scholarly journals SMOKING BEHAVIORS AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE SMOKE-FREE CAMPUS POLICY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 124-135
Author(s):  
Shazwani Mohmad ◽  
Aniza Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Campus Policy ◽  
Or Practice ◽  
Smoking Behaviors

We conducted this systematic review to document the published literature related to smoking behaviors and attitudes towards the smoke-free campus policy. Studies on universities that had implemented the smoke-free campus policy were included in this review. The search for published articles from January 2010 to December 2020 involved three main electronic databases: Ovid MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. We searched the databases with the following Boolean string: [(smoke-free OR tobacco-free) AND (campus OR university OR college) AND (knowledge* OR attitude* OR practice*)]. Seventeen studies were included in this review. The majority (n = 8) were from the United States, followed by Saudi Arabia (n = 2) and one each from Israel, Lebanon, Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, Spain, and China. Eight studies reported a positive impact of the policy on smoking behavior (plan to quit smoking, attempt to quit smoking, reduce smoking). However, 11 studies reported that respondents were still exposed to second-hand smoke and that cigarette butts were still scattered around the university area. Nine studies reported negative attitudes towards smoking, and seven of 12 studies reported positive attitudes towards the policy. Overall, the smoke-free campus policy had mixed impacts. Nevertheless, we found that attitude towards a smoke-free campus and smoking behavior has a good impact.

Creating a Smoke-Free Hospital: Attitudes and Smoking Behaviors of Nurses and Physicians

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances A. Stillman ◽  
Donald A. Hantula ◽  
Robert Swank
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
The United States ◽  
Smoking Ban ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Smoking Policy ◽  
Smoke Free Policy ◽  
Smoking Behaviors ◽  
Nurses And Physicians ◽  
Free Environment

Purpose. To assess smoking prevalence and attitudes of physicians and nurses before a smoking ban. The relationship between pre-ban attitudes and post-ban smoking behavior was also studied. Design. This is a prospective descriptive study of a cohort of nurses and physicians who were surveyed six months before and six months after a ban on smoking was implemented. Setting. A large, 1,000-bed teaching hospital in the Northeast of the United States. Subjects. All full-time members of the medical (n=1,496) and nursing staff (n=1,500) were surveyed. The overall response rate for the cohort was 41 % for physicians and 39% for nurses. Measures. Surveys included standardized questions on current smoking behavior, and sociodemographic variables. Attitudes toward quitting and the smoking policy and attitudes about implementation and enforcement of the smoking ban were included. Results. Both physicians and nurses were supportive of a smoke-free policy, but the two groups differed significantly on attitudes related to implementation and enforcement, with nurses being more accommodating toward smoking and less likely to enforce a ban on smoking. Physicians were more likely than nurses to quit smoking after implementation of the ban. Pre-ban attitudes were not predictive of post-ban changes in smoking behavior. Conclusions. Physicians and nurses agreed with establishing a smoke-free environment but disagreed over the efforts needed to maintain the smoke-free environment. Quitting behavior was not influenced by pre-ban attitudes.

Stress

2020 ◽  
pp. 135-150
Author(s):  
Daniel Opotamutale Ashipala ◽  
Anna P. K. Shilunga
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
Contributory Factors ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Smoking Behaviors

This chapter provides readers with vital knowledge on smoking, including its effects in the human body which in return could lead to positive smoking behavioral change for a leader's own health as well as to caution non-smokers on the danger of exposure to second-hand smoke. Therefore, the chapter will commence with an introduction to smoking where national, continental and global issues related to smoking will be highlighted. The biopsychosocial factors related to smoking include biological factors, psychological factors and social factors. Given that, smoking is a huge cause of death worldwide and the number of deaths caused by smoking-related conditions is believed to have escalated, owing to a lack awareness of the dangers of smoking and poor attitudes towards smoking behaviors that continue to prevail in various populations. This chapter further seeks to provide a better understanding of smoking, including its contributory factors, strategies to be that may be adopted to quit smoking.

scholarly journals Integrated care pathways in neurosurgery: A systematic review

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0255628
Author(s):  
Keng Siang Lee ◽  
Stefan Yordanov ◽  
Daniel Stubbs ◽  
Ellie Edlmann ◽  
Alexis Joannides ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Integrated Care ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Case Series ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Care Pathways ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Integrated Care Pathways

Introduction Integrated care pathways (ICPs) are a pre-defined framework of evidence based, multidisciplinary practice for specific patients. They have the potential to enhance continuity of care, patient safety, patient satisfaction, efficiency gains, teamwork and staff education. In order to inform the development of neurosurgical ICPs in the future, we performed a systematic review to aggregate examples of neurosurgical ICP, to consider their impact and design features that may be associated with their success. Methods Electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL were searched for relevant literature published from date of inception to July 2020. Primary studies reporting details of neurosurgical ICPs, across all pathologies and age groups were eligible for inclusion. Patient outcomes in each case were also recorded. Results Twenty-four studies were included in our final dataset, from the United States, United Kingdom, Italy, China, Korea, France, Netherlands and Switzerland, and a number of sub-specialties. 3 for cerebrospinal fluid diversion, 1 functional, 2 neurovascular, 1 neuro-oncology, 2 paediatric, 2 skull base, 10 spine, 1 for trauma, 2 miscellaneous (other craniotomies). All were single centre studies with no regional or national examples. Thirteen were cohort studies while 11 were case series which lacked a control group. Effectiveness was typically evaluated using hospital or professional performance metrics, such as length of stay (n = 11, 45.8%) or adverse events (n = 17, 70.8%) including readmission, surgical complications and mortality. Patient reported outcomes, including satisfaction, were evaluated infrequently (n = 3, 12.5%). All studies reported a positive impact. No study reported how the design of the ICP was informed by published literature or other methods Conclusions ICPs have been successfully developed across numerous neurosurgical sub-specialities. However, there is often a lack of clarity over their design and weaknesses in their evaluation, including an underrepresentation of the patient’s perspective.

scholarly journals The Potential of Smartphone Apps in Informing Protobacco and Antitobacco Messaging Efforts Among Underserved Communities: Longitudinal Observational Study

10.2196/17451 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. e17451
Author(s):  
Edmund WJ Lee ◽  
Mesfin Awoke Bekalu ◽  
Rachel McCloud ◽  
Donna Vallone ◽  
Monisha Arya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
The United States ◽  
Smartphone Apps ◽  
Power Law Distribution ◽  
Underserved Communities ◽  
Tobacco Marketing ◽  
Health Apps ◽  
Smoking Behaviors

Background People from underserved communities such as those from lower socioeconomic positions or racial and ethnic minority groups are often disproportionately targeted by the tobacco industry, through the relatively high levels of tobacco retail outlets (TROs) located in their neighborhood or protobacco marketing and promotional strategies. It is difficult to capture the smoking behaviors of individuals in actual locations as well as the extent of exposure to tobacco promotional efforts. With the high ownership of smartphones in the United States—when used alongside data sources on TRO locations—apps could potentially improve tobacco control efforts. Health apps could be used to assess individual-level exposure to tobacco marketing, particularly in relation to the locations of TROs as well as locations where they were most likely to smoke. To date, it remains unclear how health apps could be used practically by health promotion organizations to better reach underserved communities in their tobacco control efforts. Objective This study aimed to demonstrate how smartphone apps could augment existing data on locations of TROs within underserved communities in Massachusetts and Texas to help inform tobacco control efforts. Methods Data for this study were collected from 2 sources: (1) geolocations of TROs from the North American Industry Classification System 2016 and (2) 95 participants (aged 18 to 34 years) from underserved communities who resided in Massachusetts and Texas and took part in an 8-week study using location tracking on their smartphones. We analyzed the data using spatial autocorrelation, optimized hot spot analysis, and fitted power-law distribution to identify the TROs that attracted the most human traffic using mobility data. Results Participants reported encountering protobacco messages mostly from store signs and displays and antitobacco messages predominantly through television. In Massachusetts, clusters of TROs (Dorchester Center and Jamaica Plain) and reported smoking behaviors (Dorchester Center, Roxbury Crossing, Lawrence) were found in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods. Despite the widespread distribution of TROs throughout the communities, participants overwhelmingly visited a relatively small number of TROs in Roxbury and Methuen. In Texas, clusters of TROs (Spring, Jersey Village, Bunker Hill Village, Sugar Land, and Missouri City) were found primarily in Houston, whereas clusters of reported smoking behaviors were concentrated in West University Place, Aldine, Jersey Village, Spring, and Baytown. Conclusions Smartphone apps could be used to pair geolocation data with self-reported smoking behavior in order to gain a better understanding of how tobacco product marketing and promotion influence smoking behavior within vulnerable communities. Public health officials could take advantage of smartphone data collection capabilities to implement targeted tobacco control efforts in these strategic locations to reach underserved communities in their built environment.

scholarly journals Increasing HPV vaccination uptake among adolescents: A Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Acampora ◽  
A Grossi ◽  
A Barbara ◽  
V Colamesta ◽  
F A Causio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medical Visit ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Vaccination Uptake ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for the development of several pathologies besides the cervical cancer and HPV vaccination is a key strategy for primary prevention. The aim of this research was to identify strategies adopted to increase HPV vaccination coverage among the adolescents. Methods A systematic review was carried-out by searching electronic databases (Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science) using selected keywords as “papillomavirus vaccine”, “vaccination strategy” and “efficacy”. Articles conducted in high-income countries and evaluating the impact of one or more strategies on vaccination coverage (initiation e/o completion) in adolescents were included. Results Out of 3571 single citations screened, 42 papers (2011-2018) were included. Study size ranged from 50 to 325229 individuals. The major part of the studies was from the United States (n = 35; 83,3%) and conducted with an experimental design (n = 17; 40,5%). The evaluated outcomes included first dose uptake, schedule completion, vaccination timeliness and the number of administered doses. Identified strategies included reminds (9), education activities (9), multicomponent strategies (22) and others (2) and were focused on adolescents/parents and/or healthcare providers. Significant positive results were reported in seven studies (77,8%) evaluating the impact of reminds, four studies (44,4%) on education strategies, and in 12 studies (54,5%) on multicomponent strategies. Offering vaccination in “bundle” or during any medical visit was also reported as significantly effective. Conclusions Increasing the vaccination coverage is essential to achieve HPV-related diseases control. Several types of strategies are available and showed a positive impact on vaccination uptake, in particular those relied on reminds. Nonetheless, the heterogeneity of interventions suggests the importance to adapt such initiatives to the specific context in order to maximize the improvement in vaccination uptake. Key messages Several types of strategies to increase vaccination uptake are available at international level and showed a positive impact among adolescents. These interventions are heterogeneous suggesting the importance of their adaptation to the specific context in order to gain the maximum improvement in vaccination uptake.

Insurance disparity in the United States cancer survivors’ smoking rates: A trend study from NHIS 2008-2017.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1553-1553
Author(s):  
Yannan Zhao ◽  
Binbin Zheng-Lin ◽  
Biyun Wang ◽  
Xi-Chun Hu ◽  
Changchuan Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Private Insurance ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Smoking ◽  
Complex Design ◽  
Adult Cancer Survivors ◽  
Smoking Behaviors

1553 Background: Smoking rates have been decreasing in the U.S over the last decade. Smoking cessation is a critical part of cancer treatment and survivorship care. However, little is known about the trend of smoking rates in U.S. cancer survivors and how it varied by individuals’ insurance coverages. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the temporal trend of smoking rates using the National Health Interview Survey from 2008 through 2017. Adult cancer survivors (n = 20122) were included in the analysis. The outcomes were self-reported current smoking behavior. Insurance coverage was categorized into any private (age ≤65), other coverage (age ≤65), uninsured (age ≤65), Medicare + any private (age > 65), and other coverage (age > 65). We combined every two years data to improve statistical power in the subgroup analysis. Weighted analyses were performed with SAS 9.4 to account for the complex design. Results: The smoking rates in cancer survivors decreased from 18.4% in 2008 to 12.5% in 2017. However, the smoking rates varied remarkably by insurance status (p < 0.001). There was a decreasing trend of smoking rates in participants with any private (age ≤65) (17.3% in 2008/2009 to 12.0% in 2016/2017), Medicare + any private (age > 65) (7.5% in 2008/2009 to 5.9% in 2016/2017), and other coverage (age > 65) (13.2% in 2008/2009 to 9.2% in 2016/2017) whereas the current smoking rates remains high in cancer survivors with other coverage (age ≤65) (40.1% in 2008/2009 to 34.4% in 2016/2017) and uninsured (age ≤65) (43.4% in 2008/2009 to 43,1% in 2016/2017). Conclusions: Cancer survivors report less smoking behaviors over the last decade which is similar to the general population. However, the smoking rate remains dangerously high in non-elderly cancer survivors without any private insurance.

The Home Smoking Environment: Influence on Behaviors and Attitudes in a Racially Diverse Adolescent Population

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 777-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Legge Muilenburg ◽  
Teaniese Latham ◽  
Lucy Annang ◽  
William D. Johnson ◽  
Alexandra C. Burdell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African American Youth ◽  
Smoking Bans ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Motivation To Quit ◽  
Smoking Behaviors ◽  
Susceptibility To Smoking ◽  
Attitudes Toward Smoking ◽  
Motivation To Quit Smoking

Although studies indicate that public policy can influence the decrease in smoking behaviors, these policies have not necessarily transferred to home environments at the same rate. The authors surveyed 4,296 students in a southern urban area. African American students were 76.3% of the respondents and Caucasians accounted for 23.7%. African American homes are less likely to have full bans on smoking inside the home. Home smoking bans impact smoking behaviors, acceptance of smoking, susceptibility to smoking, smoking beliefs, and motivation to quit smoking. Along with home smoking bans, there are differences among African American and Caucasian youth in smoking exposure, behaviors, beliefs, and motivation to quit smoking. This study suggests that particularly in African American youth, educational efforts should be directed toward more restrictive home smoking policies to thwart the initiation of smoking in adolescents and to encourage positive attitudes toward smoking behaviors.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Physical Activity and Public Health Course for Researchers

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1052-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly R. Evenson ◽  
Joan M. Dorn ◽  
Ricky Camplain ◽  
Russell R. Pate ◽  
David R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
The United States ◽  
Associate Editor ◽  
Editorial Board Member ◽  
Or Practice ◽  
Health Course ◽  
Conducting Research

Background:From 1995–2013, an 8-day Physical Activity and Public Health Course for Researchers has been offered yearly in the United States.Methods:In 2013, an evaluation quantified time that fellows spent in different course offerings, surveyed fellows on course impact, documented grant funding, and identified fellow participation on leading physical activity-related journals.Results:The number of fellows that attended the course ranged from 20 per year to 35 per year. Fellows who participated in the web survey (n = 322) agreed that the course: met their expectations (99%), had a positive impact on the physical activity research or practice work they did (98%), and helped increase their professional networking in the field (93%). Following the course, 73% of fellows had further contact with course faculty and 71% had further contact with other fellows. From the National Institutes of Health, 117 grants were awarded to 82 fellows (21% of eligible fellows). Out of 14 journals reviewed, 11 had at least 1 fellow on their staff as editor, associate editor, or editorial board member.Conclusion:The Physical Activity and Public Health Course for Researchers helps address a training need by providing instruction and building capacity in the US and abroad for conducting research on physical activity and public health.

scholarly journals The Potential of Smartphone Apps in Informing Protobacco and Antitobacco Messaging Efforts Among Underserved Communities: Longitudinal Observational Study (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund WJ Lee ◽  
Mesfin Awoke Bekalu ◽  
Rachel McCloud ◽  
Donna Vallone ◽  
Monisha Arya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
The United States ◽  
Smartphone Apps ◽  
Power Law Distribution ◽  
Underserved Communities ◽  
Tobacco Marketing ◽  
Health Apps ◽  
Smoking Behaviors

BACKGROUND People from underserved communities such as those from lower socioeconomic positions or racial and ethnic minority groups are often disproportionately targeted by the tobacco industry, through the relatively high levels of tobacco retail outlets (TROs) located in their neighborhood or protobacco marketing and promotional strategies. It is difficult to capture the smoking behaviors of individuals in actual locations as well as the extent of exposure to tobacco promotional efforts. With the high ownership of smartphones in the United States—when used alongside data sources on TRO locations—apps could potentially improve tobacco control efforts. Health apps could be used to assess individual-level exposure to tobacco marketing, particularly in relation to the locations of TROs as well as locations where they were most likely to smoke. To date, it remains unclear how health apps could be used practically by health promotion organizations to better reach underserved communities in their tobacco control efforts. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to demonstrate how smartphone apps could augment existing data on locations of TROs within underserved communities in Massachusetts and Texas to help inform tobacco control efforts. METHODS Data for this study were collected from 2 sources: (1) geolocations of TROs from the North American Industry Classification System 2016 and (2) 95 participants (aged 18 to 34 years) from underserved communities who resided in Massachusetts and Texas and took part in an 8-week study using location tracking on their smartphones. We analyzed the data using spatial autocorrelation, optimized hot spot analysis, and fitted power-law distribution to identify the TROs that attracted the most human traffic using mobility data. RESULTS Participants reported encountering protobacco messages mostly from store signs and displays and antitobacco messages predominantly through television. In Massachusetts, clusters of TROs (Dorchester Center and Jamaica Plain) and reported smoking behaviors (Dorchester Center, Roxbury Crossing, Lawrence) were found in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods. Despite the widespread distribution of TROs throughout the communities, participants overwhelmingly visited a relatively small number of TROs in Roxbury and Methuen. In Texas, clusters of TROs (Spring, Jersey Village, Bunker Hill Village, Sugar Land, and Missouri City) were found primarily in Houston, whereas clusters of reported smoking behaviors were concentrated in West University Place, Aldine, Jersey Village, Spring, and Baytown. CONCLUSIONS Smartphone apps could be used to pair geolocation data with self-reported smoking behavior in order to gain a better understanding of how tobacco product marketing and promotion influence smoking behavior within vulnerable communities. Public health officials could take advantage of smartphone data collection capabilities to implement targeted tobacco control efforts in these strategic locations to reach underserved communities in their built environment.

Diabetes Education Impact on Hypoglycemia Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Evidence and Gaps in the Literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline LaManna ◽  
Michelle L. Litchman ◽  
Jane K. Dickinson ◽  
Andrew Todd ◽  
Mary M. Julius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
English Language ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Diabetes Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Knowledge Gain ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The primary purpose of this study is to report a systematic review of evidence and gaps in the literature among well-conducted studies assessing the impact of diabetes education on hypoglycemia outcomes and secondarily reporting the impact on other included target outcomes. Methods The authors used a modified Cochrane method to systematically search and review English-language titles, abstracts, and full-text articles published in the United States between January 2001 and December 2017, with diabetes education specified as an intervention and a directly measurable outcome for hypoglycemia risk or events included. Results Fourteen quasi-experimental, experimental, and case-control studies met the inclusion criteria, with 8 articles reporting a positive impact of diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) on hypoglycemia outcomes; 2 of the 8 reported decreased hypoglycemia events, and 1 reported decreased events in both the intervention and control groups. In addition, 5 studies targeted change in reported hypoglycemia symptoms, with all 5 reporting a significant decrease. DSMES also demonstrated an impact on intermediate (knowledge gain, behavior change) and long-term (humanistic and economic/utilization) outcomes. An absence of common hypoglycemia measures and terminology and suboptimal descriptions of DSMES programs for content, delivery, duration, practitioner types, and participants were identified as gaps in the literature. Conclusions Most retained studies reported that diabetes education positively affected varied measures of hypoglycemia outcomes (number of events, reported symptoms) as well as other targeted outcomes. Diabetes education is an important intervention for reducing hypoglycemia events and/or symptoms and should be included as a component of future hypoglycemia risk mitigation studies.

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