scholarly journals Psicologia Sócio Histórica: Historicidade X Naturalização, Desafios Da Produção Teórico- Práticos Em Saúde Pública / Social Historical Psychology: Historicity X Naturalization, Theoretical – Practical Challenges of Production in Public Health

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edna Peters Kahhale ◽  
Carlos Roberto De Castro e Silva ◽  
Alexandro Da Silva
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Historical Materialism ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Research Perspective ◽  
Construction Of Knowledge ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Health And Illness ◽  
The Subject

ABSTRACTIt aims to promote critical debate on the construction of knowledge in psychology taking parameters such as the notion of historicity , the question of dialectical objectivity - subjectivity the constitution of the subject and subjectivity from the perspective of dialectical and historical materialism . Question the knowledge of psychology from category involves questioning the historicity of individual naturalization, natural phenomena and located in a social perspective, discussing the contents of universals and a priori character. That research perspective and reflection pursues the foundations of theoretical constructs and practice, opening a field of reflection on the interweaving of concrete social practices and theoretical constructs generated from demands in specific contexts (situations of health and illness; production of material life, estrangement and unusual or hegemonic meanings opposite the everyday life). In performing this task, configures itself necessarily as critical theory , since it indicates the present theories on ideology that "natural " phenomena and psychosocial conceal their commitment to dominant interests which, in ideological nature , alienate individuals and groups in which they live hindering the formation of the subject of rights . This lack of critical reflection engenders professional practices normalizing and alienating. The problematic of the inclusion of psychology in primary and secondary care is discussed of both point of view theoretical as an action.RESUMOObjetiva-se promover o debate crítico sobre a construção de conhecimentos na área da Psicologia tomando como parâmetros a noção de historicidade, a questão da dialética objetividade - subjetividade na constituição do sujeito e a subjetividade sob a perspectiva do materialismo dialético e histórico. Questionar o conhecimento da psico-logia a partir da categoria historicidade envolve questionar a naturalização dos fenômenos individuais, singulares e sociais em uma perspectiva localizada, problematizando os conteúdos de caráter universalizantes e apriorísticos. Essa perspectiva de pesquisa e reflexão pretende alcançar os fundamentos das construções teóricas e práticas, abrindo um campo de reflexão sobre o entrelaçamento das práticas sociais concretas e as construções teóricas geradas a partir de demandas em contextos específicos (situações de saúde e doença; de produção da vida material; de estranhamento e significações não usuais ou hegemônicos frente ao cotidiano da vida). Ao realizar essa tarefa, configura-se necessa-riamente como teoria crítica, pois aponta a ideologia presente em teorias que “naturalizam” fenômenos psicossociais e ocultam seu comprometimento com interesses dominantes que, por seu caráter ideológico, alienam o indivíduoe os grupos nos quais se insere dificultando a constituição do sujeito de direitos. A falta desta reflexão crítica engendra práticas profissionais normatizadoras e alienantes. Será problematizada a inserção da psicologia na atenção básica e secundária tanto do ponto de vista teórico como de atuação.

Naturalism and Kantianism

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-123
Author(s):  
Valentin A. Bazhanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Research ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
External Data ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

An article by T. Rockmore, published in the journal “Epistemology and Philosophy of Science” in 2009 (Vol. XXII. No. 4, pp. 14‒29), claim that naturalism is by its nature an example of anti-Kantianism, for it treats philosophy as a continuation science and recognizes science as a legitimate source of knowledge, does not allow a priori, relies on an a posteriori approach, empiricism in the pre-Kantian sense, and insists on the possibility of revising the knowledge acquired. This article has a goal to show that T. Rockmore point of view should be revised due to the progress of modern cognitive research and, first of all, neuroscience, in which all the features of the naturalistic approach are implemented and in which the “Kantian program” of brain research is developed. In the context of this program, the existence on the ontological level (i.e., in the brain) of certain neural structures that make it possible and play a crucial role in the cognitive activity of a person is recognized. Those concepts that Kant treated as components of cognitive activity in modern neuroscience acquired ontological status in the form of the activity of certain neural structures, which turn out to be prerequisites and components of this activity. We claim that in the context of the Kantian research program in neuroscience, the metaphor “Kantian brain” naturally entered the vocabulary of neuroscientists, and certain specific operations and functions of the brain began to be associated with individual elements of Kant's ideas. It is in this context attempts are made to comprehend the mechanisms of the brain in the “stimulus – activity” mode, when an external effect leads to the excitation of certain neural structures. The brain is capable to anticipate the long-term results of certain actions of the subject. In the case of foresight, the brain generates “internal” models and uses for their correction external data that constantly provided from reality across the subject. At the same time, some kind of self-correcting mechanisms implements, which from a formal point of view described by the Bayes theorem, using a priori evaluations of upcoming events and changes in these evaluations as result of experience. Thus, naturalism and Kantianism understood in the context of the progress of modern science, despite T. Rockmore idea, are completely compatible.

scholarly journals Social representations and information security of children and adolescents: the point of view of teachers (Part 2)

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
I.B. Bovina ◽  
N.V. Dvoryanchikov ◽  
S.Yu. Gayamova ◽  
A.V. Milekhin ◽  
S.V. Budykin
Keyword(s):  
Information Security ◽  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Social Representations ◽  
Threat Assessment ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Present Section

The purpose of the presented study is to analyze the social representations about the information security of children and adolescents in groups of teachers. The study is based on the ideas of the social representations theory, in particular, on the connection between social practices and social representations. The object of the study was teachers of secondary schools, the sample was 102 people aged 22 to 65 years, (M = 39.36 years, SD = 11.12 years, 91 women and 11 men). As a matter of the experience of schoolchildren all respondents were divided into three groups: teachers of children, teachers of adolescents, teachers of children and adolescents. The subject of the study was to reveal the specificity of the representations of teachers about the information security of children and adolescents. The supposed to revel the specificity of the representations as a matter of experience with schoolchildren of various ages. To test the assumptions, a questionnaire was developed, it consisted of 6 parts: In the first part, respondents were asked to evaluate this or that type of information, in terms of the threat it poses to the safety of children and adolescents. In the next four parts of the questionnaire, respondents were asked to answer questions of so-called «vignettes» (hypothetical situations), in each case it was necessary to propose a plan of action in the situation. The last part contained socio-demographic issues. As the volume of the article is limited, the present section discusses the results of the threat assessment and two hypothetical situations out of four.

The Ritual of Cooperation and the Routine as a Tool for Shaping Social and Civic Competences – Based on the Thoughts of Richard Sennett

2019 ◽  
Vol X (4 (29)) ◽  
pp. 9-27
Author(s):  
Iwona Paszenda
Keyword(s):  
Educational Practice ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Official Policy ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Development Of Competencies ◽  
Contemporary Education ◽  
Richard Sennett

The subject of the article is the problem of the discrepancy between the actual educational practice in schools and the official policy and declarations regarding shaping social and civic competences, characterized, inter alia, by the ability to cooperate. The aim of the article is to try to answer the question about the causes of weakening the ability to cooperate in the everyday functioning of people and institutions. The answer to this question is analyzed on the basis of the source texts of Richard Sennett, an American sociologist who devoted a lot of space to this problem in his works. In the first part of the article, the author describes the problem of the condition of modern man. In the second part, she presents the problems of changes taking place in today's world that cause the "corrosion of character" of human. In the third part, she discusses the issue of cooperation ritual and routine, which have the power to educate. The last part of the article, she presents an attempt to answer the question about what one needs / what one can to be changed in contemporary education, so that the development of competencies important from the point of view of functioning in the contemporary world has become an essential tool for education and upbringing.

Enrichment Programs and Counselling at the Budapest Centre for the Gifted

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-85
Author(s):  
Maria Herskovits
Keyword(s):  
Gifted Education ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Enrichment Programs ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Highly Able ◽  
Precocious Development

The age group which is the subject of our work, is mostly not taken in to consideration when speaking about Science education, and definitely is not the traditional target for it. Young children are interested in natural phenomena, but they are mostly satisfied with superficial explanations fitting to their age. At this developmental stage it is not required, and most children are really not able to use the necessary mental operations safely: (Persistent attention, reasoning and drawing consequences from many steps, and particularly the use of abstract concepts). However highly able children show often a deep interest, they want to understand the everyday phenomena in their depth. Due the precocious development of their thinking they are able to elaborate their experiences in a more scientific way than is usual for their age, if they get some proper help. The Centre for Gifted in Budapest provides these kinds of programs, helping these children to maintain their interests, developing their science minded way of thinking and preparing them for later scientific work -whatever would be the chosen field. We would like to place our work in broader context, in the field of gifted education in Hungary.

Cycladic Vase-painting of the Seventh Century

1926 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. G. Payne
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Alternative Solution ◽  
Vase Painting ◽  
New Material ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Of Greece

An inquiry into the classification of the various Island fabrics of the seventh century is accompanied by many difficulties, some of which are the peculiar inheritance of the subject. Not only was much of the material discovered without grouping or stratification in the Catharsis grave at Rheneia; the very fact of the original provenance of these vases from Delos at once deprives the circumstances of their discovery of much of its a priori significance. Further, by far the greater part of the material, from Rheneia remains unpublished; and, lastly, there will always be the difficulty, often amounting to impossibility, of classifying some of the fabrics at all without examining the vases in the hand—a process which involves a visit to several comparatively inaccessible places. The result of these various and partially inevitable causes is a misfortune, inasmuch as Cycladic vase-painting, despite many borrowings, possesses a definite and often very interesting individuality of its own. Of this the published finds have for some years given us a simple and fairly intelligible picture, a chiaroscuro effect, one might say, in which the central figures appeared clearly, if not sharply, grouped against the background. Gradually, however, as our knowledge and materials increase, it appears that the straight-forwardness of the picture was in some measure deceptive. In reality the subject is beset by complications, and there is, unfortunately, much for the chilly work of analysis to do before we can hope to appreciate for its own sake what the various schools of Island painting have to offer, or to understand their point of view in relation to that of their contemporaries in Crete, in Ionia and on the mainland of Greece. Accordingly, the appearance of a work containing much new material was a very welcome event. In Professor Dugas' book the subject receives its first specialised treatment, but his classification presents one or two difficulties, and the notes which follow have been put together as an alternative solution of the problems, independently arrived at.

scholarly journals Exploration of Everydayness in Schizophrenia: A Phenomenological Approach

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Sarah Troubé
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Specific Form ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Psychotherapeutic Approach ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Phenomenological Point ◽  
Phenomenological Psychopathology

This article explores everydayness as a specific form of experience of the world and its alterations in schizophrenia. In the field of phenomenological psychopathology, the transformations of subjective experience in schizophrenia have been the subject of a great deal of work, but the relationship between these alterations of subjective experience and the experience of the everyday remains largely unexplored. A phenomenological point of view leads us to explore everydayness as a constitutive framework of experience, one that may be impeded in schizophrenia. The question of the everyday allows us to bridge the gap between the descriptions of subjective experience proposed by phenomenological psychopathology and what is at stake in therapeutic treatment. It seems to us that the work of constructing an individual narrative of the everyday may be a useful psychotherapeutic approach for helping patients rebuild the framework of everydayness.

scholarly journals 1. On the First Properties of Matter—Inertia, Gravitation, Elasticity—referred to a common Law

1862 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 146-148
Author(s):  
John G. Macvicar
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
A Priori ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Common Observation ◽  
The One ◽  
Mode Of Being

The author commences by a vindication of the Scottish philosophy, that he may legitimately build upon substance as a reality as well as phenomenon. He then shows that just as the idea of substance presents, a priori, an alternative, viz., those which are wholly fixed, the subject of law imposed from without only, and those which possess a power of changing their mode of being from within themselves; so, in point of fact, common observation has recognised in all ages two orders of substances or beings characterized by this difference, and filling up in the sphere of reality this alternative given by pure thought; the one being the ground of all natural phenomena, and ordinarily designated body; the other the ground of all moral and intellectual phenomena, and designated spirit.

Speranza, the Wandering Island

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-134
Author(s):  
Ronald Bogue
Keyword(s):  
Critical Point ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Subject

Michel Tournier's novel Friday is the subject of an important essay of Deleuze's, in which he presents the concept of the ‘a priori Other’. Alice Jardine and Peter Hallward have offered critiques of Deleuze via readings of this essay, but neither takes into consideration the full significance of Tournier's novel or Deleuze's commentary. Jardine and Hallward provide divergent and only partial perspectives on Deleuze. If there are several Deleuzes, each defined by a critical point of view, there is also a single Deleuzian problem that informs the Tournier essay and Deleuze's thought as a whole. 

scholarly journals Subject Metaphors of Stars in Lithuanian and Russian Poetic Texts

2021 ◽  
pp. 349-374
Author(s):  
Jelena Konickaja ◽  
Birutė Jasiūnaitė
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Traditional Beliefs ◽  
Written Texts ◽  
Research Cycle ◽  
Current Article ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Poetic Texts ◽  
Poetic Metaphor

The current article, that follows the research cycle analyzing natural phenomena metaphors, examines the star metaphors identified in the works of 40 Lithuanian and 54 Russian poets (mostly 20th century). It also studies the subject metaphors which constitute from the ethnolinguistic point of view the most numerous and most interesting group of six semantic subgroups of star metaphors. The subject metaphors of stars can be both substantive and verbal. However, the article focuses on substantive metaphors. They are divided into nine groups: 1) something written, drawn or embroidered (letters, written texts, books, drawings, figures); 2) lighting devices and other lighting means; 3) clothing, fabrics, yarn, knitted or woven items; 4) small metal, shiny, rounded or sharp objects (jewelry, coins, nails, needles, weapons, etc.); 5) buildings and their parts; 6) kitchen utensils; 7) food and drinks; 8) vehicles; 9) fragments of large objects and debris. The study showed the similarity of the poetic systems of the two languages, in which the same metaphorical models are presented, as well as their differences. The largest number of subject metaphors of stars in both poetic traditions was found in the first four groups, the examples from the following three groups were less common, while the examples in which star metaphors related to vehicles were hardly found. The differences between the two poetic systems may be observed due to the differences in cultures and traditional names of stars and constellations in the languages. The article noted that the author’s poetic metaphor in both Lithuanian and Russian could correlate with folklore tradition, that is with riddles, proverbs, legends and traditional beliefs, which are often common to the two languages.

Chaucer's Retractions

PMLA ◽  
1913 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-529
Author(s):  
John S. P. Tatlock
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Subject

At the end of Chaucer's Parson's Tale (I, 1081–92) the writer, speaking in his own person, asks the prayers of his readers that he may be forgiven, especially for his “translacions and endytings of worldly vanitees, the whiche I revoke in my retracciouns”; he gives a list of the principal ones, adding “and many another book, if they were in my remembrance”; and thanks Jesu Christ and all the saints for the works of edification which he has written. The question as to the genuineness of this passage may be approached from a new and more a priori point of view, if it still is a question; if it is not, the following facte will still throw light on the subject. I propose to discuss the history and implications of the word retracciouns, and certain parallels to Chaucer's list of his works and expression of dissatisfaction or satisfaction with them.

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