scholarly journals Perspektif Tasawwuf Kontemporari: Analisis Terhadap Sumbangan Sa`id Hawwa [Contemporary Sufism Perspectives: An Analysis of Contribution of Sa`Id Hawwa]

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
Azmil bin Zainal Abidin
Keyword(s):  
Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
Islamic Revival ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
Current Reality

Sa`id Hawwa was a prominent figure of the post-Ottoman Islamic revival. As well as being a member of the Muslim Brotherhood of Syria, he was also grounded in Sufi tradition and education. He exerted an effort to re-organize the orientation of understanding about the tradition of Islamic knowledge in order to answer the challenge of the Western thoughts. His work is impregnated with new ideas related to the forms of interactions towards the Islamic disciplines which come in equilibrium; this includes the knowledge of tasawwuf. The objective of this study is to identify the Sufi framework which underlies Sa'id Hawwa’s works. The study also examines his perspective in revitalizing Sufi discourse in relation to current reality. Another objective of the study is to analyse his recommendations in endorsing the current understanding and practice of Sufism. This research was based on literature review through the documentation method in collecting data related to the research questions as well as data analysis method; thaht was the process of identifying the form of data collected for interpretation. The study finds that Sa'id Hawwa’s works are centered on purifying the conceptions of the Muslim community in their interaction with the world and Sufism. He stressed on the link between tasawwuf with other Islamic branches of knowledge. In the theoretical context, he reaffirmed that Sufism, as a stage of experiential faith (dhawqi), is a consequence of the monotheistic creed of Islam, which is a stage of intellectual faith (aqli). In the practical context, he emphasized the importance of orientating Sufism so as not to neglect the demands of the current obligations (wajib al-waqt) based on the current Islamic scenarios. The study concludes that Sa'id Hawwa made several contributions to the field of Sufism:  they are the integration of Sufi discourse with perspectives from other forms of Islamic knowledge;  and the revitalization of Sufi discourse by acknowledging current reality; and the criticism of those apsects of Sufism that are deemed to have deviated from the authentic Sufi path. He also linked aspects of the practice of Sufism with spiritual preparation for the restoration of the caliphate system. In other words, Sa’id Hawwa’s perspective is centered on the re-interpretation of Sufism, as a medium to elevate the status of the Islamic Sharia comprehensively.   Keywords: Sa`id Hawwa; contemporary tasawwuf perspective; Sufism tradition.     Sa`id Hawwa adalah tokoh idea kebangkitan Islam pasca-Uthmaniyyah. Selain menceburi gerakan al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin Syria, keperibadian beliau berlatarkan tradisi dan pendidikan kesufian. Dalam konteks keilmuan, beliau berusaha menyusun semula kerangka tradisi ilmu agar siap menghadapi bentuk cabaran dan serangan pemikiran Barat. Karya beliau sarat dengan idea pembaharuan berhubung bentuk interaksi terhadap disiplin ilmu Islam secara sepadu dan seimbang, termasuk ilmu tasawuf. Kajian ini bertujuan mengenal pasti sudut pandang yang melatari karya tasawuf Sa`id Hawwa. Penulisan ini turut mengkaji perspektif beliau dalam menyegarkan wacana tasawuf menurut realiti semasa. Termasuk dalam objektif kajian adalah menganalisis saranan beliau dalam memperbaiki aspek kefahaman dan pengamalan tasawuf semasa. Penulisan ini diasaskan kepada kajian kepustakaan menerusi metode dokumentasi dalam mengumpulkan data penting berkaitan persoalan yang dikaji dan metode analisis data iaitu proses mengesan bentuk data yang telah dikumpul untuk melakukan interpretasi. Kajian mendapati, karya Sa`id Hawwa adalah berpaksikan pemurnian semula konsepsi umat Islam dalam berinteraksi dengan tasawuf. Beliau menekankan pertautan di antara ilmu tasawuf dengan panduan ilmu-ilmu Islam lainnya. Dalam konteks teoretikal, beliau menegaskan kedudukan ilmu tasawuf yang berupa iman di peringkat rasaan (dhawqi) sebagai susulan ilmu akidah tauhid yang berupa iman di peringkat akliah (aqli). Dalam konteks praktikal, beliau menekankan kepentingan orientasi penghayatan tasawuf yang tidak mencuaikan tuntutan kewajipan semasa (wajib al-waqt) menurut senario umat Islam. Kajian merumuskan sumbangan utama Sa`id Hawwa di bidang tasawuf iaitu mengintegrasikan tasawuf dengan perspektif ilmu-ilmu Islam lain, mengaitkan wacana tasawuf dengan realiti semasa dan mengkritik gejala penyimpangan dari landasan tasawuf yang sahih. Beliau turut mengaitkan aspek pengamalan tasawuf sebagai persiapan rohani dalam mengembalikan semula sistem khilafah. Dalam erti kata lain, perspektif Sa`id Hawwa berpaksikan kepada pemaknaan semula tasawuf sebagai wahana memartabatkan syariat Islam secara komprehensif.   Kata kunci: Sa`id Hawwa; perspektif tasawuf kontemporari; tradisi kesufian.

scholarly journals The Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt: Ideology vs. Pragmatism

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
David Schwartz ◽  
Daniel Galily
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Islamic Movements ◽  
Western Model ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
The Masses

This study aims to present the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, its ideology and pragmatism. With progress and modernization, the Islamic movements in the Middle East realized that they could not deny progress, so they decided to join the mainstream and take advantage of technological progress in their favor. The movement maintains at least one website in which it publishes its way, and guides the audience. Although these movements seem to maintain a rigid ideology, they adapt themselves to reality with the help of many tools, because they have realized that reality is stronger than they are. The main points in the article are: The status of religion in the country; What is the Muslim Brotherhood? According to which ideology is the movement taking place? - Movement background and ideology; Theoretical background – The theory of Pragmatism; How is pragmatism manifested in the activity of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt? In conclusions: The rise of the Islamist movements as a leading social and political force in the Middle East is the result of the bankruptcy of nationalism, secularism and the left in the Arab world, which created an ideological vacuum, which is filled to a large extent by the fundamentalists, ensuring that Islam is the solution. It is not only about the extent of the return to religion, but about the transformation of religion into a major political factor both by the regimes and by the opposition. These are political movements that deal first and foremost with the social and political mobilization of the masses, and they exert pressure to apply the Islamic law as the law of the state instead of the legal systems taken from the Western model.

scholarly journals The Muslim Brotherhood

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Dawood Sofi
Keyword(s):  
Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Muslim Society ◽  
Dynamic Expression ◽  
The Status ◽  
Global Movement ◽  
The Muslim Brotherhood

The Muslim Brotherhood is considered to be the most significant and effective Islamic revivalist organization; or, in the words of Milton-Edwards, “a complex, far-reaching, and dynamic expression of contemporary Islamism” (188). Started as a movement to resist or oppose the Westernization of Muslim society, particularly Egyptian society, it spread quite rapidly within and beyond Egypt, inspiring a huge number of Muslims in various parts of the Muslim world and achieving, thus, the status of a global movement.

Attitudes toward EMI in East Asia and the Gulf

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith M. Graham ◽  
Zohreh R. Eslami
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Education Quality ◽  
Medium Of Instruction ◽  
Motivation To Learn ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
English Medium Instruction ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Local Languages

Abstract In order to raise global profiles of universities, governments around the world have pushed universities to offer English medium instruction (EMI) courses. While research examining the attitudes toward EMI has been conducted in various countries, these studies generally look at a single university and rarely examine attitudes between countries or regions. In order to investigate attitudes from a macro perspective, this study used a systematic literature review method to synthesize findings on attitudes toward EMI in East Asia and the Gulf. The review was guided by the following research questions: (1) What are the attitudes toward EMI in countries in the Gulf and East Asia? and (2) What are the similarities/differences between countries and what factors can be attributed to these? Attitude scores were calculated for twenty studies from ten countries, and the studies were coded by common themes affecting EMI attitudes. Results show that factors affecting attitudes include language and content issues, choice of medium of instruction, instructor quality, motivation to learn English, and deficit views of the L1. As a result of the findings, it is suggested that governments and universities review their EMI policies in order to ensure education quality and maintain the status of local languages.

Managing Religion and Renegotiating the Secular: The Muslim Brotherhood and Defining the Religious Sphere

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel M. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Religion And Politics ◽  
Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
Muslim Minorities

AbstractThis article questions the assumption that — prior to July 2013 when the Egyptian military removed former President Mursi from power — the Muslim Brotherhood was in the process of implementing an Islamic state that would have involved a reversal of secularization and an upheaval to the status quo in terms of fundamental shifts in institutions and legal categories. Rather, the article argues that the Muslim Brotherhood evolved to embrace secularism of a certain sort-a statism in which it is the state that determines the boundaries of religion and politics. It illustrates this by looking at the role the Muslim Brotherhood envisaged for the Supreme Constitutional Court — and how this relates to the religious scholars of al-Azhar — in the formulation of legislation and in the assessment of whether legislation conforms to Article 2 of the constitution, both the 1971 one and the 2012 one, which was suspended in July 2013. In addition, the article will show how the Muslim Brotherhood has defined the public order with a particular focus on the idea of the Islamic “framework,” the rights of non-Muslim minorities, and personal status law.

scholarly journals The Kemalists

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 120-123
Author(s):  
Markus Dressler
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
Popular Science ◽  
Clash Of Civilizations ◽  
The West ◽  
Islamic Revival ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
The World ◽  
Comprehensive Manner

The range of titles in Prometheus Books’ “Islamic Studies” section is quiteintriguing. According to its webpage, this “leading publisher in philosophy,popular science, and critical thinking” appears to be dedicated to coveringIslamic-related topics of interest in a comprehensive manner for a post-9/11western audience. Recnet publications include The Legacy of Jihad: IslamicHoly War and the Fate of Non-Muslims (the author is a professor of medicine),The Myth of Islamic Tolerance (authored by the “director of JihadWatch”), and Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out and Why I Am not aMuslim (both by the notorious Ibn Warraq).The book under review fits into this series due to its apologetic characterand narrow perspective on Islam – a perspective that sees political enunciationsmotivated by Islam as threatening and in direct contradiction to the(presumably universal) modern. The front book flap sets the tone and catersto a broad readership: “A clash of civilizations – between the secular traditionsof the West and the fundamentalist Islamic revival in the East – hasplunged the world into serious crisis.”First of all, it has to be stated that The Kemalists is neither an academicbook nor an “Islamic Studies” book. It is filled with methodological problemsand utterly incorrect statements about Islam. One particularly blatant exampleshould suffice to make this point: On page 198, Kaylan lumps together asbrotherhoods the “reactionary” Muslim Brotherhood, the “Shafis” (sic), the“Maliki Brotherhood,” and the “liberal … Melami and Bektashi brotherhoods”– apparently not understanding the differences between a modernIslamist movement, schools of law, and Sufi orders. To be fair, the author doesnot claim to be an Islamicist; however, it is disturbing to see how politicallymotivated treatises such as his gain publicity under an “Islamic Studies” label ...

scholarly journals The Qualifications of Arbitral Tribunal: Perspectives of Shariah Law and UNCITRAL Model Law

2018 ◽  
pp. 1213-1217
Author(s):  
Omar Saleh Abdullah Bawazir ◽  
Mohammad Azam Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Legal Issues ◽  
Alternative Mechanism ◽  
Arbitral Tribunal ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Qualified Person ◽  
Content Analysis Method ◽  
The World ◽  
Data Content ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Model Law

Arbitration is an alternative mechanism which can be adopted by the parties involved in any legal issues other than the court. Arbitral tribunal plays essential role and has roles and functions similar to the court judges. Only qualified person is eligible to be appointed as arbitrator. From Islamic perspective, the Muslim jurists have laid down several requirements to be fulfilled by such person before the appointment has been made. The UNCITRAL Model Law which is internationally adopted by most of the countries in the world in setting up their arbitration institution also has a provision pertaining to the qualifications of arbitral tribunal. The question arises, what are the qualifications required under Shariah law and prescribed by UNCITRAL Model Law? Is there any similarities? Based on such research questions, this article seeks to analyse the qualifications of the arbitral tribunal from the perspectives of Shariah law and UNCITRAL Model Law. Based on the library data, content analysis method is adopted to compare the qualifications of arbitral tribunal from both perspective. This study found that, the Shariah law and UNCITRAL Model Law have its own requirements for the person to be appointed as arbitrator. The study also found that, Shariah law provides more details in this regard compared to UNCITRAL Model Law which provides only the general principles.

After Repression

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth R. Nugent
Keyword(s):  
Arab Spring ◽  
Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
Democratic Consolidation ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Democratic Transitions ◽  
Parliamentary Elections ◽  
Political Outcomes ◽  
The World ◽  
The Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
The Arab Spring

In the wake of the Arab Spring, newly empowered factions in Tunisia and Egypt vowed to work together to establish democracy. In Tunisia, political elites passed a new constitution, held parliamentary elections, and demonstrated the strength of their democracy with a peaceful transfer of power. Yet in Egypt, unity crumbled due to polarization among elites. Presenting a new theory of polarization under authoritarianism, the book reveals how polarization and the legacies of repression led to these substantially divergent political outcomes. The book documents polarization among the opposition in Tunisia and Egypt prior to the Arab Spring, tracing how different kinds of repression influenced the bonds between opposition groups. It demonstrates how widespread repression created shared political identities and decreased polarization — such as in Tunisia — while targeted repression like that carried out against the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt led opposition groups to build distinct identities that increased polarization among them. This helps explain why elites in Tunisia were able to compromise, cooperate, and continue on the path to democratic consolidation while deeply polarized elites in Egypt contributed to the rapid reentrenchment of authoritarianism. Providing vital new insights into the ways repression shapes polarization, the book helps to explain what happened in the turbulent days following the Arab Spring and illuminates the obstacles to democratic transitions around the world.

The Islamic Spring, Part 1

Al-Qaeda 2.0 ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 185-202
Author(s):  
Cerwyn Moore
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
Al Qaeda ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Middle Way ◽  
The World ◽  
The Muslim Brotherhood

First instalment of a multipart series, which Zawahiri begins by mourning the death of the leader of Al-Shabaab, whose fealty he had accepted in 2012, and reaches out to affiliates, allies and sympathizers in places like Somalia, Palestine, Yemen, North Africa, the Caucasus, as well as Syria. He claims to have wanted to temper his criticism of ISIL, hoping that the infighting between jihadis would come to an end, but ultimately to have seen no other option than presenting the evidence of al-Baghdadi’s transgressions, which he says go against the prescribed method of the prophet Mohammed. He challenges IS’s understanding of takfir, excommunication, and warns against ways in which religious zealotry can turn to tyranny. In presenting the Muslim Brotherhood as being too compromising and weak, and IS as being too extreme, Zawahiri thus charts a clear ‘middle way’ for Al-Qaeda and its understanding of the world, which he claims will ultimately be victorious.

Transnational Islamic networks

2010 ◽  
Vol 92 (880) ◽  
pp. 899-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imtiaz Gul
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
The United States ◽  
Al Qaeda ◽  
Religious Ideology ◽  
South West ◽  
The World ◽  
The Muslim Brotherhood

AbstractBesides a surge in terrorist activities, events following the 11 September terrorist attack on the United States have raised a new challenge for the world: the emergence of transnational Islamic networks, predominantly influenced by organizations such as Ikhwan al Muslimeen (the Muslim Brotherhood) and Al Qaeda, which are helping to spread a particular religious ideology across the globe and are also having an impact on pre-existing groups in Afghanistan and Pakistan. This article gives an overview of the role of Islamist networks and their influence, drawn from Al Qaeda and the Muslim Brotherhood, in South and South-west Asia and the Afghanistan–Pakistan region in particular. It also explains how local like-minded outfits have used Al Qaeda's anti-Western jargon to recruit foot soldiers and enlist support within their society, besides serving as financial conduits for the radical Wahabite/Salafi reformists.

scholarly journals MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD IN EUROPE: BETWEEN RELIGION AND POLITICS.

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 147-154
Author(s):  
Alexander Shumilin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Religion And Politics ◽  
Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Old World ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
Political Association ◽  
The Eu

The article examines the reasons that prompted the governments and expert circles of many EU countries to pay increased attention in the past two years to the activities of the Muslim Brotherhood (BM) religious and political association within the EU. According to the author, this is due not only to the terrorist attacks of Islamists in France and Austria in 2020, but also to the manifestations of the growing influence of this category of Muslim organizations and groups on the social and political life of the countries of the Old World. The article focuses on the analysis of the means, methods and mechanisms characteristic of the groupings associated with the structures of the Muslim Brotherhood in Europe, on their differences from similar organizations in the Middle East. The author turns to the history of the emergence and growth of the influence of the «brothers» in Europe in order to more thoroughly examine the phenomenon of today: while the authority and influence of the BM are noticeably falling in the Arab countries, in the Old World the situation is different for the «brothers» – in many cases they manage to hide their Islamist essence under the cover of left, «progressive» rhetoric, which allows them to fit into the current political and ideological discourse in the host countries. However, with the aggravation of intercivilizational relations in Europe, BM groups are increasingly forced to leave their traditional «hiding places», publicly claiming the status of «defenders of discredited Muslims», but in fact trying to legalize their radical views and positions. The resulting scale of their presence and influence in European societies noticeably frightens the establishment and the population of these countries. The author comes to the conclusion that at the current stage, an aggravation of the confrontation between the political elites in the EU countries and the BM structures is inevitable

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