scholarly journals STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN JAPAN’S URBAN SYSTEM FROM 1990 TO 2010

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai LIU ◽  
Tamba Sahr DAUDA
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Spatiotemporal Pattern ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Close Cooperation ◽  
Hub Cities

An urban system is a group of cities acting in close cooperation with one other. An examination of the factors of change in an urban system at the national scale remains to be done, given data limitations and research issues (e.g., scale, boundary). This study aims to clarify the spatiotemporal pattern of Japan’s urban system (JUS) and then to elucidate the characteristics of change and the related factors, based on an inter-regional travel survey conducted in Japan from 1990 to 2010, as well as numerous official censuses. The results demonstrate the entire system’s compactness, the dominance of the metropolises and the local system’s bipolarization under the hierarchical structure of JUS, with the establishment of hub cities and the development of infrastructure during the two decades from 1990 to 2010. Finally, this study explains the factors of change with consideration of socio-economic characteristics and inter-regional interaction.

scholarly journals Spatial Pattern and Evolution of Urban System Based on Gravity Model and Whole Network Analysis in the Huaihe River Basin of China

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Fan ◽  
Shengdi Zhang ◽  
Zongyi He ◽  
Biao He ◽  
Haicong Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Gravity Model ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Huaihe River Basin ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Huaihe River ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
The Huaihe River

The spatial pattern and evolution of urban system have been hot research issues in the field of urban research. In this paper, the network analysis method based on the gravity model and the related measurements were used to reveal the properties of the spatial pattern and evolution of the urban system in the HRB (Huaihe River Basin) of China. The findings of this study are as follows: During the period from 2006 to 2014, the economic contact between the HRB cities has been strengthened, but the differences between cities have been expanding. In general, the HRB cities have not yet formed a close network structure, and a trend of economic integration has not been found. This paper expresses the spatial pattern and evolution of urban system in an intuitive way and helps to explain the evolution mechanism of urban system. The method was confirmed by empirical research. Because of the operational and visual expression, this method has broad application prospects in the urban system research.

scholarly journals Landslides across the USA: occurrence, susceptibility, and data limitations

Landslides ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 2271-2285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin B. Mirus ◽  
Eric S. Jones ◽  
Rex L. Baum ◽  
Jonathan W. Godt ◽  
Stephen Slaughter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Landslide Occurrence ◽  
Process Understanding ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
Elevation Data ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Digital Elevation Data ◽  
Landslide Mapping

Abstract Detailed information about landslide occurrence is the foundation for advancing process understanding, susceptibility mapping, and risk reduction. Despite the recent revolution in digital elevation data and remote sensing technologies, landslide mapping remains resource intensive. Consequently, a modern, comprehensive map of landslide occurrence across the United States (USA) has not been compiled. As a first step toward this goal, we present a national-scale compilation of existing, publicly available landslide inventories. This geodatabase can be downloaded in its entirety or viewed through an online, searchable map, with parsimonious attributes and direct links to the contributing sources with additional details. The mapped spatial pattern and concentration of landslides are consistent with prior characterization of susceptibility within the conterminous USA, with some notable exceptions on the West Coast. Although the database is evolving and known to be incomplete in many regions, it confirms that landslides do occur across the country, thus highlighting the importance of our national-scale assessment. The map illustrates regions where high-quality mapping has occurred and, in contrast, where additional resources could improve confidence in landslide characterization. For example, borders between states and other jurisdictions are quite apparent, indicating the variation in approaches to data collection by different agencies and disparity between the resources dedicated to landslide characterization. Further investigations are needed to better assess susceptibility and to determine whether regions with high relief and steep topography, but without mapped landslides, require further landslide inventory mapping. Overall, this map provides a new resource for accessing information about known landslides across the USA.

scholarly journals Domestic Ban Versus Border Rejections: A Case of Oman’s Fish Exports to the EU

SAGE Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 215824401882307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shekar Bose ◽  
Amina Marhoon Rashid Al Naabi ◽  
Houcine Boughanmi ◽  
Jaynab Begum Yousuf
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Relative Significance ◽  
Exchange Rate Fluctuations ◽  
Adaptive Policy ◽  
The Eu

The decline of Oman’s fish exports to the European Union (EU) since mid-2000s has caused legitimate concerns among policy makers and exporters. However, the potential reasons for the decline have not been fully elucidated. To ascertain the underlying causes of such decline, this article empirically examines the relative significance of potential economic and policy-related factors such as border rejections influenced by health and safety measures, supply and demand capacities, domestic ban, domestic structural changes, and exchange rate fluctuations on Oman’s fish exports to the EU. The results obtained from the dynamic unbalanced panel data model for the period 2000-2013 indicate that fish exports to the EU markets have been influenced by the domestic ban on export, domestic structural changes, and exchange rate fluctuations rather than by border rejections. These findings provide important signal to policy makers of the respective countries in designing adaptive policy approach to address such influences.

scholarly journals Research Issues of Structural Changes in Polish Industry in Geography of Industry

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 86-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Rachwał
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Socialist Economy ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Knowledge Based Economy ◽  
Access To Data ◽  
Industry Structures

The research themes of geography of industry are continually evolving. The dynamic development of this sector of the economy after 1945 in the conditions of the socialist economy, in which the processes of industrialisation of the country were treated as priorities, as well as the processes of economic transformation in Poland after 1989, influencing the changes in the previously developed socio-economic structures, including industry structures, influenced the shaping of the research problem of this sub-discipline of geography in Poland. These changes, leading to the adaptation of these structures to the changing management principles, take place under the influence of impulses from the international environment associated with building a knowledge-based economy and moving from the industrial and post-industrial phase to the informational phase of civilisation development. These essential issues of transformation of industrial structures in the period of economic transformation and the development of a knowledge-based economy have become the subject of interest of many researchers, including economic geographers. The article presents the evolution of the themes and the main directions of research on structural changes in Polish industry in the conditions of transition from the centrally planned economy to market economy. In conclusion, it is shown that Polish geography of industry has undertaken significant scientific and economic problems of structural changes in industry during the period of economic transformation, continually updating its research priorities. Researchers quickly reacted to changes in the legal and political conditions of the functioning of the national economy, despite numerous barriers, related to, among other things, limited access to data on industrial activities, resulting in the lower interest of geographers in industrial research. The paper ends with recommendations regarding future possible research directions and a comprehensive bibliography of the studies.

Sustainable geothermal energy utilization

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
G. Axelsson
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Geothermal Systems ◽  
Geothermal Resources ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Sustainability Policy

Abstract Sustainable development involves meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. The Earth's enormous geothermal resources have the potential to contribute significantly to sustainable energy use worldwide and to help mitigate climate change. Experience from the use of geothermal systems worldwide, lasting several decades, demonstrates that by maintaining production below a certain limit the systems reach a balance between net energy discharge and recharge that may be maintained for a long time. Therefore, a sustainability time-scale of 100 to 300 years has been proposed. Studies furthermore indicate that the effect of heavy utilization is often reversible on a time-scale comparable to the period of utilization. Geothermal resources can be used in a sustainable manner either through (1) constant production below a sustainable limit, (2) step-wise increase in production or (3) intermittent excessive production with breaks during which other geothermal resources need to fill in the gap. The long production histories that are available for geothermal systems provide the most valuable data available for studying sustainable management of geothermal resources, and reservoir modelling is the most powerful tool available for this purpose. The paper reviews long utilization experiences from e.g. Iceland, France and Hungary and presents sustainability modelling studies for the Hamar geothermal system in Iceland and the Beijing Urban system in China. International collaboration has facilitated sustainability research and fruitful discussions as well as identifying several relevant research issues. Distinction needs to be made between sustainable production from a particular geothermal resource and the more general sustainable geothermal utilization, which involves integrated economical, social and environmental development. Developing a sustainability policy involves setting general sustainability goals and consequently defining specific sustainability indicators to measure the degree of sustainability of a given geothermal operation or progress towards sustainability.

Library strategic environment in the public cultural service system in China

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4/5) ◽  
pp. 195-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Ke ◽  
Xin Chen ◽  
Yingxi Liu ◽  
Yimin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Service System ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Status ◽  
Cultural Service ◽  
Library Development ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – China is currently constructing the public cultural service system on a national scale. Library strategic environment problems, such as the status of library in the public cultural service system, the relationship with relevant public cultural service institutions/organizations, and the factors influencing library development, etc., which increasingly raise people’s concern. The purpose of this paper is to solve above mentioned problems. Design/methodology/approach – This paper used online and offline questionnaires to solicit feedback from public cultural service institutions/organizations. Based on the data from questionnaires, this paper analyzed library strategic environment in the public cultural service system in mainland China by adopting correlation analysis, mean analysis and factor analysis, etc. Findings – Stakeholders (relevant public cultural service institutions) highly valued the status of library and no respondents believed that library did not belong to the public cultural service system. Compared with competing relationship between enterprises, library and relevant cultural services institutions were partners rather than competitors. Three main factors that influenced library strategic planning were identified: internal conditions factors, external environment factors and stakeholder related factors. Research limitations/implications – There are some limitations of this thesis. For instance, the sample size is not large enough and respondents are confined to cities, which may reduce the generalizability of the findings. Originality/value – Through this analysis, library can learn more of national cultural environment in China, and take necessary measures to cope with these changes.

scholarly journals Les avatars des économies de marché

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 717-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Joyal
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Considerable Debate ◽  
Impact Of Technology ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Situation

The difficulties experienced by the Western economies since the middle seventie have given rise to considerable debate among economists. Some, referring to structural changes in the way the economy functions, have no hesitation in speaking of an economic crisis, while others, less pessimistic, consider that the present economic problems are due to the concordance of particular circumstances. The latter, evidently, belong to the dominant current of thought. Within this group we find some old ideas being put forward once more, challenging the various means of State intervention to regulate the economy. The relevance of treating the present situation as one of economic crisis is dealt with here in the light of four inter-related factors : the fall in labor productivity, the slowdown of the impact of technology, fordism, and the profitability of capital. A reconsideration of traditional economic policies brings out the need to accept the requirements of slower economic growth. Many persons have already adopted their consumer behavior to this new situation.

The arctic tree line as a record of past and recent climatic changes

1994 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serge Payette ◽  
Claude Lavoie
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Spatiotemporal Pattern ◽  
Northern Eurasia ◽  
Tree Line ◽  
Vegetative Regeneration ◽  
Nonequilibrium Conditions ◽  
Arctic Climate Change ◽  
Line Positions

Past and recent changes in the position of the arctic tree line and spatial structure of nearby forests are reviewed. The advancing tree line in the arctic tundra in the first half of the Holocene was promoted by sexual regeneration because of warmer climate. The northernmost tree-line positions were reached in early Holocene in western North America and northern Eurasia, and during or after mid-Holocene in central and eastern North America. The position of the arctic tree line remained rather stable across the northern hemisphere from 3500 years BP to the present. General cooling during the late Holocene did not induce significant retreat of the tree line at sites not affected by catastrophic disturbances (fire) because trees and forests were able to survive through vegetative regeneration. Minor displacements deduced from dendroecological data were recorded during the last 500 years, whereas more important structural changes occurred in the nearby northernmost forests and tree groves through the shifting dominance of growth forms in preestablished tree and forest populations. The spatiotemporal pattern of tree-line and forest changes along the arctic border suggests that both equilibrium and nonequilibrium conditions prevailed during the Holocene.Key words: tree line, Arctic, climate change, paleoecology, Holocene.

scholarly journals A derived mechanism of nervous system functions shows features capable to have evolved and provides a testable explanation for age-related neurodegeneration

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunjumon I Vadakkan
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
Spine Fusion ◽  
First Person ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
System A ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Age Related

By viewing memories as first-person internal sensations, it was possible to derive a potential mechanism of nervous system functions. Accordingly, a spectrum inter-postsynaptic (inter-dendritic spine) functional LINKs (IPLs) are the key structural changes responsible for encoding learning-changes in physiological time-scales of milliseconds that can be retained for different lengths of time and can be used for inducing first-person inner sensation of memory. The objective of this study was to examine a) where preconditions existed for an accident to trigger sparking of internal sensations, b) what conditions might have promoted the formation and selection of IPLs, and c) how the synaptically-connected neuronal circuitry accommodated the formation of IPLs through the simple steps of variations and selection. Sequence of events during the development of the nervous system was examined for the feasible sequence of steps that led to the formation of IPLs and optimization of the system. A stage of significant spine loss and neuronal death during the early stages of development indicate about a corresponding stage of inter-spine fusion that led to neuronal loss during evolution. When the generation of internal sensations by the IPLs started to become advantageous to the system, it started preserving the circuitry by developing an adaptation to prevent inter-spine fusion. This can be achieved only if a stage of transient inter-neuronal inter-spine fusion "turn on" certain mechanism to prevent the intermediate stage of inter-spine hemifusion from progressing to fusion. In summary, the derived IPL mechanism is capable to have evolved. An adaptation to prevent IPL hemifusion from progressing to fusion is a likely evolutionary adaptation. Since the IPL mechanism is utilized during every event of learning, any age-related factors that weaken the maintenance of this adaptation to prevent IPL fusion can lead to neurodegeneration.

scholarly journals Theaflavin-3,3′-Digallate Promotes the Formation of Osteoblasts Under Inflammatory Environment and Increases the Bone Mass of Ovariectomized Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaoran Ge ◽  
Sen Yang ◽  
Zhenyang Hou ◽  
Minfeng Gan ◽  
Huaqiang Tao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mass ◽  
Postmenopausal Osteoporosis ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Black Tea ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Inflammatory Microenvironment ◽  
Ovariectomized Mice ◽  
Ct Analysis

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a disease of bone mass reduction and structural changes due to estrogen deficiency, which can eventually lead to increased pain and fracture risk. Chronic inflammatory microenvironment leading to the decreased activation of osteoblasts and inhibition of bone formation is an important pathological factor that leads to osteoporosis. Theaflavin-3,3′-digallate (TFDG) is an extract of black tea, which has potential anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects. In our study, we found that TFDG significantly increased the bone mass of ovariectomized (OVX) mice by micro-CT analysis. Compared with OVX mice, TFDG reduced the release of proinflammatory cytokines and increased the expression of osteogenic markers in vivo. In vitro experiments demonstrated that TFDG could promote the formation of osteoblasts in inflammatory environment and enhance their mineralization ability. In this process, TFDG activated MAPK, Wnt/β-Catenin and BMP/Smad signaling pathways inhibited by TNF-α, and then promoted the transcription of osteogenic related factors including Runx2 and Osterix, promoting the differentiation and maturation of osteoblasts eventually. In general, our study confirmed that TFDG was able to promote osteoblast differentiation under inflammatory environment, enhance its mineralization ability, and ultimately increase bone mass in ovariectomized mice. These results suggested that TFDG might have the potential to be a more effective treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

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