scholarly journals ACUTE DIARRHOEA AMONG UNDER FIVE YEARS OLD CHILDREN OF UNDERPRIVILEGED COMMUNITY IN KOTA KINABALU, SABAH

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-437
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Acute Diarrhoea ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Health Clinic ◽  
Street Vendor ◽  
Knowledge Practice ◽  
Control Study

The severity of childhood diarrhoea is linked with poor socioeconomic status, unhygienic living environment, and caregiver’s behaviour. This study is to determine the risk factors and economic burden associated with diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age. A case-control study using convenience sampling method with 105 cases and 105 controls was performed in Menggatal health clinic, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah between March-June 2017. Younger caregivers, without formal education, poor knowledge, practice handwashing with water only and stopped breastfeeding were associated with diarrhoea. Household with poor economic status, a family of five and more, crowded, with a pet, unsafe drinking water, no sanitary toilet, unsanitary garbage disposal and consuming street vendor food also associated with diarrhoea. The mean of total direct costs, total indirect costs and total incurred costs were (Ringgit Malaysia) RM 9.70, RM 59.40, and RM 14.30, respectively. As a conclusion, the risk factors for diarrhoea under 5 years of age still presents in Sabah. Environmental factors and hygienic practice are needed to control under 5 diarrhoea.

scholarly journals Risk factors of acute diarrhoea in summer – a nation-wide French case-control study

2000 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. YAZDANPANAH ◽  
L. BEAUGERIE ◽  
P. Y. BOËLLE ◽  
L. LETRILLIART ◽  
J. C. DESENCLOS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
National Level ◽  
Acute Diarrhoea ◽  
Case Control ◽  
French Case ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Control Study

The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for acute diarrhoea (AD) during the summer in France. A matched case-control study was conducted at a national level among patients of 500 general practitioners (GPs). From July to September 1996, 468 case-control pairs were included. Cases were more likely than controls (i) to live away from their main residence (OR 3·0; 95% CI 1·6–5·7), (ii) to have returned from a country at high risk of AD (OR 4·6; CI 0·9–23·1), and (iii) to have been in contact with a case of AD (OR 2·0; CI 1·3–3·1). A significantly decreased risk of AD was found for consumption of well-cooked chicken (OR 0·5; CI 0·3–0·8) and raw or undercooked home-made egg-containing products (OR 0·6; CI 0·4–0·8). These findings suggest that travel to high-risk areas, or travel within France, and being in contact with a case of AD, are risk factors for the occurrence of AD in summer in France.

scholarly journals Risk factors for winter outbreak of acute diarrhoea in France: case-control study

BMJ ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 315 (7123) ◽  
pp. 1645-1649 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Letrilliart ◽  
J.-C. Desenclos ◽  
A. Flahault
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Acute Diarrhoea ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Risk factors for asthma among schoolchildren who participated in a case-control study in urban Uganda

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harriet Mpairwe ◽  
Milly Namutebi ◽  
Gyaviira Nkurunungi ◽  
Pius Tumwesige ◽  
Irene Nambuya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Rural Town ◽  
Asthma Risk ◽  
Control Study

Data on asthma aetiology in Africa are scarce. We investigated the risk factors for asthma among schoolchildren (5–17 years) in urban Uganda. We conducted a case-control study, among 555 cases and 1115 controls. Asthma was diagnosed by study clinicians. The main risk factors for asthma were tertiary education for fathers (adjusted OR (95% CI); 2.32 (1.71–3.16)) and mothers (1.85 (1.38–2.48)); area of residence at birth, with children born in a small town or in the city having an increased asthma risk compared to schoolchildren born in rural areas (2.16 (1.60–2.92)) and (2.79 (1.79–4.35)), respectively; father’s and mother’s history of asthma; children’s own allergic conditions; atopy; and cooking on gas/electricity. In conclusion, asthma was associated with a strong rural-town-city risk gradient, higher parental socio-economic status and urbanicity. This work provides the basis for future studies to identify specific environmental/lifestyle factors responsible for increasing asthma risk among children in urban areas in LMICs.

scholarly journals Risk Factors of Stunting Among Children Aged 6-59 Months In Bensa District ISTRICT, Sidama Region, South Ethiopia: Unmatched Case-Control Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
TEMESGEN TAFESSE ◽  
AMANUEL YOSEPH ◽  
KALEB MAYISO ◽  
TAYE GARI
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Under Five ◽  
South Ethiopia ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background: Stunting remains one of the most common under-nutrition problems among children in the Ethiopia. Children aged 6-59 months share for 35–45% of the burden in endemic areas. Identifying the causes of stunting assists health planners to prioritize prevention strategies, and is a fundamental step for intervention. However, evidence scarce about risk factors of stunting among children aged 6-59 months in study area. Therefore, this study aimed to assess risk factors of stunting among children aged 6-59 months in Bensa district, South Ethiopia; 2019. Methods: A facility-based unmatched case-control study was conducted from January 10 to March 10, 2018 on a sample of 237(79 cases and 158 controls) children aged 6-59 months with their respective mothers. Data were collected using a structured, face-to-face interviewer-administered questionnaire and standard physical measurements. The data were entered using EPINFO version 7 and WHO Anthro software version 3.0.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Chi-square(X2) test was used to determine the overall association between explanatory and outcome variables. The variables were entered to the multivariable model using the backward stepwise regression approach. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with stunting. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were computed to evaluate the presence and strength of associations. Results: Diarrhea in past two weeks (AOR = 2.71, 95% CI: 1.42-5.16) and male sex (AOR = 2.37, 95% CI: 1.224-4.59) were positively associated with stunting. The odds of stunting increased 2.7 times for children who had inappropriate exclusive breast feeding (AOR =2.07, 95%CI: 1.07-4.01) as compared to those who had the appropriate exclusive breast feeding. Having less than or equal to three under five children in the household (AOR = 2.18, 95%CI: 03-4.64), and mothers had no formal education (AOR =3.28, 95%CI: 1.56-6.924) were positively associated with stunting. Conclusions: Male sex, diarrhea in past two weeks, inappropriate exclusive breast feeding, number of the under five children in the household and mothers had no formal education were major predictors of the stunting. Educating mothers/care takers on Infant and Young Child Feeding practice. Findings support a focus on prevention of diarrhea as part of an overall public health strategy for improving child health and nutrition.

scholarly journals A National Case-Control Study Identifies Human Socio-Economic Status and Activities as Risk Factors for Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Poland

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. e45511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawel Stefanoff ◽  
Magdalena Rosinska ◽  
Steven Samuels ◽  
Dennis J. White ◽  
Dale L. Morse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Environmental Risk Factors in Patients with Noninvasive Fungal Sinusitis

Scientifica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Badr Eldin Mostafa ◽  
Mohammed M. K. El Sharnoubi ◽  
Hesham A. A. El-Sersy ◽  
Mohammed S. M. Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Dust Exposure ◽  
Fungal Sinusitis ◽  
Air Conditioners ◽  
Egyptian Patients ◽  
Control Study

Objective.The aim of our study was to try to determine the possible environmental risk factors for noninvasive fungal sinusitis in Egyptian patients.Methods.This is a prospective epidemiological case control study on the environmental risk factors of noninvasive fungal sinusitis. It included 60 patients and 100 age and sex matched controls.Results.There was a statistically significant relation between apartment floor, surface area, exposure to dust, exposure to cockroaches, poor air conditioning, and fungal sinusitis. Yet, no statistical significance was found between allergy related occupations, exposure to animals or plants, although their percentages were higher among cases, smoking, and urban or rural residence.Conclusion.We suggest that for patients with noninvasive fungal sinusitis a change in their living environment must be implied with better exposure to sunlight, larger well ventilated homes, proper cleaning of dust and cockroach extermination, and if possible the judicious use of air conditioners.

scholarly journals Factors associated with stunting among children aged 6–59 months in Bensa District, Sidama Region, South Ethiopia: unmatched case-control study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Temesgen Tafesse ◽  
Amanuel Yoseph ◽  
Kaleb Mayiso ◽  
Taye Gari
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
South Ethiopia ◽  
The Past ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background Stunting remains one of the most common malnutrition problems among children in Ethiopia. Identifying the risk factors of stunting assists health planners to prioritize prevention strategies, and is a fundamental step for intervention. Therefore, this study aimed to assess factors associated with stunting among children aged 6–59 months in Bensa district, Sidama Region, South Ethiopia, 2018. Methods A facility-based unmatched case-control study was conducted from January 10 to March 10, 2018, on a sample of 237(79 cases and 158 controls) children aged 6–59 months with their respective mothers/caretakers. Data were collected using a structured, face-to-face interviewer-administered questionnaire and standard physical measurements. The data were entered into EP INFO version 7 and WHO Anthro software and analyzed using SPSS version 20. The variables were entered into the multivariable model using the backward stepwise regression approach. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with stunting. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (95%CI) and p-value <0.05 was used to declare the significance. Results Sex distribution was almost equal (Males = 52.3%, Females = 47.7%).The mean (standard deviation) age of cases and controls was 27.35 (±12.71) and 28.70 (±13.27) months respectively. The risk factors for stunting were diarrhea in the past two weeks (AOR = 2.71, 95% CI: 1.42–5.16), being male (AOR = 2.37, 95% CI: 1.224–4.59), inappropriate exclusive breastfeeding (AOR =2.07, 95%CI: 1.07–4.01), having less than or equal to three under-five children in the household (AOR = 2.18, 95%CI: 1.03–4.64), and mothers who had no formal education (AOR =3.28, 95%CI :1.56–6.924). Conclusions Diarrhea in the past two weeks, sex of a child, inappropriate exclusive breastfeeding, number of under-five children in the household, and mothers who had no formal education were the risk factors of stunting. Thus organized efforts aimed at focus on prevention of diarrhea as part of an overall public health strategy for improving child health and nutrition. Educating mothers/caretakers on the importance of exclusive breastfeeding should be considered. Moreover, mothers need to be encouraged to space birth between children through the use of family planning services.

scholarly journals A CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF RISK FACTORS FOR MALNUTRITION AMONG PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN A SEMI URBAN AREA ADJOINING INDORE (MADHYA PRADESH)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
GD Bhide ◽  
Rajat Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Madhya Pradesh ◽  
Childhood Malnutrition ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Control Study

Background: Childhood malnutrition is a multi-dimensional problem. The prevalence of malnutrition among children in developing countries is very high. An increase in household income is not sufficient to reduce childhood malnutrition if children are deprived of food security, education, access to water, sanitation and health services. The aim of this study is to identify the characteristics of malnourished children between 3 to six years of age and to ascertain the risk factors of childhood malnutrition in a semi urban adjoining Indore (Madhya Pradesh, Central India. Objective: The objective of this case control study was to determine the risk factors for malnutrition among preschool children in a semi urban area adjoining Indore (Madhya Pradesh). Materials and Methods: A case-control study was carried out among preschool children, aged between three to six years, attending the Anganwadi centres and their mothers in a semi urban area of Tehsil & district Indore of Madhya Pradesh, India from 1 st April to 30th June 2019. Case was a child with moderate to severe malnutrition with z-scores < −2SD from the median of WHO reference. Control was a child without malnutrition with z-scores between -2SD and +2SD and the age matched with case’s. Face to face interviews with the respective child’s mother and measurements of the respective child’s weight and height were carried out. Information on socio-economic characteristics, household food security status, child’s dietary intake, caregiver’s practices and resources were enquired. A total of 1140 children (380 cases and 760 controls) were selected by multistage cluster sampling technique. A semi-structured risk factors questionnaire was used to identify the risk factors for malnutrition among children. Results: The majorities (45.8 and 45.5%) of the children in the study were in the age group of 3.0 to 4.0 years in case and control groups respectively. There was a slight preponderance of illiterate parents among cases in comparison to the controls. Largely, 87.4% of the children belonged to poor socio-economic status in the case groups compared to 82.4% in the control group. After adjusting for the confounders, underweight status was significantly associated with socio- economic status of the parents (aOR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.06, 3.96), birth weight < 2000 g (aOR: 25, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.59), recurrent diarrhoea (aOR: 2.74, 95% CI: 1.56, 4.83), recurrent cold and cough (aOR: 3.88, 95% CI: 1.96, 7.67), worm infestation (aOR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.19, 3.38) and pre-lacteal feed given (aOR: 3.64, 95% CI: 2.27, 5.86). Conclusion: Parental education, childhood illness, short birth interval, open defaecation, type of weaning and complimentary food given to children were some of the significant determinants of underweight that were found in the study. Information, Education and Communication (IEC) campaigns alleviating food habits and taboos and promoting birth spacing is the need of the hour for preventing the occurrence of malnutrition among preschool children. Keywords: Malnutrition, Anganwadi centres, preschool children, pre-lacteal feed, socio-economic characteristics, Information, Education and Communication (IEC), Adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR), Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).

Fourth Dengue Fever Outbreak Investigation in Ethiopia: A Case Control Study, July 2015

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diriba Sufa Gemechu ◽  
Yoseph Worku ◽  
Abebe Alemu ◽  
Zewdu Assefa Edea ◽  
Yohannis Dugasa Feyisa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background: Dengue fever is a rapidly emerging vector born infectious disease caused by Dengue virus and it is now one of WHO reportable diseases. About 50 -200 million cases, 20,000 deaths occur annually. In Ethiopia the first outbreak of Dengue fever appeared in Dire Dawa city in 2013, where 9441 cases were recorded. The second Dengue fever outbreak occurred in Afar Region. Third and fourth was in Somali Region in Godey town, 2014 and 2015. In Godey town acute febrile illness cases of unknown cause become increased started from May 27, 2015. We investigated to identify risk factors of Dengue fever outbreak and commence control measures. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in Godey town, Ethiopia from 8-22 July 2015. Cases were defined according to the WHO guideline and controls were individuals with no sign and symptoms living in the same town with cases. We recruited 50 cases and 100 controls in the study. Medical records and line lists were reviewed. Data were collected at household level using structured questionnaires. Twenty-four serum samples collected from cases. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20 software. Result: We identified 223 cases with 0 death, 116 (52%) were male. The mean age of cases was 25.8 years. Ten cases were positive for Dengue fever by PCR at national laboratory. Lack of formal education (AOR=3.1; 95%CI: 1.30-7.49), living with ill person (AOR=2.8; 95%CI: 1.22-6.52), open containers in household (AOR=3.6; 95%CI: 1.34-9.38) and presence of larvae in the water containers (AOR=5.4; 95%CI: 2.33-12.44) were risk factors for the outbreak. Conclusion: Poor household water handling, living with ill person and lack of formal education contributes for occurrence of Dengue fever outbreak in Godey town. Health education and all other interventions associated with use of water and sanitation needs to be part of long-term control of Dengue.

Case-control study on Puumala virus infection: smoking is a risk factor

2009 ◽  
Vol 138 (4) ◽  
pp. 576-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. VAPALAHTI ◽  
A.-M. VIRTALA ◽  
A. VAHERI ◽  
O. VAPALAHTI
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Epidemic Season ◽  
Bank Voles ◽  
Puumala Virus Infection ◽  
Means Of Transmission ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Population Controls ◽  
Control Study

SUMMARYPuumala hantavirus (PUUV) is apparently transmitted to humans by inhalation of aerosolized secretions of carrier rodents (bank voles). The means of transmission and the associated risk factors are poorly defined. An epidemiological study during the peak of an epidemic season in Finland was conducted based on 282 acute clinical PUUV infections and 204 controls without PUUV infection or immunity. The main risk factors adjusted by age, sex and living environment were cigarette smoking [odds ratio (OR) 3·6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·1–5·9,P<0·0001] and buildings with holes allowing rodents to enter (OR 3·3, 95% CI 2·0–5·6); these results were similar in two subsets. Further, use of rodent traps (OR3·5, 95% CI 2·2–5·7) and handling firewood (OR 2·7, 95% CI 1·6–4·4) were associated with a risk. The risk attributed to smoking also remained high using simulated population controls with average smoking habits. The results suggest that hantavirus transmission occurs by inhalation mainly indoors and is dependent on the condition of the respiratory tract.

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