scholarly journals Pre-design of Biphenyl Chemical Factory from Benzene with Capacity of 10.000 Ton Per Year

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Roman Robiati
Keyword(s):  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Distillation Tower ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
The Interest Rate ◽  
Bottom Product ◽  
Partial Condenser

The design of a biphenyl chemical plant from benzene with a capacity of 10,000 tons/year will be built in Tuban, East Java with a land area of ​​10,010 m2. The raw material in the form of Benzene is obtained from Trans-Pacific Petrochemical Indotama (TPPI), Tuban. The factory is designed to operate continuously for 330 days, 24 hours per day, and requires 214 employees. Biphenyl preparation begins with reacting benzene (2,807.74 kg/hour) in a Pipe Flow Reactor (R-01) at a reactor temperature of 377 oC and a pressure of 2 atm. This reaction takes place with a conversion of 90% and is endothermic so that a Hitech heater is used to maintain the operating temperature. The products that come out of the reactor are biphenyl and hydrogen. It is then cooled and condensed in a Partial Condenser (CD-01) to a temperature of 151 oC. Then enter into Separator-02 (SP-02) to separate hydrogen from a mixture of benzene, toluene and biphenyl. Hydrogen in the gas phase as a result of the separtor. The bottom product in the form of benzene, toluene and biphenyl in the liquid phase is pumped and put into a distillation tower (MD-01) to purify the product with the bottom product in the form of biphenyl with a purity of 99.3%. The result of the distillation tower is benzene and its impurities are recycled as feed into the reactor with a temperature of 83 oC and a pressure of 1 atm. This factory requires Fixed Capital (FC) Rp. 34,341,856,338,- + US$ 4,195,836, Working Capital (WC) (Rp. 127,536,505,173,- + US$ 170,019), Manufacturing Cost (MC) (Rp. 254,092,040,390,- + US$ 816,090), and General Expenses (GE) (Rp. 33,990,417,539,- + US$ 81,609). Economic analysis shows the value of ROI before tax is 50.38 % and the value of ROI after tax is 32.75%. POT before tax is 1.65 years and POT after tax is 2.34 years. The BEP value is 43.11% and the SDP value is 23.75%. The interest rate in DCF for 10 years is 19% on average. Thus, from a technical and economic point of view, a biphenyl plant from benzene with a capacity of 10,000 tons/year is worthy of consideration.

scholarly journals Evaluating the economic and ecological effects of investment projects: A new model and its application to smartphone manufacturing in Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 252-265
Author(s):  
Viktoriia Apalkova ◽  
Sergiy Tsyganov ◽  
Tetiana Chernytska ◽  
Nataliia Meshko ◽  
Nadiia Tsyganova
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Investment Project ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
New Jobs

Despite market volatility in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and a decline in global investment flows to 2005 levels, sustainable development funds continued to grow. These data indicate a change in development vectors: now leading investors are guided by technologies for sustainable growth. The purpose of this paper is to determine the optimal model for evaluating investment projects in terms of their economic and environmental effects on the development of the region. The proposed technique is being tested for an investment project aimed at developing the production of mobile phones in Europe. As shown, the analysis of the location of the production of smartphones in Europe for subsequent implementation in the European market has a number of advantages and is more beneficial in terms of environmental and economic effects for the region. First, from an economic point of view, this leads to an increase in the volume of attracted investments, a decrease in operating costs for international logistics, the creation of new jobs and qualifications for the population. In addition, it is important to be able to actively implement circular business models that will reuse lithium-ion phone batteries, which will lead to a decrease in the need for cobalt as a raw material, as well as lead to an increase in the level of recycling of e-waste and the circularity of the European economy. Also, such investment projects open up great opportunities for manufacturers from a marketing point of view, creating bonuses for a positive image and preferences for a “local green producer”.

FEATURES OF THE METHODOLOGY FOR CALCULATING THE VALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM RESOURCES

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Olena Suhina
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Mathematical Apparatus ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Absorption ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
State And Local

Valuation of natural resources, in particular ecosystem resources, occupies one of the leading places in modern economic theory. It should be noted that all methodological and methodical approaches used in world practice to determine the value of natural resources, in their economic essence evaluate each object of using the nature as a commodity that can be bought, sold, leased, etc. This approach is based on an economic point of view and does not take into account the ecological properties of this resource (for example, forest is evaluated exclusively as wood – raw material for the woodworking industry, and its assimilative and oxygen-producing properties are not taken into account). In the article we propose a methodological approach to the valuation of ecosystem assets of territorial communities that provide assimilation and oxygen production services to society, which is based on the ecological-economic point of view. The essence of this method is that the valuation of ecosystem resources is determined by the cost of their ecosystem services that they provide to society throughout its life cycle. Moreover, when carrying out a summary valuation of various ecosystem assets (forest, water, land), the latter must be valued by the same (identical) method. The paper proposes an algorithm and a specific mathematical apparatus that allows to determine the value of any ecosystem resource and on its basis to determine the complex value of ecosystems owned by local communities. Tables of data on the volumes of carbon dioxide absorption by plants of Ukraine, which most intensively assimilate carbon dioxide, on indicators of oxygen release by plants and on the duration of the life cycle of certain species of trees and shrubs. It is these indicators can be used as performance characteristics in the proposed mathematical apparatus in the valuation of ecosystem assets. It is noted that the availability of valuation of ecosystem assets will allow, both at the state and local levels, to make appropriate management decisions on their effective use.

scholarly journals GREEN ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR QUANTIFICATION OF SECNIDAZOLE IN TABLETS BY FOURIER-TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (FTIR)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Jéssica Gonçalves Souza Lima ◽  
Bianca Aparecida De Marco ◽  
Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Economic Point

Secnidazole is a medicine widely used in the treatment of bacterial and protozoal diseases. The free sale of this drug allows its easy access to the population and for this reason, the studies that involve the analysis of the quality control of this drug are extremely important to keep the results safe and reliable. Considering the great pharmacotherapeutic application of secnidazole and the great importance of developing new analytical methods that contribute to the environmen, the study was based on the development and validation of a new sustainable analytical method by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) to identify and quantify secnidazole tablets. The method was duly validated according to the ICH guidelines, presenting precision, accuracy, selectivity, robustness and linearity in the concentration range of 0.5-1.3 mg/pellet. The application of this method in addition to being safe and reliable is highly favorable from an economic point of view since there is a significant reduction in the use of production costs as solvents and raw material, being fast and simple and can also be applied to other medicines.

scholarly journals Experimental Study of the Coal Slurry Dewatering

2020 ◽  
Vol 174 ◽  
pp. 02022
Author(s):  
Valentin Kalashnikov ◽  
Anton Gorbachev ◽  
Zuzana Šimková
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Coal Slurry ◽  
Extreme Pressure ◽  
Sludge Dewatering ◽  
Open Pit Mines ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Dispersed Particles ◽  
Coal Sludge

Currently, over 50% of Russia’s coal is mined in Kuzbass region. This is the reason for extreme pressure on natural resources and ecology in the region. At present, more than 100 coal mines and open-pit mines, as well as 54 concentrating plants and facilities are operating in Kuzbass. Wastewater and wastes of concentration plants, which used sludge collectors, contain significant amounts of coal slurry in the form of finely dispersed particles. Filtered cake as a potential raw material is of interest from an economic point of view. This technogenic raw material is a waste of mining production in fact. At the same time, the high humidity, and the complexity of loading and transportation, and the lack of compliance with consumer requirements does not allow full using of this raw material. This article presents some results of experimental research on coal sludge dewatering using geosynthetic materials. The received experimental data allow making the preliminary forecast about possibility of use of geotextile- like materials for coal slurry dewatering with its potential further use.

scholarly journals Comparison of Surface Quality and Tool-Life of Glulam Window Elements after Planing

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Dobrzynski ◽  
Kazimierz A. Orlowski ◽  
Michal Biskup
Keyword(s):  
Surface Quality ◽  
Cutting Tool ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Solid Carbide ◽  
Surface Profiles ◽  
Wooden Surface

The quality of the surface of wooden elements, that have been planed, has a crucial importance in the whole production process, since the obtained effects affect the quality of wooden surface after finishing (painting). The occurrence of defects is usually the reason for qualifying a workpiece as scrap or for requiring additional work. This paper presents the selected results of research of the effect of the cutting tool wear on the surface quality of elements after planing. Research experiments were conducted on the SCM Superset Class machine tool. Glulam elements of pine wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) were researched. The raw material samples (semi-finished products), 6 m long before planing, had been machined by suppliers also by planing. These workpieces were selected according to the plant requirements, e.g. their moisture content, straightness, and other defects. This paper presents the measuring results of surface roughness and some examples of surface profiles, as well as the dependence of total length of the planed elements on the type of blade material. From an economic point of view, the results showed that the use of solid carbide blades were more cost effective.

scholarly journals Indian Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Industry- An overview on Challenges, Opportunities & Regulatory prerequisites

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-76
Author(s):  
Shefali Singh ◽  
Harvinder Popli
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Pharmaceutical Medicine ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
History Of

Active pharmaceutical ingredient is a chemical compound which is most important raw material to formulate a finished pharmaceutical medicine and has a pharmacological effect.  India has a long history of being heavily dependent for these raw materials on China due to one major reason i.e. Low manufacturing cost. But overdependence of APIs imports from China brought various liabilities to India including supply chain disruption and price hikes during pandemic, leading to shortage of various important APIs/KSMs. This COVID 19 widespread has solidly put the center of our country on being “Atma Nirbhar”. And this activity had brought out the strengths, market patterns and opportunities in five divisions counting Healthcare, which are basic from country’s point of view. In view of changing geo-political situation and recalibrated trade arrangement, it is crucial that India become self-reliant within the generation of APIs and KSMs, which is why decreasing the Import reliance for Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) & Key starting materials (KSMs) particularly from china has been focused upon with the assistance of productive linked incentive scheme (PLIS) passed by Department of pharmaceuticals, Government of India to thrive Indian API industry. Hence, this review highlights the current state of Indian API industry, evaluates challenges, opportunities give suggestions for moving forward for self-sufficiency of APIs as well as centers on current regulatory prerequisites for Active pharmaceutical Ingredients.

Sophie Laws, with Caroline Harper and Rachel Marcus. Research for Development: A Practical Guide. New Delhi: Vistaar Publications. 2003. xiii+475 pages. Paperback. Indian Rupees 450.00.

2003 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-172
Author(s):  
Mir Annice Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Policy Research ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Basic Question ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Is Research ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Development Workers

To implement any successful policy, research about the subject-matter is essential. Lack of knowledge would result in failure and, from an economic point of view, it would lead to a waste of scarce resources. The book under review is essentially a manual which highlights the use of research for development. The book is divided into two parts. Part One informs the reader about concepts and some theory, and Part Two deals with the issue of undertaking research for development. Both parts have 11 chapters each. Chapter 1 asks the basic question: Is research important in development work? The answer is that it is. Research has many dimensions: from the basic asking of questions to the more sophisticated broad-based analysis of policy issues. The chapter, in short, stresses the usefulness of research which development workers ignore at their own peril.

Calculation of the Glaze Recipe for Porcelain Feldspar Products Based on their Molecular Formula Rationalization

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-134
Author(s):  
Ion Teoreanu ◽  
Roxana Lucia Dumitrache ◽  
Stefania Stoleriu
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Computer Programs ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Molecular Formula ◽  
Design Equation ◽  
Material Sources

Any change of the raw material sources for glazes, economically, ecologically motivated, and also from the glaze quality point of view, is conditioned by the molecular formula rationalization and by the variation limits of the molecular formula, respectively. The proper glaze compositions are placed within their limit variation intervals with optimized processing and utilization properties. For this purpose, the rationalization criteria and procedures of molecular formulas are summarized in the present paper, as well as the results referring to their rationalization obtained in the authors� previous work. Thus, one starts from a base of raw materials that are selected, usable and also accessible for the design and producing of the glazes. On these bases the groundwork and the design equation for the glaze recipes are developed, exemplified for a single glaze. For an easy access to results, computer programs are used for an easy access to results.

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