scholarly journals Against arbitrariness: An alternative approach towards motivation of the sign

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-31
Author(s):  
Hubert Kowalewski
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Peircean Semiotics

The aim of the article is to propose an account of the motivated nature of the sign, with special attention devoted to motivation in language. The starting point for the discussion is a cursory critique of the classic Saussurean model of arbitrariness and motivation. The account proposed in this article is in the spirit of broadly understood cognitive linguistics and Peircean semiotics. The model of motivation is comprehensive and specific. It is comprehensive in the sense that it provides a general definition of the term “motivation,” which attempts to cover all instances of its use discussed in modern semiotics. The model is specific in the sense that it proposes parameters of motivation, which allow for investigating different facets of the phenomenon. The article includes case studies which illustrate how the approach can used in actual analysis of semiotic data.

Through the prototypes of through: A corpus-based cognitive analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-70
Author(s):  
Gaëtanelle Gilquin ◽  
Andrew McMichael
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Prepositional Phrase ◽  
Cognitive Analysis ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Historical Origin ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
L1 Acquisition

Abstract This paper empirically tests a number of criteria proposed in the literature to identify the prototype of a linguistic category in order to see how they compare with each other - and what this can tell us about the concept of prototypicality. The item under investigation is through, and the starting point is an intuition-based definition of prototypical through. The different criteria are frequency of use, ease of elicitation, historical origin, patterns in L1 acquisition and patterns in L2 use. All instances of through retrieved for testing each of these criteria are classified according to a taxonomy couched in Construction Grammar terms. The findings confirm the special status of the intuition-based prototype of through (the [X moves through Y] construction) according to some of the criteria, but also reveal divergent results, in particular a central use of the instrumental prepositional phrase with through. Conclusions are drawn about the theoretical concept of prototypicality and its possible multi-faceted nature, and more generally about the place of empirical evidence in Cognitive Linguistics.

Psychological Violence

2020 ◽  
pp. 42-59
Author(s):  
Maria Gabriella Cairo
Keyword(s):  
Similar Pattern ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Psychological Violence ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

This chapter deals with psychological violence in its most recurrent forms. The author uses the general definition of psychological violence as a starting point to then analyze its manifestations in two different contexts: the professional and private environment. This way, the author wishes to demonstrate that psychological violence is associated with the establishment of a hold, a conditioning, which makes the individual who is subjected to it incapable of recognizing it. It is a process which is developed through typical schemes and which follows a similar pattern in different contexts. The consequences for the victims are numerous. The author analyzes them through a psychosomatic approach which explains why certain diseases develop when individuals are subjected to such pressures. The author also shares the results obtained in her practise of accompanying victims.

Corruption: An Alternative Approach to its Definition and Measurement

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 222-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oskar Kurer
Keyword(s):  
Political Process ◽  
Central Element ◽  
Public Office ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Significant Enrichment ◽  
Traditional Societies ◽  
Definition Of

Discussion of the definition of corruption has progressed little since Heidenheimer's groundbreaking distinction between definitions centred on public opinion, public office and public interest. All these definitions have been severely criticised. I suggest that underneath these traditional concepts of corruption lurks a much older one based on distributive justice – namely the ‘impartiality principle’, whereby a state ought to treat equally those who deserve equally. This principle provides a much more plausible reason for why the public condemns corruption than alternative approaches, and, moreover, it is recognised fairly universally: the implicit distinction between ‘public’ and ‘private’ is certainly neither as ‘modern’ nor as ‘Western’ as many have claimed. The universality of the principle of impartiality does not imply universality of its content: who deserves equally, or, alternatively, on which grounds discrimination is ruled out, will be answered differently at different periods in time and will vary from society to society. The impartiality principle provides a starting point for the discussion of both corruption in ‘traditional’ societies and contemporary political corruption – corruption involving violations of specific non-discrimination norms governing the access to the political process and the allocation of rights and resources. The impartiality principle calls for rule-bound administration and thus underpins the public office definition of corruption. A central element of the analysis of corruption is the study of specific non-discrimination norms and their comparison across time and place. This approach leads to a significant enrichment of the concept of corruption.

Types of Political Discourses and Their Classification

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Givi AMAGHLOBELI
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Discourse ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mental Picture ◽  
Political Discourses ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Given

The aim of the given work is to identify and classify the types of political discourses that (may) exist in any particular society. Compared to existing definitions and classifications, our purpose serves a practical goal of schematic classification of political discourses. The article intends to give a starting point for a general classification and typology that will be elaborated within the framework of future research, as typology of discourse specimens is the least developed area of the field (van Dijk, 1997). Definitions/typologies that have been made until now are more of a theoretical character and, therefore, it would be useful to create more concrete mental pictures (expressed in the forms of schemata) that will enable us to operate easier with the concepts discussed while studying the subject. The article starts with the general definition of the term(s) and links the concept of discourse to other concepts like narrative, frame, ideology, discursive strategy. As we try to show the ideology/narrative/discourse link, formulation of corresponding schemes also gain importance in order to have a clearer mental picture of the above mentioned correlation. In parallel with the above mentioned points we also emphasize correlation between the dominant / secondary discourses with specific focus on ideological differences/power struggle. 

scholarly journals TALENT MANAGEMENT IN THE CAREER COACHING STYLE USING A METAPROGRAM APPROACH

2020 ◽  
pp. 78-82
Author(s):  
N. M. Tverdola
Keyword(s):  
Talent Management ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Career Coaching ◽  
Talent Pool ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Definition Of

There is a point of view that it is already impossible to bring new ideas into talent management. The current practice has been considered in the article and also an alternative approach that can increase the quality of training of talent pool to a higher level has been presented . A new strategy for integrating career coaching and a metaprogram approach into the system of talent pool management, as well as a different starting point for work with it, have been proposed. The prospects and potential of candidates for company vacancies to be included in the personnel reserve are already assessed at the recruitment stage. Specific steps have been listed. The author’s definition of the term “career coaching” has been given.

scholarly journals Runaway Slaves in Antebellum Baltimore: An Urban Form of Marronage?

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (S28) ◽  
pp. 169-195
Author(s):  
Viola Franziska Müller
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
The Core ◽  
Runaway Slaves ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Dominant Society ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The City

AbstractThe starting point of this article is the observation that thousands of enslaved people escaped bondage and managed to find refuge in the city of Baltimore between 1800 and 1860. There, they integrated into a large free black community. Given the use of the term “urban marronage” to categorize slave flight to cities in some historical literature, this chapter discusses the concept of marronage and its applicability to the urban context of antebellum Baltimore. It examines individual escapees from slavery, the communities they joined, and the broader slaveholding society to emphasize that the interplay and mutual relations of all three should be considered when assessing the applicability of this concept. Discussing the historiography around marronage and the arguments that speak both in favour of and against applying the concept of urban maroons to Baltimore's runaway slaves, this article ultimately dismisses its suitability for this case. In the process, this examination reveals the core of the concept, which, above all, concerns the aspect of resistance. In this context, it will be argued that resistance in the sense of rejecting the control of the dominant society should be included in the general definition of marronage.

Holism, Chinese Medicine and Systems Ideologies: Rewriting the Past to Imagine the Future

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volker Scheid
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Medical Humanities ◽  
Science And Technology Studies ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Past ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Us ◽  
Shared Objective ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter explores the articulations that have emerged over the last half century between various types of holism, Chinese medicine and systems biology. Given the discipline’s historical attachments to a definition of ‘medicine’ that rather narrowly refers to biomedicine as developed in Europe and the US from the eighteenth century onwards, the medical humanities are not the most obvious starting point for such an inquiry. At the same time, they do offer one advantage over neighbouring disciplines like medical history, anthropology or science and technology studies for someone like myself, a clinician as well as a historian and anthropologist: their strong commitment to the objective of facilitating better medical practice. This promise furthermore links to the wider project of critique, which, in Max Horkheimer’s definition of the term, aims at change and emancipation in order ‘to liberate human beings from the circumstances that enslave them’. If we take the critical medical humanities as explicitly affirming this shared objective and responsibility, extending the discipline’s traditional gaze is not a burden but becomes, in fact, an obligation.

‘[T]his world is now thy pilgrimage’: William Michael Rossetti's Cognitive Maps of France and Italy

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-99
Author(s):  
Eleonora Sasso
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Venice Lagoon ◽  
Cognitive Map ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Mental Picture ◽  
Historical Figures ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Cognitive Semantic ◽  
St Helena

This paper takes as its starting point the conceptual metaphor ‘life is a journey’ as defined by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) in order to advance a new reading of William Michael Rossetti's Democratic Sonnets (1907). These political verses may be defined as cognitive-semantic poems, which attest to the centrality of travel in the creation of literary and artistic meaning. Rossetti's Democratic Sonnets is not only a political manifesto against tyranny and oppression, promoting the struggle for liberalism and democracy as embodied by historical figures such as Napoleon, Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi; but it also reproduces Rossetti's real and imagined journeys throughout Europe in the late nineteenth century. This essay examines these references in light of the issues they raise, especially the poet as a traveller and the journey metaphor in poetry. But its central purpose is to re-read Democratic Sonnets as a cognitive map of Rossetti's mental picture of France and Italy. A cognitive map, first theorised by Edward Tolman in the 1940s, is a very personal representation of the environment that we all experience, serving to navigate unfamiliar territory, give direction, and recall information. In terms of cognitive linguistics, Rossetti is a figure whose path is determined by French and Italian landmarks (Paris, the island of St. Helena, the Alps, the Venice Lagoon, Mount Vesuvius, and so forth), which function as reference points for orientation and are tied to the historical events of the Italian Risorgimento. Through his sonnets, Rossetti attempts to build into his work the kind of poetic revolution and sense of history which may only be achieved through encounters with other cultures.

Democracy and Political Culture

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross McKibbin
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Social System ◽  
Political System ◽  
Democratic Politics ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

This book is an examination of Britain as a democratic society; what it means to describe it as such; and how we can attempt such an examination. The book does this via a number of ‘case-studies’ which approach the subject in different ways: J.M. Keynes and his analysis of British social structures; the political career of Harold Nicolson and his understanding of democratic politics; the novels of A.J. Cronin, especially The Citadel, and what they tell us about the definition of democracy in the interwar years. The book also investigates the evolution of the British party political system until the present day and attempts to suggest why it has become so apparently unstable. There are also two chapters on sport as representative of the British social system as a whole as well as the ways in which the British influenced the sporting systems of other countries. The book has a marked comparative theme, including one chapter which compares British and Australian political cultures and which shows British democracy in a somewhat different light from the one usually shone on it. The concluding chapter brings together the overall argument.

Historical Perspectives on Innovation in Indian Business

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Markovits
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Industrial Firm ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
Entire World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Trading Network

This chapter deals with the question of innovation in Indian business from a historical perspective. After a brief survey of the literature, emphasizing how divided scholarly opinion was regarding the existence of forms of innovation in Indian business prior to the colonial era, the focus shifts to the British period. It is shown that Schumpeter’s definition of innovation equating it with technological innovation cannot be fruitfully applied to the Indian business scene. Two case studies are then proposed: Tata Iron & Steel, the largest Indian industrial firm, is shown to have been innovative in the specific context of India’s backward industrial scene, while the Sindwork merchants of Hyderabad are an instance of an Indian trading network which extended its range to the entire world. Concluding remarks interrogate post-Independence developments and stress the limits of the innovativeness of Indian business, prior to the recent liberal reforms.

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