scholarly journals A simple extension of the commonly used fitting equation for oscillatory structural forces in case of silica nanoparticle suspensions

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1095-1107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Schön ◽  
Regine von Klitzing
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Harmonic Oscillation ◽  
Silica Nanoparticle ◽  
Decay Length ◽  
Interfacial Region ◽  
Simple Extension ◽  
Structural Forces ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Nanoparticle Suspensions ◽  
The Common

Background: The ordering of molecules or particles in the vicinity of a confining surface leads to the formation of an interfacial region with layers of decreasing order normal to the confining surfaces. The overlap of two interfacial regions gives rise to the well-known phenomenon of oscillatory structural forces. These forces are commonly fitted with an exponentially decaying harmonic oscillation as introduced by Israelachvili (Israelachvili, J. N. Intermolecular & surface forces; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, USA, 1985). From the fit three important parameters are obtained, namely wavelength, amplitude and decay length, which are related to the period, the strength and the correlation length of the oscillatory structural forces, respectively. The paper addresses structural forces between a silica microsphere and a silicon wafer across silica nanoparticle suspensions measured with a colloidal probe AFM. Using the simple fitting procedure with three parameters often leads to underestimation of actually measured forces. The deviation of the fit from the experimental data is especially pronounced at small distances of the confining surfaces and at high concentrations of silica nanoparticles. As a consequence, the parameters of the common fit equation vary with the starting point of the fit. Although the wavelength is least affected and seems to be quite robust against the starting point of the fit, all three parameters show distinct oscillations, with a period similar to the wavelength of the oscillatory structural forces themselves. The oscillations of amplitude and decay length, which are of much higher magnitude, show a phase shift of 180° implying not only a dependence on the starting point of the fit but also on each other. The range affected by this systematic deviation of the fit parameters is much larger than the optically perceived mismatch between fit and experimental data, giving a false impression of robustness of the fit. Results: By introducing an additional term of exponentially decaying nature the data can be fitted accurately down to very small separations and even for high silica nanoparticle concentrations (10 wt %). Furthermore wavelength, amplitude and decay length become independent of the starting point of the fit and in case of the latter two of each other. The larger forces at small separations indicate a more pronounced ordering behavior of the particles in the final two layers before the wall. This behavior is described by the proposed extension of the common fit equation. Conclusion: Thus, the extension increases the accessible data range in terms of separation and concentration and strongly increases the accuracy for all fitting parameters in the system studied here.

The Still Life of Objects – Heidegger, Schapiro, and Derrida reconsidered

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-102
Author(s):  
KErstin Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Still Life ◽  
Work Of Art ◽  
Concrete Material ◽  
Vincent Van Gogh ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Specific Object ◽  
Truth Claims ◽  
The Common ◽  
Critical Intervention ◽  
The Given

Kerstin Thomas revaluates the famous dispute between Martin Heidegger, Meyer Schapiro, and Jacques Derrida, concerning a painting of shoes by Vincent Van Gogh. The starting point for this dispute was the description and analysis of things and artworks developed in his essay, “The Origin of the Work of Art”. In discussing Heidegger’s account, the art historian Meyer Schapiro’s main point of critique concerned Heidegger’s claim that the artwork reveals the truth of equipment in depicting shoes of a peasant woman and thereby showing her world. Schapiro sees a striking paradox in Heidegger’s claim for truth, based on a specific object in a specific artwork while at the same time following a rather metaphysical idea of the artwork. Kerstin Thomas proposes an interpretation, which exceeds the common confrontation of philosophy versus art history by focussing on the respective notion of facticity at stake in the theoretical accounts of both thinkers. Schapiro accuses Heidegger of a lack of concreteness, which he sees as the basis for every truth claim on objects. Thomas understands Schapiro’s objections as motivated by this demand for a facticity, which not only includes the work of art, but also investigator in his concrete historical perspective. Truth claims under such conditions of facticity are always relative to historical knowledge, and open to critical intervention and therefore necessarily contingent. Following Thomas, Schapiro’s critique shows that despite his intention of giving the work of art back its autonomy, Heidegger could be accused of achieving quite the opposite: through the abstraction of the concrete, the factual, and the given to the type, he actually sets the self and the realm of knowledge of the creator as absolute and not the object of his knowledge. Instead, she argues for a revaluation of Schapiro’s position with recognition of the arbitrariness of the artwork, by introducing the notion of factuality as formulated by Quentin Meillassoux. Understood as exchange between artist and object in its concrete material quality as well as with the beholder, the truth of painting could only be shown as radically contingent. Thomas argues that the critical intervention of Derrida who discusses both positions anew is exactly motivated by a recognition of the contingent character of object, artwork and interpretation. His deconstructive analysis can be understood as recognition of the dynamic character of things and hence this could be shown with Meillassoux to be exactly its character of facticity – or factuality.

ARTICULATORY FEATURES OF THE /I/-TYPE VOWELS IN THE ALTAI-KIZHI DIALECT (MRI DATA)

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
ALBINA A. DOBRININA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Experimental Data ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Articulatory Features ◽  
The Common ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Rural Locality

The paper considers some articulatory features of allophones of the vowel /i/ in the Altai-Kizhi dialect (spoken in the locality Ust-Kan, Altai) of the Altai language visualized by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The Altai-Kizhi is the central basic dialect of the Altai literary language. In Altai, each rural locality represents a unique dialect, whose relevance of studying was emphasized by V. V. Radlov. Speech sounds of the /i/-type in the dialects of the Altai language are realized mainly as front variants with different degrees of openness. In the written Altai speech, the symbol “и” is used to denote narrow front non-labialized vowel; some variants of the Altai vowel /i/ are central-back differing in this from the Russian vowel /i/. Experimental data on the territorial dialects of the Altai-Kizhi dialect, obtained from its 6 native speakers (d1-d6) taking into account variable inherent palate height, shows both the common articulation bases of native speakers (clearly-expressed frontness) and their differences (variable openness).

scholarly journals Untangling superposed double layer and structural forces across confined nanoparticle suspensions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ludwig ◽  
Regine von Klitzing
Keyword(s):  
Double Layer ◽  
Interaction Force ◽  
Charged Surfaces ◽  
Structural Forces ◽  
Nanoparticle Suspensions ◽  
Confined Suspensions ◽  
Force Profiles

Complete interaction force profiles of charged surfaces across confined suspensions were successfully described using a superposition of double layer and structural forces.

scholarly journals Avoiding or restricting defectors in public goods games?

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (103) ◽  
pp. 20141203 ◽  
Author(s):  
The Anh Han ◽  
Luís Moniz Pereira ◽  
Tom Lenaerts
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Full Agreement ◽  
Group Interactions ◽  
The Common Good ◽  
Public Goods Games ◽  
The Common ◽  
Strategic Solution

When creating a public good, strategies or mechanisms are required to handle defectors. We first show mathematically and numerically that prior agreements with posterior compensations provide a strategic solution that leads to substantial levels of cooperation in the context of public goods games, results that are corroborated by available experimental data. Notwithstanding this success, one cannot, as with other approaches, fully exclude the presence of defectors, raising the question of how they can be dealt with to avoid the demise of the common good. We show that both avoiding creation of the common good, whenever full agreement is not reached, and limiting the benefit that disagreeing defectors can acquire, using costly restriction mechanisms, are relevant choices. Nonetheless, restriction mechanisms are found the more favourable, especially in larger group interactions. Given decreasing restriction costs, introducing restraining measures to cope with public goods free-riding issues is the ultimate advantageous solution for all participants, rather than avoiding its creation.

Theoretical determination of the structures of CaSiO3 perovskites

2006 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1025-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Razvan Caracas ◽  
Renata M. Wentzcovitch
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Experimental Data ◽  
Density Functional Theory ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Theoretical Determination ◽  
Functional Theory ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Atomic Coordinates ◽  
The Ideal

Density functional theory is used to determine the possible crystal structure of the CaSiO3 perovskites and their evolution under pressure. The ideal cubic perovskite is considered as a starting point for studying several possible lower-symmetry distorted structures. The theoretical lattice parameters and the atomic coordinates for all the structures are determined, and the results are discussed with respect to experimental data.

Kinetics of hypso anhydrites dissolution in water. Experimental studies

2019 ◽  
pp. 93-96
Author(s):  
A. L. Lebedev ◽  
I. V. Avilina
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
Riccati Equation ◽  
Balance Equation ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Common Ion ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Ion Effect ◽  
Kinetics Of Dissolution ◽  
Kinetics Of

Experimental study of kinetics of dissolution of hypso anhydrites at 25 ᵒC made it possible to formulate model of the process in the form of a balance equation for the kinetics of dissolution of gypsum, anhydrite (first and second orders, respectively) and kinetics of precipitation of gypsum (second order). The processing of the experimental data were carried out on the basis of the solution of the Riccati equation. When taking into account the common-ion effect on the solubility of gypsum and anhydrite, the calculated values turned out to be more comparable with the experimental ones.

Känslans platser. Topikerna för pathos i Aristoteles Retoriken

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (78) ◽  
pp. 63-74
Author(s):  
Janne Lindqvist
Keyword(s):  
Significant Part ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Common ◽  
Almost All

Our understanding of Aristotle’s Rhetoric is still incomplete and distorted. This is especially true concerning his analysis of the specific topics of pathos that make up a significant part of the second book of the text. Even though this part of the text is almost twice as long as the analysis of the common topics, the discussion has attracted surprisingly small scholarly interest, at least as viewed as an example of a list of topics, as the researchers that have aspired to an understanding of “the topics” as such have almost all ignored this part of the text. The purpose of this essay is to lay out the grounds for such a study. The result of the essay is firstly a distinction between two kinds of specific topics, here somewhat ponderously labeled schematic and concrete specific topics. With these as a starting point it is possible to make a further distinction between three general specific topics here named subject, stimulus and agent. These three schematic topics could, it is finally suggested, be as useful in the 21:st century as they were in an Athens of the 4th century BCE

Modified methodology of computation of admissible continuous currents of plain conductors of overhead transmission lines and catenaries

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
Evgeniy P. FIGURNOV ◽  
◽  
Yury I. ZHARKOV ◽  
Valeriy I. KHARCHEVNIKOV ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Experimental Data ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Convection Heat Transfer ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Continuous Current ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Overhead Power Transmission Line

Methodology provided summarizes published, original and foreign theoretic and experimental data on the subject of heating and cooling of standard and shaped conductors of overhead power transmission line and uses those of them which are most affected to fundamental heat-transfer laws. Computation surface area of standard and shaped wire formulas are given. The common formula of convection heat transfer coefficient is provided, based on wind speed and direction, concerning antiicing mode. Parameters of this formula do not coincide with those existing, as they are based on experimental data on standard and shaped conductors but not on round tubes. Formula of computation of heat transfer power under the influence of solar radiation is given. Summarized formula of admissible continuous current computation is given, all the components have detailed description in the article.

Is there a Duty to Prevent Harm in Tort? A Common Law Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-145
Author(s):  
Paula Giliker
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Tort Law ◽  
Public Authority ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Statutory Duty ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
The Common

Abstract In this paper, I will examine the extent to which the common law of tort in England and Wales imposes a duty to prevent harm on public authorities and private individuals. As will be seen, the starting point for the common law is that such liability should, in both cases, be regarded as exceptional. This must, however, be weighed against duties to prevent harm that arise under the torts of negligence and breach of statutory duty. Public authorities may also face claims that their failure to prevent harm is in breach of ECHR arts 2 or 3. While the law is complex, this paper identifies three key arguments that explain the current legal position at common law, namely that: (i) tort law should treat private and public parties alike: (ii) human rights claims should be treated as distinct from private law claims and (iii) libertarian concerns signify that a duty to prevent harm should be exceptional and needs to be justified. While these arguments provide both an explanation of and a justification for the current law, this article questions to what extent the treatment of public authority liability may be regarded as unduly harsh on vulnerable claimants.

From Adatom Migration to Chemical Kinetics: Models for MBE, Mombe and MOCVD

1993 ◽  
Vol 312 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. D. Vvedensky ◽  
T. Shitarat ◽  
P. Smilauer ◽  
T. Kaneko ◽  
A. Zangwill
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Molecular Beam Epitaxy ◽  
Molecular Beam ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
Mobile Species ◽  
Local Environments ◽  
Starting Point

AbstractThe application of Monte Carlo simulations to various epitaxial growth methods is examined from the standpoint of incorporating only those kinetics processes that are required to explain experimental data. A basic model for molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) is first introduced and some of the features that make it suitable for describing atomic-scale processes are pointed out. Extensions of this model for cases where the atomic constituents of the growing surface are delivered in the form of heteroatomic molecules are then considered. The experimental scenarios that is discussed is the homoepitaxy of GaAs(001) using metalorganic molecular-beam epitaxy (MOMBE) with triethylgallium (TEG) and precursors and using MOCVD with trimethylgallium (TMG). For MOMBE, the comparisons between simulations and experiments are based on reflection high-energy electron diffraction intensities, by analogy with comparisons made for MBE, while for metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) the simulations are compared to in situ glancingincidence x-ray scattering measurements. In both of these cases, the inclusion of a second mobile species to represent the precursor together with various rules for the decomposition of this molecule (in terms of rates and local environments) with be shown to provide a useful starting point for explaining the general trends in the experimental data and for further refinements of the model.

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