A Mathematical Model for the Study of Effectiveness in Therapy in Tuberculosis Taking into Account Associated Diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erick Delgado Moya ◽  
Alain Pietrus ◽  
Sergio Muniz Oliva
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Population Based ◽  
The Other ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Tb Treatment ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Aids

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem. We present a deterministic mathematical model for the study of the effectiveness of therapy in TB to determine the impact of HIV/AIDS and diabetes in the spread of the disease and drug resistance. Our model takes into account the relationships between TB, HIV/AIDS, and diabetes and we also study the behavior of multidrug-resistance (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR-TB). The main mathematical and epidemiology features of the model are investigated. The basic reproduction number (R0) in the different sub-populations (diabetics, HIV/AIDS, and those who do not suffer from these diseases) was studied. Conditions were obtained on the model parameters to know when the growth of the parameters associated with resistance to TB treatment has a negative impact on the transmission of TB in the population based on the R0 study. It is concluded that MDR-TB and XDR-TB have a negative impact on TB control. Computational simulations show that a greater number of drug-sensitive TB cases with respect to MDR-TB and XDR-TB cases are reported in the infected compartments, and MDR-TB cases surpass XDR-TB cases, except in the diabetes sub-population, which has a growth of XDR-TB cases that surpasses the other compartments of infected of all the sub-populations. It was shown when comparing the sub-populations of diabetes and HIV/AIDS, that although the diabetes sub-population reports a higher number of XDR-TB cases, a lower number of drug-sensitive TB and MDR-TB cases, have a greater number of recovered cases with respect to HIV/AIDS sub-population at the end of the study period. Also, when the XDR-TB cases in the diabetes sub-population exceed the other infected compartments, there is a growth of recovered TB in this subpopulation. The results suggest that it is necessary to increase the attention to the diabetic population, which include improved glucose control, increase the number of specialized medical consultations to achieve permanence in TB treatment and control the entry of individuals to the diabetic compartments by tests of diabetes.

Tuberculosis and Diabetes Mellitus Co-Morbidity: Lessons to Learn From HIV/AIDS

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-21
Author(s):  
F.A. Ayeni ◽  
◽  
O.O. Oyetunde ◽  
B.A. Aina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Tb Treatment ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Collaborative Activities ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Aids

Tuberculosis (TB) and Diabetes mellitus (DM) are among the top ten causes of morbidity and mortality globally, with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) also causing significant mortality as well. The HIV-TB link has been well recognized since the beginning of the HIV epidemic, but link between TB and DM has only returned to the fore-front recentlyafter effective treatments for each condition reduced the association that was reported earlier in thetwentieth century. Recently also, urbanization, increasing age and sedentary lifestyle has led to an increase in diabetes prevalence. Diabetes mellitus is associated with a 3-fold incident risk of tuberculosis and, to a lesser extent, tuberculosis may also increase the risk of developing diabetes. Both diseasesinteract negatively at multiple levels, exacerbating and worsening the outcomes of the other. The impact of these co-morbidities particularly in developing countries of Sub Saharan Africa, of which Nigeria is one, is likely to be large. An increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus may hinder efforts aimed at tuberculosis control, making successful TB treatment and control more difficult. Improved management of tuberculosis and diabetes could build on the successes of the TB-HIV/AIDS collaborative activities, and DOTS strategy, which emphasizes support to patients, as well as a reliable supply of quality-assured medicines. This review aims to examine the association between these two important diseases, and explore ways to manage and reduce mortality caused by the duo.

scholarly journals Polyphenol Profiling of Chestnut Pericarp, Integument and Curing Water Extracts to Qualify These Food By-Products as a Source of Antioxidants

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2335
Author(s):  
Gabriella Pinto ◽  
Sabrina De Pascale ◽  
Maria Aponte ◽  
Andrea Scaloni ◽  
Francesco Addeo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Time Of Flight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Curing Process ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Water Curing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
By Products

Plant polyphenols have beneficial antioxidant effects on human health; practices aimed at preserving their content in foods and/or reusing food by-products are encouraged. The impact of the traditional practice of the water curing procedure of chestnuts, which prevents insect/mould damage during storage, was studied to assess the release of polyphenols from the fruit. Metabolites extracted from pericarp and integument tissues or released in the medium from the water curing process were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and electrospray-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (ESI-qTOF-MS). This identified: (i) condensed and hydrolyzable tannins made of (epi)catechin (procyanidins) and acid ellagic units in pericarp tissues; (ii) polyphenols made of gallocatechin and catechin units condensed with gallate (prodelphinidins) in integument counterparts; (iii) metabolites resembling those reported above in the wastewater from the chestnut curing process. Comparative experiments were also performed on aqueous media recovered from fruits treated with processes involving: (i) tap water; (ii) tap water containing an antifungal Lb. pentosus strain; (iii) wastewater from a previous curing treatment. These analyses indicated that the former treatment determines a 6–7-fold higher release of polyphenols in the curing water with respect to the other ones. This event has a negative impact on the luster of treated fruits but qualifies the corresponding wastes as a source of antioxidants. Such a phenomenon does not occur in wastewater from the other curing processes, where the release of polyphenols was reduced, thus preserving the chestnut’s appearance. Polyphenol profiling measurements demonstrated that bacterial presence in water hampered the release of pericarp metabolites. This study provides a rationale to traditional processing practices on fruit appearance and qualifies the corresponding wastes as a source of bioactive compounds for other nutraceutical applications.

scholarly journals What do we know about the impact of sexual violence on health and health behaviour of women in Estonia?

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hedda Lippus ◽  
Made Laanpere ◽  
Kai Part ◽  
Inge Ringmets ◽  
Helle Karro
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Sexual Relationships ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sexual Behaviours ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Sexual violence against women is a major public health issue and a breach of human rights. Although various consequences of sexual violence on health have been described in a large number of scientific publications, very little is known about this topic in Estonia. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of sexual violence and associations between exposure to sexual violence and risky health and sexual behaviours among women in Estonia. Methods A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out in Estonia in 2014. Self-reported data regarding selected indicators of risky health and sexual behaviours were collected from 1670 women, aged 18–44 years, via a self-administered questionnaire. To measure the prevalence of sexual violence, questions from the NorVold Abuse Questionnaire were included. Chi-square and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyse the data. Results Of the respondents, 22.7% (n = 379) reported being exposed to sexual violence during their lifetime, and over half of these women had had these experiences before the age of 18. Statistically significant associations were found between sexual violence and smoking (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.32, 95% CI 1.03–1.70), alcohol consumption (AOR 1.52, 95% CI 1.18–1.95), illicit drug use (AOR 2.21, 95% CI 1.70–2.89), sexual intercourse for money or other material reward (AOR 3.51, 95% CI 1.62–7.61), concurrent sexual relationships (AOR 2.64; 95% CI 1.80–3.86), and being diagnosed with sexually transmitted infections (AOR 1.48, 95% CI 1.09–2.01). Conclusions In Estonia, sexual violence against women is widespread and is associated with several risky health and sexual behaviours. Efforts should be made, both among the general public and professionals, to raise awareness regarding the prevalence and negative impact of sexual violence. Women who have been exposed to sexual violence are in need of professional medical, legal and psychological help free from prejudice to help them recover from such traumatic events.

scholarly journals Personality identity in the terms of virtualization of being

2020 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 20016
Author(s):  
Zinaida Ryabikina ◽  
Ekaterina Bogomolova ◽  
Lyudmila Ozhigova
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Virtual Space ◽  
The Other ◽  
Web Content ◽  
Virtual Communication ◽  
Major Activity ◽  
Communication Partner ◽  
Content Mining ◽  
And Control

The Internet users have been studied in the terms of a positive or negative impact on personality existence and co-existence in the context of virtual reality. Personality activity focus on backing up their own identity during the interaction with the Other in the virtual co-existence space. The web content mining of opinions expressed by social networks on thematic forums shows that major activity drivers in the virtual space of social networks are communicative, affiliative and self-assertive drivers. This is due to a personality's aim at backing up their identity in co-existence with the Other. The FIRO-B questionnaire has revealed relevant dominance of virtual communication participants' own activity over activity expected from their communication partner regarding the scales of inclusion and control. The opportunity to be an agent for "both" (themselves and their virtual communication partner) in the fields of inclusion and control makes it easier to gain a personality's required confirmation of their identity in relationship with the Other as well as get reassured that their being has been successfully extended into the Other's agent world (to personalize). Virtualization of a personality's relationship carries risks for identity being simulated due to non-availability of a true dialogue with the Other.

Communication Process in Family Reinforcing the Gender Differences in Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
pp. 137-147
Author(s):  
Sabiha Yeasmin Rosy ◽  
Md. Mynul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The Other ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Human Being ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
The World ◽  
Public World ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

Family is an important institution to build a person's personality, morality, value and attitude. When this institution communicates properly, it shows the impact e.g. a boy or a girl becomes social human being. Unfortunately in our family gender biasness is reinforced continuously by starting to behave differently with boys and girls from the childhood. Parents communicate with them in a different way which constructs the traits of “masculinity” and “femininity”. Girls are compelled to learn the feminine role with politeness, submissiveness and their mobility is restricted in public world. It is a family which trains a girl to be a good mother, wife, sister or daughter, on the other hand a boy learns to be social, intellectual, able to run the world and strong. This different formation of role and behavior results in the ongoing discrimination everywhere in the society. This reinforcement is sort of relief from social stigmatization but has overall negative impact on life and through this family can be counted as the main birthplace of discrimination against women. Girls and boys must be raised neutrally to eradicate the gender differences and ensure the equality.

Digital Media and Memory Balkanization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis L.F. Lee ◽  
Joseph M. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

Chapter 8 discusses the impact of digital media on collective memory. The chapter examines both the positive and negative impact of digital and social media. On the one hand, the analysis notes how digital media provided the channels for memory mobilization and the archives for memory transmission. On the other hand, the analysis examines the problematics of memory balkanization. It explicates how political forces have shaped the development of digital and social media in Hong Kong and how competing representations of the Tiananmen Incident and commemoration activities are articulated and reinforced within distinctive memory silos.

scholarly journals The Impact of Concurrent Antiretroviral Therapy and MDR-TB Treatment on Adverse Events

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Smith ◽  
Neel R. Gandhi ◽  
N. Sarita Shah ◽  
Koleka Mlisana ◽  
Pravi Moodley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Tb Treatment ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals An Antimethanogenic Nutritional Intervention in Early Life of Ruminants Modifies Ruminal Colonization by Archaea

Archaea ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leticia Abecia ◽  
Kate E. Waddams ◽  
Gonzalo Martínez-Fernandez ◽  
A. Ignacio Martín-García ◽  
Eva Ramos-Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Archaeal Community ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
The Other ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Different Response ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this work was to study whether feeding a methanogen inhibitor from birth of goat kids and their does has an impact on the archaeal population colonizing the rumen and to what extent the impact persists later in life. Sixteen goats giving birth to two kids were used. Eight does were treated (D+) with bromochloromethane after giving birth and over 2 months. The other 8 goats were not treated (D−). One kid per doe in both groups was treated with bromochloromethane (k+) for 3 months while the other was untreated (k−), resulting in four experimental groups: D+/k+, D+/k−, D−/k+, and D−/k−. Rumen samples were collected from kids at weaning and 1 and 4 months after (3 and 6 months after birth) and from does at the end of the treating period (2 months). Pyrosequencing analyses showed a modified archaeal community composition colonizing the rumen of kids, although such effect did not persist entirely 4 months after; however, some less abundant groups remained different in treated and control animals. The different response on the archaeal community composition observed between offspring and adult goats suggests that the competition occurring in the developing rumen to occupy different niches offer potential for intervention.

Modeling and Control of an Electro-Hydraulic Poppet Valve

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Opdenbosch ◽  
Nader Sadegh ◽  
Wayne J. Book
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Control Valve ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Hydraulic Control ◽  
Nonlinear Mathematical Model ◽  
Modeling And Control ◽  
Poppet Valve ◽  
Control Scheme ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
And Control

This paper explores the dynamic modeling of a novel two stage bidirectional poppet valve and proposes a control scheme that uses a Nodal Link Perceptron Network (NLPN). The dynamic nonlinear mathematical model of this Electro-Hydraulic Control Valve (EHCV) is based on the analysis of the interactions among its mechanical, hydraulic, and electromagnetic subsystems. A discussion on experimental approaches to determine the model parameters is included along with model validation results. Finally, the control scheme is developed by proposing that the states of the EHCV follow a set of desired states, which are calculated based upon the desired valve flow conductance coefficient KV. A simulation is presented at the end to verify the proposed control scheme.

scholarly journals Assessing the impacts of short-course multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment in the Southeast Asia Region using a mathematical modeling approach

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0248846
Author(s):  
Win Min Han ◽  
Wiriya Mahikul ◽  
Thomas Pouplin ◽  
Saranath Lawpoolsri ◽  
Lisa J. White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Treatment Initiation ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Tb Treatment ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Short Course ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
The Impact

This study aimed to predict the impacts of shorter duration treatment regimens for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) on both MDR-TB percentage among new cases and overall MDR-TB cases in the WHO Southeast Asia Region. A deterministic compartmental model was constructed to describe both the transmission of TB and the MDR-TB situation in the Southeast Asia region. The population-level impacts of short-course treatment regimens were compared with the impacts of conventional regimens. Multi-way analysis was used to evaluate the impact by varying programmatic factors (eligibility for short-course MDR-TB treatment, treatment initiation, and drug susceptibility test (DST) coverage). The model predicted that overall TB incidence will be reduced from 246 (95% credible intervals (CrI), 221–275) per 100,000 population in 2020 to 239 (95% CrI, 215–267) per 100,000 population in 2035, with a modest reduction of 2.8% (95% CrI, 2.7%–2.9%). Despite the slight reduction in overall TB infections, the model predicted that the MDR-TB percentage among newly notified TB infections will remain steady, with 2.4% (95% CrI, 2.1–2.9) in 2020 and 2.5% (95% CrI, 2.3–3.1) in 2035, using conventional MDR-TB treatment. With the introduction of short-course regimens to treat MDR-TB, the development of resistance can be slowed by 38.6% (95% confidence intervals (CI), 35.9–41.3) reduction in MDR-TB case number, and 37.6% (95% CI, 34.9–40.3) reduction in MDR-TB percentage among new TB infections over the 30-year period compared with the baseline using the standard treatment regimen. The multi-way analysis showed eligibility for short-course treatment and treatment initiation greatly influenced the impacts of short-course treatment regimens on reductions in MDR-TB cases and percentage resistance among new infections. Policies which promote the expansion of short-course regimens and early MDR-TB treatment initiation should be considered along with other interventions to tackle antimicrobial resistance in the region.

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