form, such as making a book or limited to writing articles,but do not have the ability to do so. Training in writing books, especially books on selfdevelopment for young people, will have an impact on improving their achievements. As forresults of this training, participants are expected to have a high level of interest andmotivation to make a paper, as well as having the ability to make a script according tostandards. Keyword : Writing Book, Development ActivitiesABSTRAK Kegiatan pengembangan diri sebagai upaya untuk meningkatkan kemampuan seseorangmerupakan kegiatan yang perlu untuk terus digiatkan. Dalam era serba digital sepertisekarang sangat mudah kita temui berbagai macam karya didunia maya. Sebagian orangmenganggap ada karya yang bermanfaat dan ada karya yang kurang baik, sehingga perluuntuk disikapi dengan pengetahuan dan karya nyata yang jelas memiliki nilai manfaat.Generasi muda millenial dewasa ini begitu gemar memanfaatkan teknolgi untuk mencariberbagai informasi, namun terkadang informasi yang didapat kurang membawa manfaat bagiprestasi dan pengembangan dirinya. Salah satu antusiasisme generasi muda millennial saatini adalah adanya keinginan untuk mengekspose dirinya dalam bentuk karya tulis, sepertimembuat buku atau sebatas menulis artikel, tetapi tidak memiliki kemampuan untukmelakukannya. Dengan adannya pelatihan menulis buku ini, khususnya buku tentangpengembangan diri bagi generasi muda akan membawa dampak peningkatan prestasimereka. Adapun hasil dari pelatihan ini peserta telah memiliki ketertarikan dan motivasi yangtinggi untuk membuat suatu karya tulis, sekaligus memiliki kemampuan untuk membuatnaskah yang baik sesuai dengan standart agar lolos penerbit. Kata Kunci : Menulis Buku, Pengembangan Diri

scholarly journals Metodologías de corpus en el análisis de textos literarios en lengua española: el ejemplo de Pérez Galdós = Some kinds of corpus analytic test in Spanish literature: the case of Pérez Galdós

2018 ◽  
pp. 373
Author(s):  
Guadalupe Nieto Caballero
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Spanish Literature ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Fictional Narratives ◽  
Reference Corpus ◽  
Verbal Discourse ◽  
Do So

<p>En este artículo se aborda el potencial de los estudios de corpus en el análisis de textos literarios en lengua española. Para ello se ha utilizado la obra narrativa de Pérez Galdós, que ha sido comparada con un corpus de referencia formado por novela realista española. El estudio se centra en la proyección del discurso por parte de los narradores del universo galdosiano y en las implicaciones estilísticas de aspectos tradicionalmente desapercibidos para la crítica.</p><p>This article looks into the potential of corpus approaches in the analysis of literary texts written in Spanish. To do so, the fictional narratives of Pérez Galdós have been scrutinized. They have been first compared to a reference corpus made up of nineteenth-century canonical, later to analyze them separately. The analysis has focused on the reporting of characters’ verbal discourse by the narrators of Galdós’s novels and on stylistically significant aspects hitherto unnoticed.<br /><br /></p>

scholarly journals LEAN PRODUCTION IMPLEMENTATION: A SURVEY IN ITALY

2008 ◽  
pp. 52-60
Author(s):  
Alberto Portioli Staudacher ◽  
Marco Tantardini
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Lean Production ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Waste Reduction ◽  
Lean Implementation ◽  
Space Limitation ◽  
Managerial Innovation ◽  
Do So ◽  
Production Approach

European companies can beat competition from low cost countries only through innovation, and large investments are devoted to RD to improve products and processes. But this is not enough. Organisational and managerial innovation lever must be exploited too. Typically, some 40-70% of total activities companies carry out are waste because don't add value to the customer.Lean production focuses on waste reduction to improve operations' performances.Despite many firms report large benefits from lean implementation, a lot of scepticism still remains regarding attainable results and on the possibility to apply Lean approach outside high volume manufacturing. This is particularly true in Italy, where SMEs competing on high variety and customization are a dominant portion of the manufacturing industry .Therefore a survey has been implemented to better understand Lean Production approach and implementation, because it appears to be quite an effective organisational and managerial innovation, as many Lean implementer can testify. But, Lean Production is a trick easy approach, because it appears easy to understand and implement, but it is not. And the number of companies that have achieved no significant improvement is quite large. Therefore a survey has been designed and carried out, in order to deepen the knowledge and help companies that started a Lean implementation, or are considering to do so, in achieving best results. 60 Lean implementers and 45 Non Lean Implementers have been surveyed, out of companies of any manufacturing industr y, with at least 100 employees.Due to space limitation, only a small portion of the results can be presented in this paper. Future papers will present other results and comparisons with the results of other surveys. Besides, the same survey is about to be conducted in other European countries, allowing a much larger respondent sample and a comparison among different countries.

Interaction or interrogation? a study of talk occurring in a sample of the 1992 VCE Italian oral common assessment task (cat 2)

1998 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Filipi
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Task ◽  
Turn Taking ◽  
Question And Answer ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Right ◽  
Do So

Abstract The study reported in this paper examined turn-taking and sequence organisation in a sample of twenty-one interactions derived from the 1992 Victorian Certificate of Education Italian oral Common Assessment Task. The most common adjacency pair was found to be the question and answer, the assessor having the right to ask questions and the student to answer. Student initiated questions occurred in five environments and only when conditions were created for them to do so. The assessor’s role was to open and close sequences and sections and to initiate topics principally through the question. Two types of sequences were identified, question/answer and expanded sequences. It was found that there were two groups of assessors. Those who predominantly set up question/answer sequences, and those who set up post sequences.

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