Stress

2020 ◽  
pp. 135-150
Author(s):  
Daniel Opotamutale Ashipala ◽  
Anna P. K. Shilunga
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
Contributory Factors ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Smoking Behaviors

This chapter provides readers with vital knowledge on smoking, including its effects in the human body which in return could lead to positive smoking behavioral change for a leader's own health as well as to caution non-smokers on the danger of exposure to second-hand smoke. Therefore, the chapter will commence with an introduction to smoking where national, continental and global issues related to smoking will be highlighted. The biopsychosocial factors related to smoking include biological factors, psychological factors and social factors. Given that, smoking is a huge cause of death worldwide and the number of deaths caused by smoking-related conditions is believed to have escalated, owing to a lack awareness of the dangers of smoking and poor attitudes towards smoking behaviors that continue to prevail in various populations. This chapter further seeks to provide a better understanding of smoking, including its contributory factors, strategies to be that may be adopted to quit smoking.

scholarly journals SMOKING BEHAVIORS AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE SMOKE-FREE CAMPUS POLICY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 124-135
Author(s):  
Shazwani Mohmad ◽  
Aniza Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Campus Policy ◽  
Or Practice ◽  
Smoking Behaviors

We conducted this systematic review to document the published literature related to smoking behaviors and attitudes towards the smoke-free campus policy. Studies on universities that had implemented the smoke-free campus policy were included in this review. The search for published articles from January 2010 to December 2020 involved three main electronic databases: Ovid MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. We searched the databases with the following Boolean string: [(smoke-free OR tobacco-free) AND (campus OR university OR college) AND (knowledge* OR attitude* OR practice*)]. Seventeen studies were included in this review. The majority (n = 8) were from the United States, followed by Saudi Arabia (n = 2) and one each from Israel, Lebanon, Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, Spain, and China. Eight studies reported a positive impact of the policy on smoking behavior (plan to quit smoking, attempt to quit smoking, reduce smoking). However, 11 studies reported that respondents were still exposed to second-hand smoke and that cigarette butts were still scattered around the university area. Nine studies reported negative attitudes towards smoking, and seven of 12 studies reported positive attitudes towards the policy. Overall, the smoke-free campus policy had mixed impacts. Nevertheless, we found that attitude towards a smoke-free campus and smoking behavior has a good impact.

scholarly journals Understanding Frailty Screening: a Domain Mapping Exercise

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-161
Author(s):  
Jill K. Van Damme ◽  
Kassandra Lemmon ◽  
Mark Oremus ◽  
Elena Neiterman ◽  
Paul Stolee
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Biopsychosocial Model ◽  
Screening Tool ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
Domain Mapping ◽  
Health Domains ◽  
Mapping Exercise

Background Many definitions and operationalisations of frailty exclude psychosocial factors, such as social isolation and mental health, despite considerable evidence of the links between frailty and these factors. This study aimed to investigate the health domains covered by frailty screening tools. Methods A systematic search of the literature was conducted in ac­cordance with PRISMA guidelines. MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and PsycInfo were searched from inception to December 31, 2018. Data related to the domains of each screening tool were extracted and mapped onto a framework based on the biopsychosocial model of Lehmans et al. (2009) and Wade & Halligans (2017). Results Sixty-seven frailty screening tools were captured in 79 arti­cles. All screening tools assessed biological factors, 73% assessed psychological factors, 52% assessed social factors, and 78% assessed contextual factors. Under half (43%) of the tools evaluated all four domains, 33% evaluated three of four domains, 12% reported two of four domains, and 13% reported one domain (biological). Conclusion This review found considerable variation in the assessment domains covered by frailty screening tools. Frailty is a broad construct, and frailty screening tools need to cover a wide var­iety of domains to enhance screening and outcomes assessment.

scholarly journals PSYCHO-SOCIAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO SUPERSTITIOUS BEHAVIOR: LITERATURE REVIEW

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
Manasvi Shrivastav ◽  
Anuradha Kotnala
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Confidence Level ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
The Past ◽  
Superstitious Behavior ◽  
The World ◽  
People Today

Most superstition from the past have been proven by science as unnecessary, ineffective or just plain silly but are still practiced by normal intelligent people today. Around the world, there are many reappearing themes for superstition. Every country has its own localized take on each theme. In this article researcher reviews on previous researches. There is much different kind of researches in the field of superstition and there are different theories related to the origin of superstition. Superstition is influenced by different social and psychological factors. In this article those researches have been discussed which through light on social and psychological factors of superstition. Psychological factors like fear, locus of control, confidence level etc. and social factors such as locale, socio-economic status etc.

scholarly journals Biological versus Feminists Perspectives on Girls' Underperformance in STEM Subjects in Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
Raza Ullah ◽  
Hazir Ullah ◽  
Muhammad Bilal
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gender And Education ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Education Performance

This article outlines the biological essentialists’ versus feminists’ explanations of girls’ underperformance in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Historically, except in the contexts of some developed countries, boys dominated girls in STEM subjects. Biological essentialists associate girls’ underperformance in STEM with the innate differences between men and women, whereas feminists attribute it to social factors. The issue, however, is not so easily solved and there is an ongoing debate between biological essentialists and feminists. This article, thus, engages in a comparative analysis of the two approaches, their underlying principles and the empirical evidences they use to substantiate their stance. The analysis of both approaches enables the authors to better decipher the connection between gender and education performance. This article explains that social rather than biological factors influence girls’ performance in STEM subjects. The article concludes that girls’ underperformance in STEM subjects' results from sociocultural factors.

scholarly journals Gambaran Kasus Kematian pada Korban Terpapar Alkohol yang Diautopsi di Bagian Ilmu Kedokteran Forensik dan Medikolegal RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Periode 2014 - 2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
Angela A. Pangemanan ◽  
James Siwu ◽  
Nola T. S. Mallo
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Addictive Substance ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Death Cases

Abstract: Alcohol is an addictive substance that could cause adverse effects to human body. Moreover, it is also related to a variety of criminal acts. North Celebes is one of the provinces with the highest alcohol consumption in Indonesia. This study was aimed to describe the death cases exposed to alcohol that were autopsied at Prof. Dr. R. D Kandou Hospital Manado during 2014-2017. This was a descriptive retrospective study using data of visum et repertum. The results showed that there were 17 death cases exposed to alcohol. The majority were in 2016 as many as 6 cases (35.3%). The most common age group was 26-35 years as many as 7 cases (41.2%). All cases were males (100%). The most cause of death in these cases were due to violence using sharp objects as many as 15 cases (88.2%). Conclusion: Most death cases exposed to alcohol were males aged 26-35 years, and the cause of death was violence using sharp object.Keywords: alcohol, death casesAbstrak: Alkohol adalah zat adiktif yang dapat berdampak buruk bagi tubuh manusia serta terkait juga dengan berbagai tindakan kriminalitas. Sulawesi Utara merupakan salah satu provinsi dengan konsumen alkohol terbanyak di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran kasus kematian pada korban terpapar alkohol yang diautopsi di RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D Kandou periode 2014-2017. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif retrospektif menggunakan data hasil visum et repertum. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif retrospektif. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 17 kasus kematian korban terpapar alkohol. Kasus terbanyak pada tahun 2016 yaitu 6 kasus (35,3%). Kelompok usia terbanyak 26-35 tahun yaitu 7 kasus (41,2%) dan jenis kelamin laki-laki (100%). Penyebab kematian terpapar alkohol terbanyak karena kekerasan benda tajam yaitu 15 kasus (88,2%). Simpulan: Sebagian besar kasus kematian akibat terpapar alkohol berada dalam kelompok usia 26-35 tahun, semua berjenis kelamin laki-laki, dengan jenis penyebab kematian akibat kekerasan benda tajam.Kata kunci: alkohol, kasus kematian

scholarly journals Golding’s Narrowed Attempts at Defining Human Nature in Lord of the Flies

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Rabia Khan ◽  
Sajjad Ahmad ◽  
Ali Ammar
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Social Problem ◽  
Political System ◽  
Research Work ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Single Character ◽  
William Golding ◽  
Lord Of The Flies

This paper is an attempt to prove the assumption that William Golding is a failure who claims to have written his novel Lord of the Flies on the idea of human nature. He considers that he wrote about human nature in general, but he is a Western and has those ideas of being superior to other people. He takes all his characters from among the English boys. Not a single character who is shown as civilized belongs to a marginalized race. This act of Golding reveals his ethnocentric attitude. He does not bother to include a female character in this novel. All his characters are male. It shows his androcentric nature. Though he tries to put the evil like every man whenever he wants to show the brutality or savagery of a human, in the form of his chosen English boys, he portrays them as the hunters of Africa or paints them with mud. In doing so, he is affiliating savagery with the blacks and Indians. Thus, he propagates the same stereotypical concept of “Orients” as uncivilized and savages. Golding relies solely on the biological factors of human nature. He ignores to consider any social problem for the conflict of the two groups of boys. These social factors may include political system, religion, or Marxism. This research work has proved that Golding’s self-critique of human nature in the novel is a failure on his part.

Reading, Demographic, Social and Psychological Factors Related to Pre-adolescent Smoking and Non-smoking Behaviors and Attitudes

1983 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert J. Sunseri ◽  
Jean M. Alberti ◽  
Nancie D. Kent ◽  
James A. Schoenberger ◽  
Joan K. Sunseri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Adolescent Smoking ◽  
Smoking Behaviors

The Biosocial Basis OF Mental Retardation, by Sonia F. Osler and Robert E. Cooke. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1965, 151 pp., $5.50

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 986-986
Author(s):  
Robert B. Kucel
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Important Concern ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Relationship Of

With the increasing interest in mental retardation more articles, monographs, and books appear on the subject. The Biosocial Basis of Mental Retardation is a collection of seven essays originally delivered at the John Hopkins Hospital. Although pediatricians have turned their attention in mental retardation mostly to the biological components of mental retardation, there is a growing awareness that social and psychological factors also play a significant role. The interrelationship of biological and social factors is virtually an unchartered sea. The several authors who originally presented these essays are attempting to highlight some of the social factors and, where appropriate, to point out how some of the social features relate to biological ones. For example, the well known relationship of the high incidence of prematurity in low socioeconomic group families is a fact most pediatricians know but the implication of this fact as far as prevention is concerned is a large and important concern and as yet poorly understood. With the increasing amount of federal interest in programs for low income families, many pediatricians will want to become better informed about the implications. Some of these points are considered in the chapter by Janet Hardy. For the person concerned with medical remedies for mental retardation, there will be little of interest in this book. On the other hand, for those who are anxious to know more about social and psychological factors as they relate to mental retardation, this is a very useful and fascinating compendium of articles. Particularly intriguing are the articles by Eli Ginzberg who discusses the mentally handicapped in an increasingly technological society.

Conceptual and Scientific Foundations of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology

2012 ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
Alfred J. Finch ◽  
John E. Lochman ◽  
W. Michael Nelson III ◽  
Michael C. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Child And Adolescent ◽  
Adolescent Psychology ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Child And Adolescent Psychology

Chapter 2 discusses the conceptual and scientific foundations of clinical child and adolescent psychology, including development, social factors (including the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem), biological factors, and scientific foundations.

scholarly journals Effects of Different Graphic Health Warning Types on the Intention to Quit Smoking

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 3267
Author(s):  
Hyejin Park ◽  
Min-Young Hong ◽  
In-Seon Lee ◽  
Younbyoung Chae
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Intention To Quit ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Positive Effect

Anti-smoking advertisements are widely used to demonstrate to smokers the harm of smoking, and graphic health warnings (GHWs) are expected to have a positive effect on the intention to quit smoking. This study investigated which type of GHW (health-related threat (H-GHW) vs. social threat (S-GHW)) is more effective. Two types of GHWs for tobacco were shown to 28 daily smokers and 25 non-smokers while measuring their eye movements using an eye tracker. The time spent fixating on the GHWs was measured as an index of attentional bias. Participants were also asked to evaluate the unpleasantness of the images. They stated their intention to quit smoking in response to each image in a separate session. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify the effects of psychosocial factors on the intention to quit smoking in smokers and the intention to remain as non-smokers in the non-smokers. Both smokers and non-smokers reported greater unpleasantness and cessation intentions in response to H-GHWs than to S-GHWs. Non-smokers found both types of GHWs more unpleasant than smokers did. No differences were found in gaze fixation on GHWs between the two groups. When smokers viewed S-GHWs, the intention to quit smoking was greater as they felt more unpleasant. For non-smokers, the intention to remain non-smokers was greater when they felt more unpleasant and when the attention to H-GHWs was lower. Different psychological factors in anti-smoking advertisements are involved in the intention to quit smoking in smokers and to maintain a non-smoking status in non-smokers. Different approaches should be used according to the types of warning (e.g., warnings emphasizing a negative influence on others or on their own health) in anti-smoking campaigns.

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