The relationship between red tide outbreaks, nutrient distribution and tidal current intensity in Bisan-Seto, Japan

PURPOSE: To develop an animal model of diaphragmatic electrical stimulation able to generate an appropriate ventilatory support through the direct implantation of electrodes in the diaphragm (electroventilation). METHODS: Six New Zealand female rabbits (2-3 kg) were placed on mechanical ventilation. Then, a laparotomy was performed in order to identify the motor points in each hemidiaphragm, followed by the implantation of the electrodes for diaphragmatic stimulation. We tested two types of electrodes according to the conduction of electrical stimulation: unipolar and bipolar. The electrodes were placed on different occasions in the same animals and tested with current intensities of 20, 26 and 32 mA. Each current intensity was repeated three times for 10 respiratory cycles with 1 minute interval between each cycle, and 5 minutes for new current intensity. We recorded the relationship between current intensity and inspiratory volume. RESULTS: The electrodes adequately stimulate the diaphragm and obtain inspired volumes using different intensity currents. The bipolar electrode generated inspiratory volumes as high as 4.5 times of baseline while the unipolar electrode reached up to 3.5 times of baseline. CONCLUSION: This model has proved to be effective for studying the performance of the diaphragm under different electrical stimulations using different set of electrodes.

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The Relationship Between Current Intensity for Nerve Stimulation and Success of Peripheral Nerve Blocks Performed in Pediatric Patients Under General Anesthesia

Survey of Anesthesiology ◽

10.1097/sa.0b013e31817c5b7e ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

pp. 177

Author(s):

&NA;

Keyword(s):

Peripheral Nerve ◽

General Anesthesia ◽

Nerve Stimulation ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

Current Intensity ◽

Nerve Blocks ◽

Peripheral Nerve Blocks ◽

The Relationship

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Are Oil Spills Enhancing Outbreaks of Red Tides in the Chinese Coastal Waters from 1973-2017?

10.21203/rs.3.rs-292088/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

xin LIU ◽

chunchang zhang ◽

ruiying geng ◽

xin lv

Keyword(s):

Oil Spill ◽

Coastal Waters ◽

Oil Spills ◽

Red Tide ◽

Contingency Management ◽

Coastal Region ◽

Red Tides ◽

The Relationship ◽

Spilled Oil ◽

Shed Light

Abstract Between 1973–2017, evidences of red-tide outbreaks and oil spill accidents in the Chinese coastal waters were collected. Statistical analysis and multiple regression models were used to determine the relationship between the red tide and the oil spill. Major findings reveal that, (1) the frequency of red tides positively correlates to the number of oil spills and the volume of oil spilled as well; (2) The higher percentage of small spills (< 7 tonnes) are more likely to enhance the outbreaks of red tides; (3) More severe oil spill with penalty recorded implies a higher possibility to trigger the red tide afterwards. Therefore, oil spill contingency management aiming at preventing oil spills and mitigating spill effect could be of benefit to decrease the frequency of red tides as well. For example, it is suggested to carry out physical combat instead of chemical dispersants to remove the spilled oil in the shallow coastal areas for reducing the outbreak risk of red tides after the oil spill. The findings from this study shed light on the preventative management of red tides occurrence in the Chinese coastal waters and the similar coastal region elsewhere.

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Stabilized sensing of heparin in whole blood using the ‘gate effect’ of heparin-imprinted polymer grafted onto an electrode

Molecular Imprinting ◽

10.1515/molim-2016-0002 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Yasuo Yoshimi ◽

Ryo Inaba ◽

Takaya Ogawa ◽

Waka Yoshino ◽

Masaru Inoue ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Indium Tin Oxide ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Physiological Saline ◽

Current Intensity ◽

Imprinted Polymer ◽

Heparin Concentration ◽

Ito Electrode ◽

Gate Effect ◽

The Relationship ◽

Potential Tool

AbstractA real-time heparin monitor is required to optimize the dosage of heparin and its antidote, protamine sulfate, during extracorporeal circulation procedures. The gate effect of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) is a potential tool for the rapid and selective sensing of heparin. We here present a method to stabilize the measurement of heparin concentration in whole blood using an MIP-grafted electrode. An initiator of radical polymerization, the diethyldithiocarbamicbenzyl group, was introduced onto the surface of an indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrode. Heparin sodium, methacryloxethyltrimethoxysilane, and acrylamide were dissolved in water, and methylenebisacrylamide was dissolved in dimethylformamide. A mixture of the two solutions was introduced into the 50 μm gap between the surfaces of a quartz crystal plate and the treated ITO electrode. Ultraviolet light was irradiated onto the surface of the ITO to graft the copolymer of the monomers, then the ITO was washed with a 1 M sodium chloride aqueous solution to remove the heparin template and obtain the MIP-grafted electrode. Cyclic voltammetry was performed with the MIP-grafted electrode in physiological saline or bovine whole blood containing 0-8 units/ mL heparin and 5 mM ferrocyanide as a redox marker, and the relationship between the current intensity and the heparin concentration was analyzed. The current intensity decreased as the heparin concentration in either saline or whole blood increased, and the sensitivity of the electrode to heparin in blood was approximately 52% of its sensitivity to heparin in saline. The grafted-electrode was washed with a protease-containing detergent (Sterizyme® S, Maruishi Pharmaceutical) between measurements in blood. The heparin-sensitivity of the washed electrode in blood was 77% of that in saline. No sensitivity to chondroitin sulfate C was observed but sensitivity to low molecular weight heparin was demonstrated. We thus conclude that selective and stable sensing of heparin can be achieved using an electrode grafted with heparinimprinted polymer.

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The relationship between retinal damage and current intensity in a pre-clinical suprachoroidal-transretinal stimulation model using a laser-formed microporous electrode

Journal of Neural Engineering ◽

10.1088/1741-2552/aa7d5c ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (5) ◽

pp. 056013 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hiroyuki Kanda ◽

Yukari Nakano ◽

Yasuo Terasawa ◽

Takeshi Morimoto ◽

Takashi Fujikado

Keyword(s):

Current Intensity ◽

Retinal Damage ◽

The Relationship

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Effects of N/P Atomic Ratio on the Growth of Alexandrium Tamarense at Various Initial Phosphate Concentrations

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.455-456.1289 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 455-456 ◽

pp. 1289-1296

Author(s):

Shi Yong Wen ◽

Dong Zhi Zhao ◽

Li Li Song ◽

Hua Long

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Specific Growth Rate ◽

Cell Density ◽

Specific Growth ◽

Red Tide ◽

Atomic Ratio ◽

Maximum Specific Growth Rate ◽

Alexandrium Tamarense ◽

Nutrient Input ◽

The Relationship

To reveal the relationship between nutrient input and red tide outbreaks, the effects of N/P atomic ratio on the specific growth rate of Alexandrium tamarense is analyzed under various initial phosphate concentrations in laboratory cultures. The results show that both the cell density and the specific growth rate of A.tamarense first increased when the N/P atomic ratio ≤ (N/P)opt and then decreased when the N/P atomic ratio ≥ (N/P)opt in low-P-grown cultures, followed by those in medium-P-grown and high-P-grown cultures. And the highest cell density in low-P-grown, medium-P-grown, and high-P-grown cultures is 1776×104, 4094×104 and 6891×104 cells/L, respectively. The maximum specific growth rate is 4.022, 5.307 and 9.672 d-1, respectively. It seems that the higher the initial phosphate concentrations, the greater the probability of red tide outbreaks.

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Distribution of the Stray Current of Rebar in the Ballast Bed

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.226-228.2147 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 226-228 ◽

pp. 2147-2153

Author(s):

Zhi Jun Dong ◽

Xiao Yi Li ◽

Pei Yu Yan ◽

Feng Xing

Keyword(s):

Polarization Potential ◽

Current Intensity ◽

Stray Current ◽

Vertical Resistance ◽

Average Current ◽

The Relationship ◽

Potential Test ◽

Test Result ◽

Metro System ◽

Potential Peak

Corresponding prevention strategies can be put forward by learning the stray current distribution in the metro rebar. In the paper, the stray current intensity of the rebar in the ballast of the power supply area and the 24-hour polarization potential of the rebar in the ballast are obtained through the test of vertical resistance, track-current drainage net resistance and track-earth resistance, and the polarization potential test in the tunnel ballast of metro system in service. The daily leak of the stray current of the rebar in the ballast is also obtained based on the relationship between the polarization potential and current intensity. The test result shows that the vertical resistance of the track has quite good consistency while the track-current drainage net resistance and track-earth resistance have relatively great discreteness. The polarization potential peak of the rebar in the ballast is over 500mV and the 24-hour equivalent and average current intensity of the rebar in the ballast can rise up to 0.26~0.43A/dm2.

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Quantitative Relationships between the Tidal Current Limit, Tidal Level Limit and River Discharge in the Changjiang River Estuary

Journal of Marine Science and Engineering ◽

10.3390/jmse9111291 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 1291

Author(s):

Chengcheng Hou ◽

Jianrong Zhu ◽

Ju Huang ◽

Xinyue Cheng

Keyword(s):

Tidal Current ◽

River Discharge ◽

River Estuary ◽

Dry Season ◽

Tidal Level ◽

Flood Season ◽

Current Limit ◽

Variation Range ◽

The Relationship ◽

Hydrological Station

Estuaries are areas where runoff and tide interact. Tidal waves propagate upstream from river mouths and produce tidal currents and tidal level variations along rivers. Based on the hydrological frequency analysis of river discharge in the dry season and flood season at the Datong hydrological station over the past 70 years, a three-dimensional estuary numerical model was used to produce the quantitative relationships between the tidal current limit, tidal level limit and river discharge in the Changjiang River estuary. The positions of tidal current limit and tidal level limit depend not only on river discharge but also on river topography. When river discharge varies from a hydrological frequency of 95% to 5%, the relationship between the tidal current limit and river discharge is y=2×10−13x3+3 × 10−8x2− 0.0074x+359.35 in the flood season, with a variation range of 90 km, and y=−4×10−10x3−1 × 10−5x2−0.1937x − 1232.9 in the dry season, with a variation range of 200 km. The relationship between the tidal level limit and river discharge is y=6×10−8x2−0.0096x+775.94 in the flood season, with a variation range of 127 km, and y=0.3428x2−17.9x+777.55 in the dry season, with a variation range of 83 km, which is located far upstream of the Datong hydrological station.

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