scholarly journals LOWER DNIESTER (SNAKE) DEFENSIVE RAMPART:TOPOGRAPHY, ARCHAEOLOGY AND DATING

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-198
Author(s):  
І. V. Sаpоzhnykov ◽  
O. E. Malyukevich ◽  
F. N. Lisetskii
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
General Public ◽  
Local Population ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Military Architecture ◽  
Terminus Post Quem ◽  
Absolute Dating ◽  
The Right ◽  
Significant Structure

The Lower Dniester (Snake) Defensive rampart on the border of the Roman Empire is one of the largest and most significant objects of the ancient Roman fortification of the Northern Ponticregion but at the same time the most controversial and least known not only to general public but to professional historiansas well. Over the last decade, based on a detailed study of cartographic sources and materials of numerous archaeological surveys it has been possible to reconstruct completely the line of this rampart which turned out to be the longest of all earthen ramparts in Budzhak or Bessarabia (Sapozhnikov 2011; 2013; 2020a). This paper is devoted to such components of this unique monument of military architecture and engineering as topography and archaeology as well as relative and absolute dating both by traditional methods and by the method of soil-genetic chronology. Today we can say that the rampart runs on the right bank of the Dniester from the Sergeevka village near the Black Sea to the right bank of the river Botna near the Plop-Stubei village for 123—125 km, and the total length of this structure (with additional fortifications and protection of the camps) reached 134—136 km. Since the rampart lies on the Late Scythiansettlements Mologa II and Vesele III its terminus post quem can be defined as the early 3rd century AD. Terminus ante quem according to soil-chronological studies by F. N. Lisetsky is limited to the second half of the 3rd century AD. Based on the historical situation in Tyras and its environs during this period the authors concluded that such a significant structure was built by the Romans (or the local population under their leadership) in the first half of the 3rd century AD.

Social Mobility and the Theodosian Code

1964 ◽  
Vol 54 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 49-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramsay MacMullen
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Social Movement ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Third Century ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Wide Sense ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Right

Until recent centuries, historians had to reckon with only limited social movement. I use the phrase in a very wide sense, to cover change of habitation, profession, or class; but even so defined, in a world dominated numerically by small farmers, people rarely moved around, or up or down, socially. This is as true of the thirteenth as of the third century.But it is usual to say that, granted these limitations, social movement was still much more restricted after 250 than before. This has recently been challenged by A. H. M. Jones. ‘The late Roman empire is often conceived of as a rigid hierarchical society, in which every man was tied to the station in life to which he was born.’ But the laws directing this confess, in their repetitions and relaxations, that they could not really be applied. Society, he says, was actually less static after 250 than before. Despite what has become the almost canonical view of the question, Professor Jones is certainly in the right. Under three major headings, all perfectly well known, many people did change jobs and homes. Some fled from invasion, in numbers powerfully suggested by the thousands of coin hoards from Britain to the Black Sea—we must assume that for every treasure we find, a hundred are still hidden, and for every man who buried his money, a hundred took it with them—; another group, from one to two hundred thousand, joined an expanded army; an equal number in Egypt alone turned monk. If we say, then, that over the century 250–350, half a million people were taken from one life and newly rooted in another, we have a figure by no means fantastic, yet without parallel in any earlier era of the Empire.

A voyage to Ancient Greek Harbours on board Limenoscope

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Theodoulou ◽  
C. Memos
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
General Public ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Database Structure ◽  
Historical Role ◽  
Concise Information

Limenoscope is a web based database aiming at promoting the cultural heritage regarding ancient Greek harbours and disseminate the relevant information equally to the general public and to researchers with an interest in that particular cognitive field. The scope of the project is the realization of a database, where one can search for concise information relevant to the historical role, the topography, the morphology, as well as the technical works and installations of ancient harbours in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. The Database started off with the registration of harbours located in the Aegean Sea and Cyprus, dating from Archaic to Byzantine times. Special emphasis is laid on the bibliographical update of the data forms of the harbour sites, as well as on the related references in ancient literature. The database enables the locating of these sites on a general map, where photographs, plans etc. are also archived. The principles of the database structure are briefly presented along with an example, that of the harbour of Phalasarna, among the harbours registered therein.

scholarly journals The Trebizond Operation through the Eyes of Turkish Historians

2021 ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
Alfina T. Sibgatullina
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Historical Monuments ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City ◽  
First World

This year marks the 105th anniversary of the operation conducted during the First World War: during this operation Russian troops, after a series of successful actions on land and at sea, captured the Black Sea port of Trebizond (today Trabzon). The capture of Trebizond helped to improve the basic conditions of the Black Sea Fleet and enabled an unimpeded delivery of reinforcements by sea to the right flank of the Russian army in the Caucasus. As a result, the Russian empire was close to establishing control over a significant part of the Ottoman Turkey’s territory. In the aftermath of the operation, the local Muslim population left Trebizond together with the Turkish army. The Russians, who entered the city without a fight, set for the transforming the city in their own way. Turkish historians, using the material of the Ottoman, Russian, and foreign periodicals, as well as archival documents, have studied in detail the intricacies of the Russians stay in the city, revealing also the damage caused by the war to the cultural and historical heritage of the region. This article provides a brief analysis of selected Turkish studies dedicated to the 100th and 105th anniversary of the Trebizond operation. It also discusses the issue of war refugees and the activities of Russian scientists, who were engaged in the collection of historical monuments in Trebizond during the war.

A Hoard of 3rd-4th Centuries AD Bosporan Staters from Phanagoria (2011)

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 308-356
Author(s):  
Mikhail G. Abramzon ◽  
Vladimir D. Kuznetsov
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Silver Content ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Neutron Tomography ◽  
Technical Aspects ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ancient States

Abstract The paper is a preliminary publication of a large hoard of Bosporan staters found in Phanagoria’s Eastern necropolis in 2011. It contains 3695 coins struck in the 3rd-4th centuries AD under Ininthimaios, Rhescuporis V, Pharsanzes, Sauromates IV, Teiranes and Thothorses, as well as barbarian imitations of latter staters. The Phanagorian hoard is evidence on the historical background of the epoch and sheds new light on the economy, currency and many technical aspects of the coin production in the Late Bosporos. The recent survey of coins from the hoard by X-ray spectroscopy and the neutron tomography first revealed staters of Sauromates IV, Teiranes and Thothorses with the silver content and surface-silvered coating. The treasure was deposited in AD 307/308, due to political instability in the region caused by the increased barbarian pressure on the borders of the Roman Empire and the ancient states in the Black Sea Region.

ENTERTAINMENT INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE BLACK SEA PROVINCE AS A REFLECTION OF SOCIO-CULTURAL REQUESTS OF THE REGIONAL COMMUNITY (late 19th - early 20th century)

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6/1) ◽  
pp. 150-157
Author(s):  
Sergey N. KTITOROV ◽  
Оlga V. KTITOROVA
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Local Population ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Regional Society ◽  
Regional Community ◽  
Revolutionary Period

The article discusses the formation of entertainment infrastructure in the cities of the Black Sea province in the late 19th - early 20th century. in close connection with the development of the recreational function of the region. The dependence of the process of creation and activity of leisure establishments on the sociocultural demands and needs of the regional community is shown. The characteristic of natural geographic, socio-economic, demographic and other factors influencing the organization of various forms of recreation, both visitors and local residents, is given. The authors conclude that entertainment for members of regional society was one of the ways to overcome the feeling of alienation and isolation from the outside world. The focus of the article is on the consideration of cinemas and circuses, which in the pre-revolutionary period in Russia were the most popular entertainment establishments and attracted the largest number of viewers. The study provides detailed statistical information about cinemas in Novorossiysk and other cities of the Black Sea province, assesses their material base, characterizes the genre variety of the repertoire. Also highlights the specifics of organizing circus performances, and other leisure activities. It justifies the conclusion that the extensive network of entertainment establishments that developed in the Black Sea cities in the pre-revolutionary period served the sociocultural requests of both the local population and the visiting resort community, and their activity became one of the factors shaping a specific urban lifestyle that is brighter and more dynamic than weekdays Russian village. According to the authors, the spread among various social groups of citizens of various forms of leisure was a reflection of the democratization of society and was the result of modernization processes sweeping the country.

scholarly journals Biodiversity in the Black Sea - ecological Study from the Perspective of Romanian philately

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-50
Author(s):  
Bogdan-Vasile Cioruța ◽  
Alexandru Leonard Pop ◽  
Mirela Coman
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
General Public ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Postage Stamps

As the concern for the management of protected areas is relatively new in Romania, and the information related to this topic is relatively scarce, especially those on marine ecosystems, we considered necessary this study on the management of marine protected areas with specific biodiversity illustrated by philately. Marine protected areas, in particular, delimited as areas where the main purpose is the protection of nature and cultural values, are important for all segments of society. Through this paper, we aimed to review several aspects, ecological and philatelic alike, regarding the specific biodiversity of the Black Sea ecosystem. Following the analyzes performed on account of the data from the consulted specialized literature (in the form of postage stamps, FDCs, occasional envelopes, and maximum postcards, but also other philatelic effects), as well as as a result of other observations (with catalogs and sites with philatelic content), we concluded that the biodiversity of the Black Sea, as well as the marine ecosystem itself, are relatively well represented in Romanian philately. The four philatelic issues illustrate crustaceans, mollusks, corals, and anemones, but also other species, all being to the liking of the general public in terms of information and promotion.

scholarly journals THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN THE INTERCIVILIZATION DIALOGUE IN SOUTHERN UKRAINE. THOUGHTS ON THE NEW APPROACHES TO TURKISH HISTORIOGRAPHY

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Vodotyka S. ◽  
Robak I.
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
History Of ◽  
Primary Basis

The article is devoted to reviewing the book by the well-known Turkish historian İlber Ortaylı "Ottomans on Three Continents". The authors consistently analyze the main postulates of the work in the history of Ottoman possessions in the Crimea and the Northern Black Sea region, focusing on the role of the Ottoman Empire in the interaction of Black Sea civilizations in the late Middle Ages and early modern times.The authors prove that the history of the Ottoman Empire is essential for understanding the history of Ukraine. Ottoman influences significantly impacted the history of the Ukrainian people and other indigenous peoples of Ukraine – Crimean Tatars, Karaites and Krymchaks, Crimean Greeks.The authors agree with the thesis of the Turkish researcher about the significant and sometimes decisive influence of the Ottomans on the situation in the Black Sea region in the XV–XVIII centuries. Furthermore, the authors express their views on certain statements of the book. In particular, İlber Ortaylı proves that the Ottoman Empire was a "state of the Middle Eastern Islamic type". Its presence in the Black Sea resulted in the interaction of Islamic Mediterranean civilization with Eastern European Orthodoxy and Ukraine were at the centre of this interaction. However, the authors cannot agree with the historian's statement about the primary basis of the empire – the system of the state, especially military, slavery (devshirme). It allowed to creation of a vast empire, The Sublime or Ottoman Porte. However, slavery could not create social mechanisms of progress. The civilizational basis of the Ottoman Empire was its steppe, Turkic-steppe, essence.In the Ottoman Empire, Western modernization borrowings were superficial, served utilitarian-pragmatic purposes, and did not change the foundations of civilization. Such selectable reforms were the reason why the Omans lost their possessions in the Crimea and the Northern Black Sea region to the Russian Empire in the eighteenth century. Significantly, both empires claim the imperial, not civilizational, heritage of the Roman Empire. The intelligence emphasizes that these claims are not sufficiently substantiated.Key words: İlber Ortaylı, Ottoman Empire, heritage, history of Ukraine, Northern Black Sea Coast, Crimea. Стаття присвячена огляду-рецензії книги відомого турецького історика Ільбера Ортайли «Османи на трьох континентах». Автори послідовно проаналізували основні постулати праці в координатах історії османських володінь в Криму і Північному Причорномор’ї, приділивши головну увагу ролі Османської імперії у взаємодії цивілізацій Чорномор’я у періоди пізнього середньовіччя і раннього модерного часу.Доведено, що історія Османської імперії має важливе значення для розуміння історії України. Османські впливи відіграли значну роль в історії українського народу та інших корінних народів України – кримських татар, караїмів і кримчаків, кримських греків.Автори погоджуються з тезою турецького дослідника про значний, а часом визначальний, вплив Османів на ситуацію у Чорномор’ї у ХV–ХVІІІ ст. та висловлюють свої міркування щодо окремих положень праці. Зокрема, І. Ортайли кваліфіковано доводить, що Османська імперія була «державою близькосхідно-ісламського типу» і її присутність у Чорномор’ї мала наслідком взаємодію ісламської середземноморської цивілізації зі східноєвропейською православною, причому Україна знаходилась у центрі цієї взаємодії. Однак, не можна погодитись з твердженням історика щодо головної основи імперії – системи державного, передусім військового, рабства (девшірме). Вона дозволило створити величезну імперію, Сяючу Порту, але рабство не може створити суспільних механізмів поступу. Цивілізаційною основою Османської імперії стала її степова, тюрксько-степова, сутність. В Османській імперії західні модернізаційні запозичення були поверховими, служили утилітарно-прагматичним цілям і не змінювали цивілізаційних основ. Власне це і стало основною причиною того, що у ХVІІІ ст. Омани втратили свої володіння в Криму і Північному Причорномор’ї, які дістались Російській імперії. Показово, що обидві імперії висувають претензії на імперську, а не цивілізаційну, спадщину Римської імперії. У розвідці наголошується, що ці претензії не є достатньо обґрунтованими. Ключові слова: І. Ортайли, Османська імперія, спадщина, історія України, Північне Причорномор’я, Крим.

scholarly journals DYNAMICS OF THE NUMBER OF THE STEPPER SNAKE VIPERA RENARDI IN THE SOUTH OF THE LEFT BANK OF UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Selyunina Z. V. ◽  
Markautsan О. Е. ◽  
Dubov S. V.
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
The South

The steppe viper (Vipera renardi (= ursinii) Christoph, 1861) is a background species of snakes in the steppe zone of southern left-bank Ukraine. This species is a figurant in the Red Book of Ukraine and is protected in accordance with the Bern Convention. According to the IUCN Red List, Vipera renardi has a Vulnerable species (VU) status, which is assigned to species that are under threat of becoming endangered. Anthropogenic transformation, namely, plowing, afforestation, irrigated agriculture, fires, synanthropization, etc., lead to the fact that in the Black Sea steppe, in the Lower Dnieper arenas of steppe, the viper disappears. This species has been preserved in the protected areas of the region and in the less transformed areas of the coastal and sandy steppe. The study area includes the forest-steppe areas of the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve (BSBR) and the territory of the “Svyatoslav’s Biloberezhzhya” National Nature Park (NNP BS) on the Kinburn Peninsula, the Black Sea areas and the islands of Tendrivska and Yahorlytska Bays, which are part of the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve. The dynamics of the number of steppe vipers also depends on abiotic factors too. In wetter years and the next 1-2 years, the number of vipers in the region decreases. In dry years, the number of steppe vipers increases. In the last 20 years, according to the results of long-term monitoring, the dynamics of the steppe viper population has a negative trend both in the Black Sea steppe and in the arenas of the Lower Dnieper.The cyclic dynamics of the steppe viper in our region is 3-5 years, the highest amplitude is 1.4 units, the maximum values of the relative abundance over the past 20 years have decreased from 1.5 to 0.4 ind./km, the minimum - from 0.3 to 0,1 ind./km. To preserve the population of this species in the south of the left-bank Ukraine, it is necessary to increase the areas with limited use of natural resources, namely, with the prohibition of plowing, prevention of excessive grazing and exploitation of sand deposits. In addition, it is required to strengthen environmental education and propaganda among the local population about the need to preserve the steppe viper in natural conditions and change the hypertrophied thought about the danger of this snake. The extensive network of protected areas in the region: reserves, national nature parks, regional landscape parks, protected tracts, etc., contributes to the conservation of this species. Key words: steppe viper, Black Sea steppe, Lower Dnieper arenas, population dynamics, monitoring.

scholarly journals For a novel identification of the ‘first palace of the kings of Egrisi’ in Nokalakevi-Archaeopolis

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
Davit Lomitashvili ◽  
◽  
Nikoloz Murghulia ◽  
Besik Lordtkipanidze ◽  
Tamila Kapanadze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Roman Coins ◽  
Late Roman Period ◽  
Sea Coast

Because of the complicated foreign policy in the fourth century (regular attacks of the Goths and Huns on Roman Empire, the rise of Persia and subordination of Kartli, Armenia and Albania), Rome was unable to exert proper control over its eastern provinces, including the eastern Black Sea coast and, accordingly, it was compelled to put up with the Lazis becoming more and more active in western Georgia [Muskhelishvili 2012:39]. Apparently, the Lazis evaluated the existing situation properly and gradually made their neighboring tribes of the Apsils, Abazgs and Sanigs subordinate to them [Lomouri 2011:119-120]. Unification of the western Georgian tribes by the Lazis and formation of a strong kingdom was in the interests of the Roman Empire too. Scholars suggest that Rome encouraged this process, rather than hindering it, because presence of a strong kingdom in western Georgia which had control over various passes and fortified cities on the Black Sea coast would serve as a defensive barrier for eastern provinces of Rome from northern nomadic tribes [Melikishvili 1970:556-557; Lomouri 2011:120; Muskhelishvili 2012:39]. Procopius of Caesarea puts special emphasis on this situation. According to him, “For the barbarians inhabiting the Caucasus Lazika is just an obstacle” [Procopius of Caesarea 1965:94]. Thus, from the third century, the Lazis gradually annexed the tribes residing in western Georgia and laid foundation for the kingdom of Lazika (Egrisi), whose borders approximately fell within the limits of western Georgia (Fig. 1). The king of Lazika had subordinated the neighboring tribes, but, on the other hand, formally it was a vassal of the Roman (Byzantine) emperor. According to Procopius of Caesarea, the Lazis “were Romans’ subordinate, but they did not pay any tribute or submit to them. The only thing they did was that when their king died, the Roman king would send an heir to the throne, or the symbol of power, to them. The latter would rigorously protect the borders of this country together with his subordinates so that the hostile Hunns would be unable to invade Roman lands from the Lazis’ bordering Caucasus Mountains passing through Lazika. They firmly protected them without getting any money or army from the Romans and did not go to war with the Romans either [Procopius of Caesarea 1965:72-73]. It is obvious that despite gaining factual independence, Romans still had considerable influence on western Georgia. It is not surprising - from the first century BC, after Pompey campaigned against Colchis and later (in the first-second cc AD) Rome deployed garrisons on the Black Sea coast, Rome gained a firm foothold in western Georgia. Analysis of archaeological material shows that this influence was not only political, but economic and cultural as well. For instance, the inland area of western Georgia yielded a large number of Roman coins of the first three centuries of the common era. Among them remarkable is a hoard of silver coins of the second-third centuries (907 items) discovered in Village Eki (Senaki Municipality) in 1971. It included a drachma of King Orod II of Parthia (57-38) and didrachmas and denarii minted in the names of Roman emperors Nerva, Trajan, Adrian, Antoninus Pius, Lucius Verus, Commodus, Pertinax, Niger, Septimius Severus and so on. 774 coins of the Eki hoard are struck in the mint of Caesarea, 131 – in the mints of Rome and those of the eastern provinces of Roman Empire, and the rest – in other provinces [G. Dundua, V. Tsirghvava 1971:42:45]. This and other contemporaneous discoveries prove that in the late Roman period Roman influence in western Georgia, especially in its western regions, was really strong.

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