An outline of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and the complement cascade of immune system

Abstract Background Coronavirus disease 19 is a viral infection caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. It was first notified in Wuhan, China, is now spread into numerous part of the world. Thus, the world needs urgent support and encouragement to develop a vaccine or antiviral treatments to combat the atrocious outbreak. Main body of the abstract The origin of this virus is yet unknown; however, rapid transmission from human-to-human “Anthroponosis” has widely confirmed. The world is witnessing a continuous hike in SARS-CoV-2 infection. In light of the outbreak of coronavirus disease 19, we have aimed to highlight the basic and vital information about the novel coronavirus. We provide an overview of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, timeline and its pathophysiological properties which would be an aid for the development of therapeutic molecules and antiviral drugs. Immune system plays a crucial role in virus infection in order to control but may have dark side when becomes uncontrollable. The host and SARS-CoV-2 interaction describe how the virus exploits host machinery and how overactive host immune response can cause disease severity also addressed in this review. Short conclusion Safe and effective vaccines may be the game-changing tools, but in the near future wearing mask, washing hands at regular intervals, avoiding crowed, maintaining physical distancing and hygienic surrounding, must be good practices to reduce and break the transmission chain. Still, research is ongoing not only on how vaccines protect against disease, but also against infection and transmission.

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Reasons for discontinuing the use of Hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of the Novel Coronavirus

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis ◽

10.52711/2231-5675.2021.00030 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 179-180

Author(s):

Ali Adel Dawood

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Viral Infections ◽

The Novel ◽

The World ◽

Novel Coronavirus

In March 2020 the world officially released its first approach to the coronaviral pandemic to explain the rationale for using hydroxychloroquine. It was also believed to calm down the immune system during viral infections. The FDA warned using hydroxychloroquien for SARS-CoV-2. In this short letter we address why the FDA discontinued the treatment of the novel coronavirus with hydroxychloroquine.

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A PRE - EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAM ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING DOMICILIARY CARE IN POST COVID -19 PATIENTS AMONG PRIMARY CAREGIVER AT SELECTED AREA OF NAINITAL

International Journal of Advanced Research ◽

10.21474/ijar01/13538 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 225-226

Author(s):

Chanchal Chaukrayat ◽

G. Ramalakshmi ◽

Renjith Thomas

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Immune System ◽

High Risk ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Face Mask ◽

The Novel ◽

Teaching Program ◽

Medical Practitioners ◽

The World ◽

Novel Coronavirus

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first known case was identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The disease has since spread worldwide, leading to an ongoing pandemic.After COVID-19 infection, most people form adequate antibodies which prevents them from contracting the virus again. Nonetheless, its an unknown territory for the medical practitioners across the world, as to how long can that immunity stand. Cases where patients had the novel coronavirus again, have been reported too. More in this way, for individuals who are at a high risk of reinfection are either old or dont take enough preventive measures to additionally protect their immune system which makes post-COVID care important for them. While the standard laws of staying safe suggest everyone to cover their face with a face mask, wash hands regularly and practice social distancing.

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A Review on the Novel Coronavirus and Its Effects on Children

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2020.4951 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (T1) ◽

pp. 233-239

Author(s):

Gholamreza Bahoush ◽

Elham Zarei

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

High Risk ◽

Risk Group ◽

High Risk Group ◽

Google Scholar ◽

The Novel ◽

Scientific Databases ◽

The World ◽

Effects On Children ◽

Novel Coronavirus

BACKGROUND: The outbreak of the new coronavirus was first reported in China and then spread to other parts of the world. The number of people infected with the virus is significantly increasing, making the disease an international concern. AIM: The present study aimed to investigate the coronavirus and its effects on children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, search engines, and scientific databases of Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane were searched to examine the effect of coronavirus on children. To collect information, keywords were also searched in the databases. RESULTS: In spite of contradictory results, among the children, those under 5 years old are the high-risk group. CONCLUSION: Some researchers believe that the virus shows fewer symptoms in children. However, the immune system of infants under six months develops pneumonia in rare cases.

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Comment on “Optimal Nutritional Status for a Well-Functioning Immune System Is an Important Factor to Protect against Viral Infections. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1181”

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12082321 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 2321

Author(s):

Alexandros Tsoupras ◽

Ioannis Zabetakis

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Viral Infections ◽

The Novel ◽

The World ◽

Novel Coronavirus

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has engulfed the world since December 2019 [...]

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A Compact Embodiment of Pluralities and Denial of Origins: Atwood’s The Year of The Flood

European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies ◽

10.26417/ejms.v1i3.p141-146 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 141

Author(s):

Rana Sağıroğlu

Keyword(s):

Science Fiction ◽

21St Century ◽

Social Order ◽

Margaret Atwood ◽

Rapid Change ◽

The Novel ◽

The World ◽

Narrative Techniques ◽

Why Questions ◽

Near Future

Margaret Atwood, one of the most spectacular authors of postmodern movement, achieved to unite debatable and in demand critical points of 21st century such as science fiction, postmodernism and ecocriticism in the novel The Year of The Flood written in 2009. The novel could be regarded as an ecocritical manifesto and a dystopic mirror against today’s degenerated world, tending to a superficial base to keep the already order in use, by moving away from the fundamental solution of all humanity: nature. Although Atwood does not want her works to be called science fiction, it is obvious that science fiction plays an introductory role and gives the novel a ground explaining all ‘why’ questions of the novel. However, Atwood is not unjust while claiming that her works are not science fiction because of the inevitable rapid change of 21st century world becoming addicted to technology, especially Internet. It is easily observed by the reader that what she fictionalises throughout the novel is quite close to possibility, and the world may witness in the near future what she creates in the novel as science fiction. Additionally, postmodernism serves to the novel as the answerer of ‘how’ questions: How the world embraces pluralities, how heterogeneous social order is needed, and how impossible to run the world by dichotomies of patriarchal social order anymore. And lastly, ecocriticism gives the answers of ‘why’ questions of the novel: Why humanity is in chaos, why humanity has organized the world according to its own needs as if there were no living creatures apart from humanity. Therefore, The Year of The Flood meets the reader as a compact embodiment of science fiction, postmodernism and ecocriticism not only with its theme, but also with its narrative techniques.

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Comparative docking of SARS-CoV-2 receptors antagonists from repurposing drugs

10.26434/chemrxiv.12044538.v4 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Micael Davi Lima de Oliveira ◽

Kelson Mota Teixeira de Oliveira

Keyword(s):

World Health Organisation ◽

World Health ◽

Lung Cells ◽

The Novel ◽

High Modulation ◽

Main Protease ◽

The World ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Viral Receptors ◽

Theoretical Results

According to the World Health Organisation, until 16 June, 2020, the number of confirmed and notified cases of COVID-19 has already exceeded 7.9 million with approximately 434 thousand deaths worldwide. This research aimed to find repurposing antagonists, that may inhibit the activity of the main protease (Mpro) of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, as well as partially modulate the ACE2 receptors largely found in lung cells, and reduce viral replication by inhibiting Nsp12 RNA polymerase. Docking molecular simulations were performed among a total of 60 structures, most of all, published in the literature against the novel coronavirus. The theoretical results indicated that, in comparative terms, paritaprevir, ivermectin, ledipasvir, and simeprevir, are among the most theoretical promising drugs in remission of symptoms from the disease. Furthermore, also corroborate indinavir to the high modulation in viral receptors. The second group of promising drugs includes remdesivir and azithromycin. The repurposing drugs HCQ and chloroquine were not effective in comparative terms to other drugs, as monotherapies, against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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Association and treatment of diabetes in patients affected by Covid-19

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.3591 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽

pp. 1198-1201

Author(s):

Syed Yasir Afaque

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Prognostic Value ◽

Heart Diseases ◽

The Novel ◽

The World ◽

Treatment Of Diabetes ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Composite Outcomes ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

The Impact

In December 2019, a unique coronavirus infection, SARS-CoV-2, was first identified in the province of Wuhan in China. Since then, it spread rapidly all over the world and has been responsible for a large number of morbidity and mortality among humans. According to a latest study, Diabetes mellitus, heart diseases, Hypertension etc. are being considered important risk factors for the development of this infection and is also associated with unfavorable outcomes in these patients. There is little evidence concerning the trail back of these patients possibly because of a small number of participants and people who experienced primary composite outcomes (such as admission in the ICU, usage of machine-driven ventilation or even fatality of these patients). Until now, there are no academic findings that have proven independent prognostic value of diabetes on death in the novel Coronavirus patients. However, there are several conjectures linking Diabetes with the impact as well as progression of COVID-19 in these patients. The aim of this review is to acknowledge about the association amongst Diabetes and the novel Coronavirus and the result of the infection in such patients.

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Synthetic and semi-synthetic drugs as promising therapeutic option for the treatment of COVID-19

Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1389557520666201204162103 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 ◽

Author(s):

Ekta Shirbhate ◽

Preeti Patel ◽

Vijay K Patel ◽

Ravichandran Veerasamy ◽

Prabodh C Sharma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Therapeutic Option ◽

Antiviral Treatment ◽

The Novel ◽

Clinical Experiences ◽

Synthetic Compounds ◽

Synthetic Drugs ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

The World ◽

Novel Coronavirus

: The novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), a global pandemic that emerged from Wuhan, China has today travelled all around the world, so far 216 countries or territories with 21,732,472 people infected and 770,866 deaths globally (as per WHO COVID-19 update dated August 18, 2020). Continuous efforts are being made to repurpose the existing drugs and develop vaccines for combating this infection. Despite, to date, no certified antiviral treatment or vaccine prevails. Although, few candidates have displayed their efficacy in in vitro studies and are being repurposed for COVID-19 treatment. This article summarizes synthetic and semi-synthetic compounds displaying potent activity in their clinical experiences or studies against COVID-19 and also focuses on mode of action of drugs being repositioned against COVID-19.

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COVID-19 Vaccination: From Interesting Agent to the Patient

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9020120 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 120

Author(s):

Anis Daou

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Circulatory System ◽

The Novel ◽

Lead Compound ◽

Fda Approval ◽

The World ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Novel Coronavirus

The vaccination for the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) is undergoing its final stages of analysis and testing. It is an impressive feat under the circumstances that we are on the verge of a potential breakthrough vaccination. This will help reduce the stress for millions of people around the globe, helping to restore worldwide normalcy. In this review, the analysis looks into how the new branch of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) came into the forefront of the world like a pandemic. This review will break down the details of what COVID-19 is, the viral family it belongs to and its background of how this family of viruses alters bodily functions by attacking vital human respiratory organs, the circulatory system, the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract. This review also looks at the process a new drug analogue undergoes, from (i) being a promising lead compound to (ii) being released into the market, from the drug development and discovery stage right through to FDA approval and aftermarket research. This review also addresses viable reasoning as to why the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine may have taken much less time than normal in order for it to be released for use.

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