scholarly journals The Triviality of the New Innovation and Impact in Archaeology and Beyond

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-117
Author(s):  
Tim Flohr Sørensen
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Archaeological Theory ◽  
Perceived Need ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Recent Claim

What drives archaeology? Is it new empirical discoveries, new methods or new theory? These factors combined are the fuel of the discipline, is the obvious answer. However, debates and research articles frequently reveal how a perceived need for novelty, originality and impact tends to disentangle this triumvirate of archaeological virtues, giving precedence to one asset over others as the supposed driving force. Focusing on archaeological theory, this article taps into current discussions of the nature of archaeological change, reviewing debates on the formation of archaeological theory, its legitimisation and usefulness. Specifically, I address a recent claim that archaeological theory too readily undermines itself by adopting immature ideas and concepts from other disciplines in an uncritical pursuit of novelty. Finally, I discuss how archaeology may contribute more generally to the formation of theory in the humanities by returning so-called borrowed theory.

New Methods and Devices to Produce Driving Force in Underwater Vehicles

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-175
Author(s):  
Janis Viba ◽  
Semyon Tsyfansky ◽  
Vitaly Beresnevich ◽  
Janis Auzins ◽  
Maarja Kruusmaa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Underwater Vehicles ◽  
New Methods

scholarly journals TRANSLATION MOVEMENT REASONS AND RESULTS ‎‎

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (08) ◽  
pp. 241-250
Author(s):  
Azhar Ahmad Hamdan AL- TAMIMI
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Urban Society ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Tribal Society ◽  
Freedom Of Thought

There is no doubt that after the conquest, the Arabs faced new problems in various aspects of ‎life and thought, which no longer benefited with the simple methods that they were proficient ‎in, but imposed on them new methods that must be learned and worked on, and that the ‎driving force that made Arabs interested in science comes from the Holy Qur’an and the ‎hadiths of the Prophet (PBUH) Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) who urges to seek ‎knowledge, and to convert Arabs from a tribal society into an urban society, and civilization ‎necessitates the necessity of seeking knowledge, and the only way for this is to transfer ‎science to their language through translation, and what the historians agree on is that thanks to ‎Al-Mansour, Al-Rasheed and Al-Ma'moon, translation has flourished and that To secure them ‎Freedom of thought and its expression, then by their gifts and the attractive salaries with ‎which scholars singled out them, then sending them the scientific expeditions to the country ‎of Rome to carry books and scientific and philosophical manuscripts to the House of Wisdom, ‎to be translated and explained by the most famous translators, and some princes, along with ‎the caliphs, assisted and encouraged the translation movement, that They made money to get ‎the manuscripts and made money for the translators and took care of their pension‎‎. Keywords: Translation, Translation Motives, Direct Mixing, Results of The Translati Movement

scholarly journals Applying Ibn Khaldun’s Theory Into The Islamic Preaching’s Movement in The Period of Demak Empire: Reflection for the Contemporary Muslim Society

RELIGIA ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
UI Ardaninggar Luhtitianti ◽  
Achmad Zainal Arifin
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Ibn Khaldun ◽  
Related Research ◽  
Muslim Society ◽  
History Of

Ashabiyah and Mulk are positioned as a driving force in the big frame of Ibn Khaldun’s theory about the Rise and Fall of Dynasty. Although many studies on Ashabiyah and Mulk have been carried out, there have been very few attempts to apply them into the empirical phenomena in various society. This paper intends to apply Ashabiyah and Mulk’s theory of Ibn Khaldun in the history of the role of saints’ da’wa and their alliances with the rulers in the period of Demak’s Empire. The research was compiled using literature studies, with the main source of Muqaddimah and various related research articles. The analysis results show that Ibn Khaldun’s theory is suitable for explaining the essence of the end of Demak's Empire, namely the weakening of the Ashabiyah. Furthermore, Ashabiyah and Mulk are proven to be still relevant in analyzing the socio-religious phenomenon both in the empirical history and in the contemporary muslim’s society.

scholarly journals The war on deciduous forest: Large-scale herbicide treatment in the Swedish boreal forest 1948 to 1984

AMBIO ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Östlund ◽  
Sandra Laestander ◽  
Gerd Aurell ◽  
Greger Hörnberg
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Forest Plantations ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
New Methods

AbstractAt the mid-twentieth century the pace of the transformation of the Swedish forest increased. New methods; large-scale clearcutting, mechanization of logging and planting of seedlings were developed. Chemicals were used to control insects and unwanted tree species. The aims of this study were to elucidate the timing, chain of events and the spatial extent of the large-scale spraying of phenoxy acids in Swedish forests and the drivers for this practice. More than 700 000 hectares of productive forest land was sprayed and the main driving force was a strong will to transform the forest into high-yield coniferous forest plantations. We conclude that; (1) the use of herbicides in forestry in Sweden was done on a very large scale in the period 1948–1984, (2) the ecosystem legacy of herbicide spraying must be investigated and (3) a homogenous cadre of like-minded professionals working across commercial companies, state agencies and universities is dangerous.

Blockchain in eCommerce

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-55
Author(s):  
Sabah Mohammed ◽  
Jinan Fiaidhi ◽  
Carlos Ramos ◽  
Tai-Hoon Kim ◽  
Wai Chi Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Blockchain Technology

As blockchain technology is becoming a driving force in the global economy, it is also gaining critical acclaim in the e-commerce industry. Both the blockchain and e-commerce are inseparable as they involve transactions. Blockchain protect transactions and e-commerce activities rely on them. Blockchain technology enables a decentralized marketplace to support important business activities like secure payments, managing the supply chain and reducing the fraud to mention few. In this special issue editorial we are introducing 11 research articles in this hot area of research that were selected by our reviewers from over than 250 submissions. As blockchain technology is becoming a driving force in the global economy, it is also gaining critical acclaim in the e-commerce industry. Both the blockchain and e-commerce are inseparable as they involve transactions. Blockchain protect transactions and e-commerce activities rely on them. Blockchain technology enables a decentralized marketplace to support important business activities like secure payments, managing the supply chain and reducing the fraud to mention few. In this special issue editorial we are introducing 11 research articles in this hot area of research that were selected by our reviewers from over than 250 submissions.

Replication of Wet Objects and Cells

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 102-103
Author(s):  
S. Basu ◽  
D. F. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor Pressure ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Polystyrene Latex ◽  
Vacuum System ◽  
Saturated Water Vapor ◽  
Replication Method ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Water Vapors ◽  
Intermediate Chamber

We are approaching the invasiveness of cancer cells from the studies of their wet surface morphology which should distinguish them from their normal counterparts. In this report attempts have been made to provide physical basis and background work to a wet replication method with a differentially pumped hydration chamber (Fig. 1) (1,2), to apply this knowledge for obtaining replica of some specimens of known features (e.g. polystyrene latex) and finally to realize more specific problems and to improvize new methods and instrumentation for their rectification. In principle, the evaporant molecules penetrate through a pair of apertures (250, 350μ), through water vapors and is, then, deposited on the specimen. An intermediate chamber between the apertures is pumped independently of the high vacuum system. The size of the apertures is sufficiently small so that full saturated water vapor pressure is maintained near the specimen.

A Freeze Shadow Technique for the Preparation of Soft Paint Latexes for Electron Microscopy

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 314-315
Author(s):  
Earl R. Walter ◽  
Glen H. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Vacuum System ◽  
Latex Particles ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Diffusion Pump ◽  
Film Forming ◽  
Routine Basis ◽  
Distribution Studies ◽  
Preparation Techniques

With the development of soft, film forming latexes for use in paints and other coatings applications, it became desirable to develop new methods of sample preparation for latex particle size distribution studies with the electron microscope. Conventional latex sample preparation techniques were inadequate due to the pronounced tendency of these new soft latex particles to distort, flatten and fuse on the substrate when they dried. In order to avoid these complications and obtain electron micrographs of undistorted latex particles of soft resins, a freeze-dry, cold shadowing technique was developed. The method has now been used in our laboratory on a routine basis for several years.The cold shadowing is done in a specially constructed vacuum system, having a conventional mechanical fore pump and oil diffusion pump supplying vacuum. The system incorporates bellows type high vacuum valves to permit a prepump cycle and opening of the shadowing chamber without shutting down the oil diffusion pump. A baffeled sorption trap isolates the shadowing chamber from the pumps.

In situ TEM Studies of agglomeration of sub-nanometer Ru layers in Ru/C multilayers

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 256-257
Author(s):  
Tai D. Nguyen ◽  
Ronald Gronsky ◽  
Jeffrey B. Kortright
Keyword(s):  
Layered Structure ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
In Situ Tem ◽  
Rayleigh Instability ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

Nanometer period Ru/C multilayers are one of the prime candidates for normal incident reflecting mirrors at wavelengths < 10 nm. Superior performance, which requires uniform layers and smooth interfaces, and high stability of the layered structure under thermal loadings are some of the demands in practical applications. Previous studies however show that the Ru layers in the 2 nm period Ru/C multilayer agglomerate upon moderate annealing, and the layered structure is no longer retained. This agglomeration and crystallization of the Ru layers upon annealing to form almost spherical crystallites is a result of the reduction of surface or interfacial energy from die amorphous high energy non-equilibrium state of the as-prepared sample dirough diffusive arrangements of the atoms. Proposed models for mechanism of thin film agglomeration include one analogous to Rayleigh instability, and grain boundary grooving in polycrystalline films. These models however are not necessarily appropriate to explain for the agglomeration in the sub-nanometer amorphous Ru layers in Ru/C multilayers. The Ru-C phase diagram shows a wide miscible gap, which indicates the preference of phase separation between these two materials and provides an additional driving force for agglomeration. In this paper, we study the evolution of the microstructures and layered structure via in-situ Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and attempt to determine the order of occurence of agglomeration and crystallization in the Ru layers by observing the diffraction patterns.

The nucleation of cavities at grain boundaries

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 288-291
Author(s):  
P. J. Goodhew
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Impurity Concentration ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Phase Boundaries ◽  
Cavity Nucleation ◽  
Spherical Bubble

Cavity nucleation and growth at grain and phase boundaries is of concern because it can lead to failure during creep and can lead to embrittlement as a result of radiation damage. Two major types of cavity are usually distinguished: The term bubble is applied to a cavity which contains gas at a pressure which is at least sufficient to support the surface tension (2g/r for a spherical bubble of radius r and surface energy g). The term void is generally applied to any cavity which contains less gas than this, but is not necessarily empty of gas. A void would therefore tend to shrink in the absence of any imposed driving force for growth, whereas a bubble would be stable or would tend to grow. It is widely considered that cavity nucleation always requires the presence of one or more gas atoms. However since it is extremely difficult to prepare experimental materials with a gas impurity concentration lower than their eventual cavity concentration there is little to be gained by debating this point.

Directional observation on lipid of male nectary of Lindera megaphylla hemsl. by the rapid embedding method with polyethylene glycol (PEG)

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 718-719
Author(s):  
Dai Dalin ◽  
Guo Jianmin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Unsaturated Lipid ◽  
Embedding Method ◽  
Long Period ◽  
New Methods

Lipid cytochemistry has not yet advanced far at the EM level. A major problem has been the loss of lipid during dehydration and embedding. Although the adoption of glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide accelerate the chemical reaction of lipid and osmium tetroxide can react on the double bouds of unsaturated lipid to from the osmium black, osmium tetroxide can be reduced in saturated lipid and subsequently some of unsaturated lipid are lost during dehydration. In order to reduce the loss of lipid by traditional method, some researchers adopted a few new methods, such as the change of embedding procedure and the adoption of new embedding media, to solve the problem. In a sense, these new methods are effective. They, however, usually require a long period of preparation. In this paper, we do research on the fiora nectary strucure of lauraceae by the rapid-embedding method wwith PEG under electron microscope and attempt to find a better method to solve the problem mentioned above.

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