Platinum Nanoparticles: Synthesis Strategies and Applications

Plantinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) have huge potential as heterogeneous catalyst, chemiresistor coating material, nanomedicine, nanosensor, and electronic components along with various other industrial applications. Physical, chemical as well as biological methods are used for the synthesis of plantinum NPs. Physical methods depend upon the physical phenomenon for Pt NPs synthesis. Chemical methods involve one or other chemical reactions to prepare Pt NPs. Biological methods are preferred over other methods. Among all biological sources, use of plant extracts for Pt NPs synthesis is safe and cost-effective. Pt NPs have application in catalysis, electronics, nanodiagnosis and nanomedicine. Synthesis of diverse Pt NPs using different plant bioresource may be more useful for various in vivo applications in future.

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Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and their Biomedical Applications - A Comprehensive Review

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612825666190708185506 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (24) ◽

pp. 2650-2660 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Rajasree Shanmuganathan ◽

Indira Karuppusamy ◽

Muthupandian Saravanan ◽

Harshiny Muthukumar ◽

Kumar Ponnuchamy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Antibacterial Agents ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Metallic Silver ◽

Synthesis Methods ◽

Burn Wound ◽

Chemical Methods ◽

Biological Sources ◽

Physical And Chemical

Generally, silver is considered as a noble metal used for treating burn wound infections, open wounds and cuts. However, the emerging nanotechnology has made a remarkable impact by converting metallic silver into silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for better applications. The advancement in technology has improved the synthesis of NPs using biological method instead of physical and chemical methods. Nonetheless, synthesizing AgNPs using biological sources is ecofriendly and cost effective. Till date, AgNPs are widely used as antibacterial agents; therefore, a novel idea is needed for the successful use of AgNPs as therapeutic agents to uncertain diseases and infections. In biomedicine, AgNPs possess significant advantages due to their physical and chemical versatility. Indeed, the toxicity concerns regarding AgNPs have created the need for non-toxic and ecofriendly approaches to produce AgNPs. The applications of AgNPs in nanogels, nanosolutions, silver based dressings and coating over medical devices are under progress. Still, an improvised version of AgNPs for extended applications in an ecofriendly manner is the need of the hour. Therefore, the present review emphasizes the synthesis methods, modes of action under dissipative conditions and the various biomedical applications of AgNPs in detail.

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METHODS OF DISINFECTION OF MANURE AND MANURE EFFLUENTS

10.31016/978-5-9902341-5-4.2020.21.465-470 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 465-470

Author(s):

Hutoryanina ◽

Dumbadze ◽

Dimidova

Keyword(s):

Environmental Pollution ◽

Organic Waste ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Liquid Manure ◽

Technological Parameters ◽

Chemical Methods ◽

Open Type ◽

Helminth Eggs ◽

Biological Methods ◽

Physical And Chemical

The problem of environmental pollution has now acquired global significance. Helminth eggs in liquid manure laid in open-type sedimentation tanks in October-November, remain viable for 12 months or more, and in spring-summer manure for 4–5 months. Therefore, uninfected liquid manure in both winter and summer poses a serious threat of contamination of reservoirs, soil, groundwater, feed and pastures with dangerous pathogens for humans and animals. This circumstance makes it necessary to carry out disinfestation of manure of all categories. Based on the above, the purpose of the work was to analyze existing methods of manure disinfection and manure effluents. All methods of deworming (disinvasion) of manure and its fractions can be divided into three groups: biological, physical and chemical. It is generally recognized that biological methods for decomposing organic waste are considered environmentally acceptable and cost-effective. Some of the analyzed physical and chemical methods also have a certain effectiveness of disinfection. When using these groups of disinfectants, constant monitoring and compliance with technological parameters is necessary, as well as the norms for the consumption of disinfectants and the exposure time must be observed.

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Prevention of Toxic Effects of Mycotoxins by Means of Nonnutritive Adsorbent Compounds

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-59.6.631 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 59 (6) ◽

pp. 631-641 ◽

Cited By ~ 131

Author(s):

ANTONIO-JAVIER RAMOS ◽

JOHANA FINK-GREMMELS ◽

ENRIQUE HERNÁNDEZ

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Toxic Effects ◽

Animal Products ◽

Recent Approach ◽

Calcium Aluminosilicate ◽

Exchange Resins ◽

Biological Methods

Mycotoxins comprise a family of fungal toxins, many of which have been implicated as chemical progenitors of toxicity in man and animals. The most thoroughly studied are the aflatoxins. A variety of physical, chemical, and biological methods to counteract the mycotoxin problem have been reported, but large-scale, practical, and cost-effective methods for detoxifying mycotoxin-containing feedstuffs are currently not available. The most recent approach to the problem has been the addition to the animal's diet of nonnutritive sorbents that sequester mycotoxins and reduce their gastrointestinal absorption, avoiding their toxic effects on livestock and toxin carryover into animal products. This review comments on the in vitro efficacy of several of the adsorbents assayed, and their in vivo applications in a range of animals will be discussed. The sorbents reviewed are activated charcoal, bentonite, zeolite, hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) and a wide variety of clays and synthetic ion-exchange resins.

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A GREEN AND SIMPLE SYNTHESIS OF CHITOSAN/Ag NANOCOMPOSITES AND STUDY FOR THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND ESCHERICHIA COLI

Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.15625/2525-2518/56/2a/12634 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 56 (2A) ◽

pp. 89-98

Author(s):

Tran Thi Bich Quyen

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Average Particle Size ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Simple Approach ◽

Average Particle ◽

Chemical Methods ◽

Green Method ◽

E Coli ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Efficient Route

A green and simple approach has been successfully developed to synthesize chitosan/Ag nanocomposites using kumquat extract as a biological reducing agent. It indicates to be an eco-friendly and green method for the synthesis providing a cost effective and an efficient route for the chitosan/Ag nanocomposites’ synthesis. The prepared chitosan/Ag nanocomposites have been characterized by UV-vis, TEM, FTIR, and XRD. Result showed those chitosan/Ag nanocomposites have been obtained with average particle size ~15-25 nm. Moreover, the synthesized chitosan/Ag nanocomposites also showed their efficient antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli. The chitosan/Ag nanocomposite was found to have signiﬁcantly higher antimicrobial activity than its components at their respective concentrations. The presence of a small percentage (2.5 %, w/w) of metal nanoparticles in the nanocomposite was enough to signiﬁcantly enhance inactivation of S. aureus and E. coli as compared with unaltered chitosan. Thus, this eco-friendly method could be a competitive alternative to the conventional physical/chemical methods used for the synthesis of chitosan/Ag nanocomposites. Since, it has a potential to use in biomedical and cosmetic applications.

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Nanoparticles and their Biomedical Applications

Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry ◽

10.33263/briac111.84318445 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 8431-8445

Keyword(s):

Plant Extracts ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Reduction Reaction ◽

Key Factors ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Biological Methods ◽

Treatment And Diagnosis ◽

Diagnosis Of Diseases

Over the years, due to the remarkable functional properties, the nanoparticles have been widely used and being tested in the treatment and diagnosis of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, etc. The green synthesis of these nanoparticles can be achieved by physical, chemical, and biological methods. Nanoparticles biosynthesis is put forth to be advantageous over chemical and physical methods because it is non or minimally toxic, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective. A green biosynthesis is an approach that connects nanotechnology with plants, microorganisms, waste materials, and biomolecules. The biological methods help to eliminate destructive processing situations, via letting the synthesis at biological pH, room temperature, and simultaneously, affordable price. Among various biological alternatives, medicinal plants and plant extracts seem to be the best options. Plants are the chemical factories of nature, the plant extracts contain various secondary metabolites, and it functions as reducing and stabilizing (capping) agent in bio-reduction reaction to synthesize new nanoparticles. Keeping these points in view, the present article reviews the various synthesis methodologies, key factors, characterizations, usages, and foretold antimicrobial approach in a systematic manner, concentrating on several green pathways for nanoparticles synthesis.

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Enzyme-based nanocomplexes and their construction for detoxification of organophosphorus compounds

ORGANOPHOSPHORUS NEUROTOXINS ◽

10.29039/53_361-379 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 361-379

Author(s):

Elena Efremenko ◽

Il'ya Lyagin ◽

Aslanli Aslanli

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Human Body ◽

Organophosphorus Compounds ◽

The Body ◽

Chemical Methods ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Main Challenge ◽

Activity Of Enzymes ◽

Biological Methods

Organophosphorus compounds (OPC) pose a serious threat, as they can have a neurotoxic effect on the human body, even death. In this regard, the main challenge of our times is the search for effective ways of degradation of OPC. In this case, preference is given to biological methods of OPC detoxification, which do not require the use of harsh chemical methods of degradation and are suitable for in vivo use. One of such methods is the use of biocatalysts — enzymes capable of hydrolyzing OPC. To stabilize the activity of enzymes, as well as leveling a possible immune response from the body when used in vivo, various modification methods are used, such as nanocapsulation, the formation of enzymepolyelectrolyte complexes, immobilization of the enzyme on various functionalized carriers, etc. The chapter contains the information on examples of such biocatalysts, discussion of their advantages and disadvantages.

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Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles in Photosynthetic Plants

Journal of Nanoparticles ◽

10.1155/2014/963961 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 179

Author(s):

Ram Prasad

Keyword(s):

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Environmentally Friendly ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Biological Science ◽

Present Review ◽

Synthesis Process ◽

Chemical Methods ◽

Synthesis Of Nanoparticles ◽

Biological Methods ◽

Physical And Chemical

Nanobiotechnology is emerging as a field of applied biological science and nanotechnology. Synthesis of nanoparticles is done by various physical and chemical methods but the biological methods are relatively simple, cost-effective, nontoxic, and environmentally friendly methods. The present review focuses on the synthesis of nanoparticles with special emphasis on the use of plants parts for the synthesis process, its applications, and future prospectus.

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The Isolation and Identification of Fungi Gathered from Districts in Bangkok, Thailand Where Dengue Fever Is at Epidemic Levels

10.1101/518241 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Ladawan Wasinpiyamongkol ◽

Panan Kanchanaphum

Keyword(s):

Control Strategies ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Penicillium Citrinum ◽

Universal Primers ◽

Homologous Sequence ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Physical Methods ◽

Pcr Product ◽

Identification Of Fungi ◽

Biological Methods

AbstractBackgroundThe Aedes mosquito is a major vector of many important diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever. Biological methods of controlling mosquitos are desirable because they are ecologically friendlier, safer, and more cost effective than chemical and physical methods of controlling mosquitos.MethodsWater samples in the mosquitoes’ breeding containers from districts in Bangkok were collected from the mosquitoes breeding containers situated in seven districts of Bangkok, Thailand. The DNA was extracted from each sample of the isolated fungi. Purified DNA specimens were amplified in a PCR reaction with universal primers of ITS1 and ITS4. All the PCR product was sequencing, alignment and comparing the homologous sequence in GenBank database.ResultsFourteen strains of fungi were isolated. The most commonly found strain was Penicillium citrinum, which was discovered in six of the 30 isolated fungi samples.ConclusionBiological control strategies for the mosquito population should be further investigated because they are considered to be ecologically friendlier, safer, and more cost effective than chemical insecticides.

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Transmission Electron Microscopy of Protein Macromolecules

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100066176 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

pp. 424-425

Author(s):

Henry S. Slayter

Keyword(s):

Biological Systems ◽

Metal Vapor ◽

Resolving Power ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Chemical Methods ◽

Molecular Weights ◽

The Past ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Transmission Electron

Electron microscopic methods have been applied increasingly during the past fifteen years, to problems in structural molecular biology. Used in conjunction with physical chemical methods and/or Fourier methods of analysis, they constitute powerful tools for determining sizes, shapes and modes of aggregation of biopolymers with molecular weights greater than 50, 000. However, the application of the e.m. to the determination of very fine structure approaching the limit of instrumental resolving power in biological systems has not been productive, due to various difficulties such as the destructive effects of dehydration, damage to the specimen by the electron beam, and lack of adequate and specific contrast. One of the most satisfactory methods for contrasting individual macromolecules involves the deposition of heavy metal vapor upon the specimen. We have investigated this process, and present here what we believe to be the more important considerations for optimizing it. Results of the application of these methods to several biological systems including muscle proteins, fibrinogen, ribosomes and chromatin will be discussed.

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