Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Total Hydrocarbon Concentration in the Qua Iboe River Estuary, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
D. Imoke Eni ◽  
I. Abam Arikpo ◽  
Peter Ereh Oko
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
High Tide ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Offshore Platforms ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Total Hydrocarbon

The research assessed the concentration level of heavy metals and total hydrocarbon in Qua Iboe River Estuary of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria during the months of April, May and June. The experimental research design was adopted and a total of 72 water samples were collected on weekly basis from ST1, ST2 and ST3 during high and low tides in thoroughly-rinsed 1-litre plastic containers to avoid adulteration of the samples. Samples were analyzed in-situ and in the laboratory using standard methods. The results of the concentrations of the sampled parameters during high tide included: Cr (0.003-0.21mgl-1), Fe (0.123-0.511mgl-1); Mn (0.018-0.66mgl-1), Pb (0.105-0.603mgl-1), Mg (0.42-0.623mgl-1), Cu (0.00-0.32mgl-1) and THC (0.12-0.88mgl-1)while the low tide concentrations showed: Cr (0.001-0.061mgl-1), Fe (0.56-4.11mgl-1), Mn (0.002-0.13mgl-1), Pb (0.011-0.211mgl-1), Mg (0.108-1.342mgl-1), Cu (0.011-0.076mgl-1) and THC (0.23-0.80mgl-1). The concentrations of Hg and As were negligible throughout the study. Analysis revealed that THC varied significantly across the sampled stations (ANOVA, P <0.001). Pollution Index, PI <1 for Ni, Mn, Na, Hg, As, Mg and Cu, implied that there was no pollution in the estuary. Fe showed that the estuary was slightly polluted with PI 1-2; Cr, V and THC recorded PI 2-3 signifying that the water was moderately polluted; PI >5 for Pb revealed that the estuary was seriously polluted with lead. The oil spills by ExxonMobil’s offshore platforms in the area, the heinous practices of waste dumping along the coast have resulted in the high THC and heavy metals concentrations found in the water samples. Hence, the water in Qua Iboe River Estuary is polluted and not safe for personal or domestic uses. The study recommended that Exxon Mobil and other oil companies in Nigeria should adhere strictly to international best practices in oil exploration/exploitation, environmental conservation, maintenance of equipment and safety of their infrastructure should be their priority. Prompt actions should be taken towards clean-up exercises in case of oil spill incidents in the area and proper, modern sewage and solid wastes disposal mechanism should be put in place by the host communities.   Received: 31 January 2021 / Accepted: 27 February 2021 / Published: 7 March 2021

scholarly journals Heavy metal assessment in drinking waters of Ecuador: Quito, Ibarra and Guayaquil

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1050-1064
Author(s):  
Isabel Cipriani-Avila ◽  
Jon Molinero ◽  
Eliza Jara-Negrete ◽  
Miren Barrado ◽  
César Arcos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
World Health ◽  
Drinking Water Contamination ◽  
Heavy Metal Assessment ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Chemical elements, which are present in drinking water, could vary due to water sources, treatment processes or even the plumbing materials. Most of these elements do not represent a threat, while others, such as heavy metals, have been proven to cause harmful effects over human and aquatic wildlife. In this study, the quality of drinking water in three cities in Ecuador, Quito, Ibarra and Guayaquil was assessed through a multielement analysis and the heavy metal pollution index (HPI). A total of 102 drinking water samples and six natural water samples were collected and analyzed. Within the scope of analysis, results show that water quality complies with local and international guidelines. HPI did not show significant differences in the water that is supplied to the different neighborhoods of the three cities studied. However, actions should be taken to protect the sources of water, especially in Guayaquil, due to the presence of lead and chromium. For instance, lead was found in 2.8% of the samples in concentrations above World Health Organization (WHO) recommended values. Thus, we suggest to assessing the quality and age of the plumbing system within the whole country, in order to avoid drinking water contamination with heavy metals.

scholarly journals Presencia de metales pesados Cadmio y Plomo en el estuario del río Chone Manabí, Ecuador.// Presence of cadmium and lead heavy metals in the estuary of Chone River - Manabí, Ecuador

Ciencia Unemi ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (24) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Francisco Pozo Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Water Currents ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Cadmium And Lead ◽  
Del Rio

El presente estudio busca determinar la presencia de metales pesados, Cadmio y Plomo, en el estuario del Río Chone, Ecuador, durante Junio a Septiembre de 2014; se obtuvieron seis muestras de agua y cinco de suelo en seis sitios, con dos réplicas por sitios, dando el total de 66 muestras. El análisis se realizó según el protocolo del Kit para Cadmio y Plomo de Merck-Millipore. En el agua las concentraciones de Cadmio fueron mayores en el sitio P4 (0,129 mg/L). En el sedimento, el nivel de Cadmio en el sitio P2 presentó mayor acumulación (0,0033 mg/g), para Plomo, los sitios con mayor nivel fueron P5 y P6 (0,18 – 0,21 mg/L respectivamente), lugares con mayor flujo de agua del estuario del Río Chone (8 UPS: Unidades Prácticas de Salinidad) y menor influencia con las corrientes del agua del Mar (30 UPS). Los resultados comparados con la legislación Ecuatoriana evidencian concentraciones  altas de Cadmio en el ecosistema del estuario en estudio, que podría afectar la salud de organismos que viven a nivel de la columna de agua, tales como peces, al igual que actividades de recreación de los bañistas locales, de los cantones Sucre y San Vicente Manabí.ABSTRACTThe present study aims to determine the presence of cadmium and lead heavy metals in the Chone River estuary; Ecuador, during June to September 2014, six water samples and five soil samples were obtained at six sites, with two replications per site giving a total of 66 samples. The analysis was performed according to the protocol of Merck-Millipore Kit for cadmium and lead. Cadmium concentrations in the water were higher at the P4 site (0.129 mg/L). The level of cadmium in the sediment showed greater accumulation (0.0033 mg/g) in the P2 site. The sites with higher level of lead were P5 and P6 (0.18 y 0.21 mg/L respectively), these were places with greater flow of water of the Chone River estuary (8 UPS: Practical Units of Salinity) and less influence of the sea water currents (30 UPS).The results compared with Ecuadorian legislation show high concentrations of cadmium in the ecosystem of Chone River estuary, which could affect the health of organisms living at the water column level, such as fish, as well as recreational activities for local bathers from Sucre and San Vicente cantons from Manabí province.

scholarly journals Heavy metals concentration and pollution index (HPI) in drinking water along the southwest coast of Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Appiah-Opong ◽  
Amoako Ofori ◽  
Mark Ofosuhene ◽  
Ebenezer Ofori-Attah ◽  
Francis K. E. Nunoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Metal Concentration ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Southwest Coast ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

AbstractThe concentration of seven heavy metals in water samples was analyzed along the southwest coast of Ghana in the wet and dry seasons using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Some physicochemical properties of the water samples were also determined to assess the quality of the water. The ranges of metal concentration in water in the wet season were; As (1.23–7.84 µg/L), Cu (4.10–24.09 µg/L), Pb (4.08–57.98 µg/L), Se (BDL-0.38 µg/L), Zn (2.86–17.75 µg/L) and Hg (0.023–0.068 µg/L), whereas the ranges of metal concentration in the dry season were; As (2.30–5.78 µg/L), Pb (25.47–70.73 µg/L), Se (0.081–0.158 µg/L), Zn (0.79–22.80 µg/L) and Hg (0.004–0.047 µg/L). The results of physicochemical properties of water in the wet season were pH (6.83 to 7.52), EC (291.15–780.64 µS/cm), TDS (195.07–523.02 mg/L), DO (2.98–4.39 mg/L), BOD (3.33 to 6.84 mg/L), salinity (0.01 to 0.30 ppt) and temperature (27.06–30.94 °C), whereas the dry season recorded the ranges of pH (6.84–6.95), EC (516.83 to 660.67 µS/cm), TDS (307.07–442.65 mg/L), DO (1.71–3.04 mg/L), BOD (4.25–13.38 mg/L), salinity (0.22–0.28ppt) and temperature (28.46–30.44 °C). The results showed that the concentration of heavy metals in water was below the WHO standard except Pb which exceeded the limit. The mean heavy metal pollution index (HPI) were 130 and 143 for wet and dry seasons, respectively, indicating that the water HPI was above the critical limit (HPI > 100), hence unfit for drinking. All the physicochemical properties analyzed were within the WHO permissible limits except BOD.

scholarly journals Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination in Drinking Water of Garmian Region, Iraq

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Hayder Mohammed Issa ◽  
Azad Alshatteri
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Evaluation Index ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Metals Pollution ◽  
Heavy Metals Pollution

Drinking water of safe quality is a critical issue for human survival and health. Water pollution by heavy metals is very crucial because of their toxicity. This study assesses potential of heavy metals pollution in drinking water in Garmian Region, East Iraq. Water samples were investigated for 23 heavy metals and 6 chemical contaminants collected from 16 locations. The analysis was performed by using coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICPOES, Spectro Arcos). High levels of Al, Se, Sr, and Fe have been detected at certain locations in study area. Statistical analysis techniques of the correlation matrix (CM), and cluster hierarchical analysis (CA) were conducted. The heavy metals pollution index (HPI), heavy metals evaluation index (HEI), and contamination Index (Cd) were used applied. These indices linked with the statistical analysis to interpret relationships among the tested parameters in water samples and to investigate the pollution sources over the study region. Even with the significant correlations between the HPI, Cd, and HEI, they showed dissimilar impact of examined heavy metals on the water quality. The most reliable pollution evaluation index of HEI for drinking water showed that 44% of the water samples is critically polluted. Sources of the contamination are most likely coming from natural geological sources. Anthropogenic impact was only noticed at several sites in the study area.

scholarly journals Analysis of Seawater Pollution Index Based on Cu and Pb Parameter in Tourism Area of Raja Ampat West Papua

2018 ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Muhammad Taufiq Thahir ◽  
Yusnita Lagoa
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Standard Data ◽  
West Papua ◽  
Water Conditions ◽  
Papua Barat ◽  
Pb Concentration

Research has been conducted on the analysis of seawater pollution index in the Raja Ampat tourism park of Papua Barat by using Cu and Pb concentration as parameters. The research aims to produce information on water conditions in Raja Ampat. Those information can ensure the sustainability of this area in the future. AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer) instrument was used to perform water samples analysis. Samples taken from five locations, namely Sapokren, Saleo, Waiwo, Waisai Harbour and Waisai Fish Harbour, which were respectively marked with area I, II, III, IV and V. For Cu parameter; area I was found, which was 0.62 mg/L which had exceeded the quality standard, while area II, III, IV, and V were not existed Cu. Furthermore for Pb; the concentration of heavy metals founded in four locations, area I, II, III and IV; 2,99 mg/L, 1,76 mg/L, 1,27 mg/L and 0,23 mg/L respectively. Other while area V was not found Pb concentration. All quality standard data were entered into the pollution index equation in accordance with the guidelines of KepmenLH No. 115 of 2003. The data showed that only one area was still in the good category, area V, the remaining area I, II, III and IV were included in the category of metal contaminated areas of Cu and Pb with varied levels of pollution beginning at low, middle to high.

scholarly journals Iko River Estuary: Anthropogenic impacts and the microbial community alterations

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-196
Author(s):  
Augustine A Unimke ◽  
Anthony A Ibiene ◽  
Phillip O Okerentugba
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Microbial Proliferation

The contamination of the aquatic systems with heavy metals has been on the increase since the last century due to industrial activities and this has contributed greatly to the variations in the microbial community structure and function in the ecosystem. The natural and anthropogenic variations in microbiological and heavy metals analysis in Iko River estuary was analyzed using standard methods. From the result, it was observes that anthropogenic variations influence greatly the microbial proliferation as significantly (p<0.05) higher microbial levels were observed across all microhabitats (tidal water, intertidal water and benthic sediment) as well as stations (upstream – Okoro, midstream – Kampa and downstream – Emeroke). It was observed that the sediment samples produced significantly (p<0.05) higher THB counts than tidal and intertidal water samples. Similar trends were observed for CUB, TF and CUF respectively. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the mean values of upstream, midstream and downstream. In all microhabitats and stations, the densities of crude oil-utilizing microorganisms were significantly (p<0.05) low compared to total heterotrophic counts. The total fungal counts were significantly (p<0.05) low compared to total heterotrophic bacteria counts. The result showed relatively higher concentrations of heavy metals in sediment than in tidal and intertidal water samples. The results indicate that the water and sediment samples show a remarkable variation in heavy metals and total petroleum hydrocarbon as a result of the great human activities in the estuary.

scholarly journals Integral assessment of heavy metal pollution in Don River estuary soils

2020 ◽  
Vol 169 ◽  
pp. 01007
Author(s):  
Dina Nevidomskaya ◽  
Tatiana Minkina ◽  
Yuri Fedorov ◽  
Olga Nazarenko ◽  
Natalya Kravtsova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Small Rivers ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Mobile Forms ◽  
Don River ◽  
River Estuarine ◽  
Integral Assessment

Based on the cumulative pollution index, spatial distribution maps were obtained to establish categories of soil pollution taking into account the total content of heavy metals and the mobile forms of metals in the Don River estuarine region. The objects of the study included samples of zonal soils (Chernozem) and intrazonal soils (Fluvisols) from monitoring plots. The total concentrations of Mn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd in the soils were determined by X-ray fluorescent scanning spectrometer. Mobile heavy metals compounds were transferred to a solution by extraction of 1 N NH4Ac, pH 4.8. When calculating the total metal content, it was shown the studied soils had generally an acceptable pollution category but taking into account mobile forms the categories of soils contamination variate up acceptable to extremely dangerous. The most polluted sites are associated with the estuary of small rivers and the branches flowing into the Taganrog Bay, the territory of the Taganrog port and its terminals, and road bridges. In line with hight categories of pollution, the use of the soils for cropping should be limited, and the cultivation of concentrator plants is excluded.

scholarly journals An assessment of heavy metals concentration in water around quarries and barite mine sites in part of central Cross River State, Southeastern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
I Ochelebe ◽  
E.A. Kudamnya ◽  
G.E. Nkebem
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
Contamination Index ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Mine Sites

The assessment of the level of heavy metal concentrations in water sources around quarries and barite mine sites in central Cross River State, Southeastern Nigeria, was carried out to evaluate the degree of contamination due to mining and quarrying activity in the area. The investigation involved the collection of twelve water samples from ponds, streams, river and boreholes around the area. The water samples were passed through 0.45 µm filter paper and preserved with a drop of 0.1M HNO3 acid. The preserved samples were analyzed for their heavy metal (Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) content, using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results show that the average concentration of Ba, Cu, MN, Pb and Zn were above WHO guideline value for drinking water quality, hence not suitable for drinking. The average concentration of the metals is in the order Ba>Mn>Cu>Fe>Pb>Zn>Cr. Computed values of contamination index show that the samples from four locations were contaminated. Single factor pollution index computation indicates that the waters are not contaminated with Cr, but slightly polluted with Fe and Zn, moderately polluted with Ba and severely polluted with Cu, Mn and Pb. Further, Nemerow comprehensive pollution index indicates that samples from four locations were severely contaminated. The study revealed that the water sources around the barite mines had elevated level of heavy metal concentration compared to location around the quarries. It is recommended therefore, that the water be treated before use for drinking purpose. Keywords: heavy metals, contamination index, pollution index, barite mine, quarry

Distribution and Contamination Status of Heavy Metals in the Surface Sediments along Western Coast of Bali Strait, Banyuwangi

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Defri Yona ◽  
Syarifah Hikmah Julinda Sari ◽  
Anedathama Kretarta ◽  
Citra Ravena Putri Effendy ◽  
Misba Nur Aini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Pollution ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Accumulation Index ◽  
Geo Accumulation Index ◽  
Geo Accumulation

This study attempted to analyze the distribution and contamination status of heavy metals (Cu, Fe and Zn) along western coast of Bali Strait in Banyuwangi, East Java. Bali Strait is one of the many straits in Indonesia with high fisheries activities that could potentially contributed to high heavy metal pollution. There were five sampling areas from the north to south: Pantai Watu Dodol, Pantai Kalipuro, Ketapang Port, Pantai Boom and Muncar as the fish landing area. Heavy metal pollution in these locations comes from many different activities such as tourism, fish capture and fish industry and also domestic activities. Contamination factor (CF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and enrichment factor (EF) of each heavy metal were calculated to obtain contamination status of the research area. The concentrations of Fe were observed the highest (1.5-129.9 mg/kg) followed by Zn (13.2-23.5 mg/kg) and Cu (2.2-7.8 mg/kg). The distribution of Cu, Fe and Zn showed variability among the sampling locations in which high concentrations of Cu and Zn were higher in Ketapang Port, whereas high concentration of Fe was high in almost all sampling locations. According to the pollution index, contamination factors of Cu, Fe and Zn were low (CF < 1 and Igeo < 1). However, high index of EF (> 50) showed high influence of the anthropogenic activities to the contribution of the metals to the environment. This could also because of the high background value used in the calculation of the index due to the difficulties in finding background value from the sampling areas.Keywords: heavy metals, pollution index, contamination factor, geo-accumulation index, Bali Strait

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