scholarly journals On the issue of pricing works of art in the process of historical development of artistic practices

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 321-329
Author(s):  
Irina V. Chernyaeva ◽  
Lidiya V. Balakhnina
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Art Practice ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
Pricing Process ◽  
Domestic Art ◽  
History Of ◽  
Symbolic Value ◽  
The 19Th Century

In modern art practice, the issue of formation of symbolic and economic value of works of art remains acute and relevant. In the history of art art historians, curators, and art critics used to determine symbolic value. The issue of formation of economic value of works of art is still debatable. The task of the study is to identify features of the pricing of works of art inherent in individual periods of the development of artistic practices in a historical context. The authors address the issue retrospectively, considering the relationships between art and market, originated in the 18th century in Holland. The paper conducts a detailed analyze of the epistolary heritage of P. M. Tretiakov, concluding that in the 19th century it was the professional environment that acted as a regulator of the pricing of works of art. Economic conditions of the 20th century in the domestic art put to the forefront state insurance or state order, therefore the volume of payment of works depended on regalia and social status of an artist. The situation of the beginning of the 21st century brought not only new forms and mechanisms to the art market as Internet trading, corporate collecting, art banking, but also new problems that influenced the pricing process.

The Portrayal of Islam in Some Early Nigerian Newspapers (1880-1910)

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-328
Author(s):  
Salahudeen Yusuf
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Religious Conflict ◽  
Intellectual Honesty ◽  
The People ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
The Press ◽  
External Threat ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

The history of Islam in part of what is known today as Nigeria datesto about the loth Century. Christianity dates to the late 18th Century. Bythe middle of the 19th Century, when Nigerian newspapers began to appearon the streets of Nigeria, both religions had won so many followers and extendedto so many places in Nigeria that very few areas were untouched bytheir influence. The impact of both religions on their adherents not only determinedtheir spiritual life, but influenced their social and political lives aswell. It therefore became inevitable that both religions receive coverage frommost of the newspapers of the time. How the newspapers as media of informationand communication reported issues about the two religions is thetheme of this paper.Rationale for the StudyThe purpose of this study is to highlight the context in which such earlynewspapers operated and the factors that dictated their performance. Thisis because it is assumed that when a society faces external threat to its territory,culture, and independence, all hands (the press inclusive) ought tobe on deck to resist the threat with all might. Were newspapers used as verbalartillery and how did they present each religion? It is also assumed thatin a multireligious society a true press should be objective and serve as avanguard in the promotion of the interest of the people in general and notcreate or foster an atmosphere of religious conflict. The study also aims atfinding out whether the papers promoted intellectual honesty and fosteredthe spirit of unity particularly when the society was faced with the encroachmentof the British who posed a threat to their freedom, culture, economy ...

Historiography of one city: colonialism, colonization, frontir. On the historiography of the history of functioning of the fortress city of the left wing of the Caucasian cordon line on the example of the history of Kizlyar in the first half of the 19th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (12-3) ◽  
pp. 250-258
Author(s):  
Mahomed Gasanov ◽  
Abidat Gazieva
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

The article is devoted to the analysis of the historiography of the history of the city of Kizlyar. This issue is considered in the historical context of the Eastern Caucasus. The author analyzes the three main theoretical concepts of the problem concerning Russia’s policy in the region, using the example of the city of Kizlyar in the context of historiography.

scholarly journals THE PROBLEM OF LAND MANAGEMENT TRADITIONS IN THE CURONIAN SPIT

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-148
Author(s):  
Jurgis Bučas
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Wind Erosion ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Curonian Lagoon ◽  
Master Plan ◽  
Curonian Spit ◽  
Ecological Awareness ◽  
World Heritage List ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Curonian Spit was inhabited six thousand years ago. During this period its survival was menaced by natural forces. The 17th–18th centuries faced unreasonable deforestation of the Curonian Spit and opened its dunes to wind erosion. In the 18th century 14 settlements were hid under moving sand. The Spit survival was in danger of being flown under the Curonian Lagoon waters. At the begining of the 19th century radical actions were taken to save the Curonian Spit damaged by wind erosion. Tremendous ecological awareness of some natural powers as wind and flora helped man to create a landscape which was described at UNESCO General Conference as a worldwide worth cultural heritage and enrolled in the World Heritage List as a cultural landscape of universal worth illustrating the history of dramatic coexistence of nature and man. The paper describes the Curonian Spit as a cultural landscape, its historical formation and present managment, discusses its creation and management traditions and evaluates them while preparing the Curonian Spit National Park managment plan as well as the Master Plan of Neringa city. Gamtosauginė direktyva ar kraštotvarkinės tradicijos ? Santrauka Kuršių nerijoje žmonės įsikūrė ketvirtajame tūkstantmetyje prieš Kristų. Visą istorinį laikotarpį pusiasaliui grėsmę kėlė gamtos jėgos. XVI-XVIII a. neapgalvotas nerijos miškų naikinimas atidengė pusiasalio smėlynus vėjo erozijai. XVIII a. smėliu užpustyta 14 gyvenviečių. Kilo grėsmė, kad ir pats pusiasalis bus nupustytas į Kuršių marias. Pasitinkant XIX a., imtasi radikalių priemonių gelbėti vėjo erozijos naikinamą Kuršių neriją. Su didžiule ekologine išmintimi panaudodamas pačios gamtos jėgą (vėją) ir medžiagą (augalus), per XIX a. supustyto jūros smėlio kopose žmogus sukūrė kraštovaizdį, kuris UNESCO Generalinės konferencijos buvo įvardytas pasaulio reikšmės nekilnojamojo kultūros paveldo vertybe ir įrašytas į Pasaulio paveldo sąrašą kaip universalios reikšmės kultūrinis kraštovaizdis, iliustruojantis gamtos ir žmogaus dramatiško sambūvio istoriją. Nagrinėjama Kuršių nerijos kultūrinio kraštovaizdžio istorinio formavimo ir dabartinio jo tvarkymo veikla, aptariamos jo kūrimo bei priežiūros tradicijos ir kaip jos vertinimos rengiant Kuršių nerijos nacionalinio parko tvarkymo planą bei Neringos miesto savivaldybės bendrąjį planą.

scholarly journals The dramatization of the Holy Week in Švėkšna church in the first half of the 19th century

Menotyra ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asta Giniūnienė
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Complicated Structure ◽  
Adam And Eve ◽  
Death Of Jesus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Church Art ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

The article for the first time analyses the decoration parts of the Christ’s tomb of the second halfof the 18th century found a few years ago in Švėkšna church. The Christ’s tomb from the oldchurch was transferred to the  new church, which was built in 1804 and used until the  4thdecade of the 19th century. On the basis of the sources and remained fragments we can statethat this was a complicated structure of the Paschal decoration designed under the Europeanbaroque scenery principles. It was composed of the paintings on boards and canvas and mis-cellaneous accessories. The  Christ’s tomb paintings are characterised by a  symbolic allegoriccontent and artistry. The prophets of the Old Testament and characters the New Testamentreflecting the Paschal Triduum liturgy were depicted in the decoration. The survived outlinepaintings of Adam and Eve in Paradise, Noah waiting for the Saviour, and Angels Lamentingover the Death of Jesus are the exceptional iconography images in the Lithuanian church art.The decorations of the Christ’s tomb were created by the professional masters who decoratedthe churches in Samogitia in the second part of the 18th century. The images of suffering anddead Jesus used in the figuration of the Paschal Triduum influenced the spread of the Passionscenes. This is supported by an interesting archival fact about the shrine with a group of sculp-tures depicting the tomb of Christ in the Švėkšna churchyard.The fragments of the Paschal decorations in the Švėkšna church are important baroque scen-ery exhibits, which are valuable for the history of the Lithuanian church art and scenography.The investigation of the Holy Week figuration in the Švėkšna church is a valuable illustrationof this multidimensional cultural, religious and artistic phenomenon.

scholarly journals Considerations to some forms of the verb a fi: sum and sunt

Diacronia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gheorghe Chivu
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Literary Writing ◽  
The 19Th Century

The history of the verbal forms sum and sunt, introduced into the literary writing by the Transylvanian Latinist School, reveals a winding process in the elaboration of certain cultured norms proper to the modern literary Romanian. Not at all linear, this process was concurrently influenced by two, often divergent, tendencies that were active from the end of the 18th century up to the beginning of the 20th century: the use of some cultured forms, borrowed from Latin or created according to Latin patterns; and the revitalization of certain linguistic forms with regional diffusion. Initially proposed as literary pronunciations, the two verbal forms were soon adopted and used as etymological graphic forms that corresponded to sîm and suntu from certain conservative patois. During the second half of the 19th century (sum), and during the first decades of the 20th century (sunt), the two graphic forms became orthoepic norms as well, due to the phonological tradition of the Romanian writing.

The Public and Economic Activities of the Hִatim Family of Istanbul: A Chapter in the History of the Jewish Leadership in Istanbul and Jerusalem in the 19th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-127
Author(s):  
Leah Bornstein-Makovetsky
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The Public ◽  
Economic Elite ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article discusses the biographies and economic and public activities of the Ḥatim family in Istanbul in the late 18th century and throughout the 19th century. Most of the attention is focused on R. Shlomo Ḥatim and his son Yitsḥak, who were members of the Jewish elite in Istanbul and settled in Jerusalem at the ends of their lives. R. Shlomo, who is said to have served the Ottoman authorities in Istanbul, settled in Jerusalem more than ten years before the leaders of the Jewish economic elite in Istanbul were executed in the 1820s. His son, surviving this purge, followed much later, immigrating to Israel in 1846, but died immediately thereafter. This article provides insights into the business activities of the Ḥatim family, as well as the activities of Yitsḥak Ḥatim as an Ottoman official in Istanbul. I also discuss two more generations of this family, considered an elite, privileged one, and that was highly esteemed among well-known rabbis in the Ottoman Empire. I also discuss the ties that developed between the communities of Istanbul and Jerusalem in the first half of the 19th century as a result of initiatives of officials in Istanbul and of immigration from Istanbul to Jerusalem.

Brief outline of the history of world epidemics-pandemics Part II. Cholera nineteenth

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
O.E. Fedorenko ◽  
К.V. Коlyadenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Cholera Vibrio ◽  
Holy Places ◽  
History Of ◽  
Imminent Death ◽  
Active Communication ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The 19Th Century

An epidemic of any infectious disease is an invisible ruthless enemy that cannot be defeated by military, political, economic or ideological means. Humanity always reacts to such threats quite nervously and subconsciously tries to mythologize them, at least a little, in order to somehow psychologically protect itself from the real fear of imminent death. Since there is no rational defense against such a threat, people for the most part react in an irrational manner.The 19th century, almost the same as the previous centuries, «started» in epidemiological terms almost from the very beginning of its calendar. Only in contrast to the previous 18th century, the main and dominant danger was posed by another infectious pathology — cholera.In the history of medicine, over the 19th century, as many as six outbreaks of cholera epidemics were recorded since 1817. The first of them began in East Bengal and lasted 8 years (1817—1824), gradually, covering almost all India and big regions of the Middle East. It was worsened by the traditional travels of both Hindu and Muslim pilgrims to «holy places» who spread Vibrio cholerae on foot and through active communication with local residents.One of the significant reasons why cholera epidemic continued with minimal interruptions for almost the entire nineteenth century was an insufficient level of scientific knowledge in microbiology and the resulting ignorance of the causative agent of cholera — vibrio and its properties.Another factor was a complete lack of understanding by society of the need to observe at least the simplest sanitary standards in everyday life. And there was also misunderstanding among the leadership which tried to limit the next outbreak of cholera mainly by administrative measures without adequate explanations of their essence and necessity to the population.

Scientific novelties implemented into teaching mathematics in secondary schools on the Polish territories in the 19th century. The case of descriptive geometry

2020 ◽  
pp. 205-218
Author(s):  
Karolina Karpińska
Keyword(s):  
Mathematics Education ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
History Of Mathematics ◽  
Descriptive Geometry ◽  
Teaching Mathematics ◽  
Education History ◽  
Secondary School Education ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article is dedicated to discussing the implementation of the descriptive geometry, i.e. the scientific novelty from the end of the 18th century, in secondary school education on the Polish territories in the 19th century. At that time, Polish lands were under the occupation of three empires: Prussia, Austria, and Russia. Over the time, the policy of the partition empires toward the Poles was changing in intensity. As a consequence, in the 19th century, there were schools on the Polish territories with Polish, Prussian, Austrian and Russian curricula and relevant lecture languages. The article analyses the implementation of descriptive geometry into teaching mathematics in schools located in all three partitions. Keywords: descriptive geometry, history of mathematics education, history of mathematics

Allusions to the Victim and Sacrifice in the Andrey Kurbsky’s History and Reception of the 17th — Early 18th Centuries

2021 ◽  
pp. 186-207
Author(s):  
Alexey I. Popovich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Literary Context ◽  
History Of ◽  
Interpretation Process ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Ivan The Terrible ◽  
Definition Of

The literary topoi and allusions to the victim and sacrifice in the biblical and historical context at the same time played a great role for Andrey Kurbsky as a traditionalist and innovator writer in the embodiment of the complex author’s intention of the History of the Grand Prince of Moscow (the second half of the 16th century). The article notes that the writer distinguishes, as opposites, the axiology of sacrificial feat for power doer and persecuted heroes. The article reveals the diverse reception of the author’s interpretation by readers and scribes of History. Kurbsky’s contemporaries and readers of the late 17th — early 18th century had different attitudes toward Kurbsky’s definition of the personality of Ivan the Terrible who makes unrighteous victims and the characterization of people affected by him as new martyrs. The rich handwritten tradition of History, including as part of the Kurbsky Collections, contributed to the emergence of new reader’s interpretations based on literary topoi and allusions used by Kurbsky. The intellectuals of the ‘transitional’ period A.S. Matveev, Evfimy Chudovsky, A.I. Lyzlov, V.V. Golitsyn and others were involved in this process. Textological and typological comparisons of certain monuments and Kurbsky’s History contributed to a deeper understanding of the literary context of the time when the prince’s writings spread. The study also helped to determine which Kurbsky’s ideas about the victim and sacrifice remained relevant for members of different class groups, and which were leveled out and outdated in the text interpretation process.

Turing, Lovelace, and Babbage

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doron Swade
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Modern Computer ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Electronic Computing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Causation ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Modern Computing

The principles on which all modern computing machines are based were enunciated more than a hundred years ago by a Cambridge mathematician named Charles Babbage.’ So declared Vivian Bowden—in charge of sales of the Ferranti Mark I computer— in 1953.1 This chapter is about historical origins. It identifies core ideas in Turing’s work on computing, embodied in the realisation of the modern computer. These ideas are traced back to their emergence in the 19th century where they are explicit in the work of Babbage and Ada Lovelace. Mechanical process, algorithms, computation as systematic method, and the relationship between halting and solvability are part of an unexpected congruence between the pre-history of electronic computing and the modern age. The chapter concludes with a consideration of whether Turing was aware of these origins and, if so, the extent—if any—to which he may have been influenced by them. Computing is widely seen as a gift of the modern age. The huge growth in computing coincided with, and was fuelled by, developments in electronics, a phenomenon decidedly of our own times. Alan Turing’s earliest work on automatic computation coincided with the dawn of the electronic age, the late 1930s, and his name is an inseparable part of the narrative of the pioneering era of automatic computing that unfolded. Identifying computing with the electronic age has had the effect of eradicating pre-history. It is as though the modern era with its rampant achievements stands alone and separate from the computational devices and aids that pre-date it. In the 18th century lex continui in natura proclaimed that nature had no discontinuities, and we tend to view historical causation in the same way. Discontinuities in history are uncomfortable: they offend against gradualism, or at least against the idea of the irreducible interconnectedness of events. The central assertion of this chapter is that core ideas evidenced in modern computing, ideas with which Turing is closely associated, emerged explicitly in the 19th century, a hundred years earlier than is commonly credited.

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