Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Fish: A Review

The fish inhabitant in an aquatic environment so it persists exposure to pathogen and stressor factors so they have a developing immune system similar to that in high vertebrate with some differences points. Head Kidney considered the main and primary hematopoietic organs while spleen, thymus and gut-associated lymphoid tissue represented secondary hematopoietic organs. The immune system divided to the innate immune system doesn’t have a memory of previous responses, non-specific cellular as natural killer cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils with non-specific component these involve complement, lysosomes and acute-phase protein, if the pathogen persists the specific, memory adaptive immunity would be stimulation which composed of two subunits humeral and natural antibodies act for invading extracellular pathogen and the second subunits which are cytokines and T-lymphocyte act for kill intracellular bacterial, parasitic and viral infection. Both subunits (innate and adaptive) of the immune system act each together in the hosts to prevent microorganism’s infection and reducer the environmental stressors and give fish immune status. It is concluded from this article review that fish, like mammalians, have an advanced immune system that plays a role in fish resistance to pathological factors and maintaining fish health.

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NOD1 and NOD2 receptors: integral members of the innate and adaptive immunity system.

Acta Biochimica Polonica ◽

10.18388/abp.2013_1992 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 60 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Halina Antosz ◽

Magdalena Osiak

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Signaling Pathways ◽

Adaptive Immunity ◽

Innate Immune System ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Inflammatory Signaling ◽

Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽

Essential Component

NOD-like proteins (NLR) are a specialized group of intracellular receptors, which constitute an essential component of the host innate immune system. They were discovered more than a decade ago, but research on this particular class of microbial detectors is still ongoing to allow for a better understanding of the mechanisms, recognition of microorganisms, transmission of signals, and carrying out the activation of inflammatory signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the construction of NOD1 and NOD2 receptors, their functions, and significance in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases in humans.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Cancer immunoediting by the innate immune system in the absence of adaptive immunity.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.717960239.793463319 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Surender Kharbanda ◽

Abhishek Garg

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Adaptive Immunity ◽

Innate Immune System ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Cancer Immunoediting

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Regulation of Adaptive Immunity by the Innate Immune System

Science ◽

10.1126/science.1183021 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 327 (5963) ◽

pp. 291-295 ◽

Cited By ~ 1229

Author(s):

A. Iwasaki ◽

R. Medzhitov

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Adaptive Immunity ◽

Innate Immune System ◽

Innate Immune

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Aging and Options to Halt Declining Immunity to Virus Infections

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2021.681449 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Miguel Ángel Palacios-Pedrero ◽

Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus ◽

Tanja Becker ◽

Husni Elbahesh ◽

Guus F. Rimmelzwaan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Immune System ◽

Immune Function ◽

Adaptive Immunity ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Age Group ◽

Virus Infections ◽

Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽

Chronic Viral Infections

Immunosenescence is a process associated with aging that leads to dysregulation of cells of innate and adaptive immunity, which may become dysfunctional. Consequently, older adults show increased severity of viral and bacterial infections and impaired responses to vaccinations. A better understanding of the process of immunosenescence will aid the development of novel strategies to boost the immune system in older adults. In this review, we focus on major alterations of the immune system triggered by aging, and address the effect of chronic viral infections, effectiveness of vaccination of older adults and strategies to improve immune function in this vulnerable age group.

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Bacteriophages and the immune system of the macroorganism

Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology ◽

10.36233/0372-9311-2019-6-79-85 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 79-84

Author(s):

I. A. Ivanovа ◽

A. A. Trufanova ◽

A. V. Filippenko ◽

I. A. Bespalova ◽

N. D. Omelchenko

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Adaptive Immunity ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽

Biological Products ◽

Treatment And Prevention ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Bacterial Viruses

Due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria in recent years, the treatment and prevention of various infections with bacteriophages have again become an important area of research. However, when using phages for this purpose, it is necessary to take into account the immune responses of a macroorganism to their introduction. The data about impact of bacterial viruses on the innate and adaptive immunity system of mammals in available literature are few and contradictory. This issue requires further detailed study, especially in the development of new therapeutic and prophylactic biological products based on bacteriophages.

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Introduction to Clinical Immunology: Overview of the Immune Response, Autoimmune Conditions, and Immunosuppressive Therapeutics for Rheumatic Diseases

10.2310/im.1328 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Steven K. Lundy ◽

Alison Gizinski ◽

David A. Fox

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

T Cell ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Autoimmune Diseases ◽

Adaptive Immunity ◽

Cell Populations ◽

Hematopoietic Stem ◽

Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽

Adaptive Immune

The immune system is a complex network of cells and mediators that must balance the task of protecting the host from invasive threats. From a clinical perspective, many diseases and conditions have an obvious link to improper functioning of the immune system, and insufficient immune responses can lead to uncontrolled acute and chronic infections. The immune system may also be important in tumor surveillance and control, cardiovascular disease, health complications related to obesity, neuromuscular diseases, depression, and dementia. Thus, a working knowledge of the role of immunity in disease processes is becoming increasingly important in almost all aspects of clinical practice. This review provides an overview of the immune response and discusses immune cell populations and major branches of immunity, compartmentalization and specialized immune niches, antigen recognition in innate and adaptive immunity, immune tolerance toward self antigens, inflammation and innate immune responses, adaptive immune responses and helper T (Th) cell subsets, components of the immune response that are important targets of treatment in autoimmune diseases, mechanisms of action of biologics used to treat autoimmune diseases and their approved uses, and mechanisms of other drugs commonly used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Figures show the development of erythrocytes, platelets, lymphocytes, and other immune system cells originating from hematopoietic stem cells that first reside in the fetal liver and later migrate to the bone marrow, antigen–major histocompatibility complex recognition by T cell receptor control of T cell survival and activation, and Th cells as central determinants of the adaptive immune response toward different stimuli. Tables list cell populations involved in innate and adaptive immunity, pattern recognition receptors with known ligands, autoantibody-mediated human diseases: examples of pathogenic mechanisms, selected Food and Drug Administration–approved autoimmune disease indications for biologics, and mechanism of action of biologics used to treat autoimmune diseases. This review contains 3 highly rendered figures, 5 tables, and 64 references.

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Sexual dimorphism in immune function: The role of sex steroid hormones

SHS Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/shsconf/20185102007 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 02007

Author(s):

Anna Mihailova ◽

Indrikis Krams

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Sexual Dimorphism ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Immune Function ◽

Steroid Hormones ◽

Adaptive Immunity ◽

Gonadal Hormones ◽

Sex Steroid ◽

Innate And Adaptive Immunity

There is evidence of the relation of sex steroid hormones and sexual dimorphism in immune system response to infectious diseases. The aim of this review was to identify the role of sex hormones in immune function and sexual dimorphism of immune reactions. Gonadal hormones together with the immune system play an important role in process of immune responses to the disease [1]. Estrogens, progesterone and testosterone have different impacts on immune cells and different gonadal hormones are of high importance for responses of innate and adaptive immunity [1, 2]. Estrogens mainly enhance immune function while testosterone has a suppressive role. Higher progesterone during pregnancy leads to autoimmune disease remission and an elevated susceptibility toward certain infectious diseases [2, 3, 4]. The intensity and prevalence of viral infections are typically higher in males, whereas disease outcome could be worse for females [5]. Sexual dimorphism of immune function is based on different concentrations of sex hormones in males and females and on a specific mediating role of these hormones in immune function and response along with differences in innate and adaptive immunity.

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Insights into Sensing of Murine Retroviruses

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v12080836 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 836

Author(s):

Eileen A. Moran ◽

Susan R. Ross

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Nucleic Acid ◽

Adaptive Immunity ◽

Innate Immune System ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Genetic Tool ◽

Causes Of Disease ◽

Retrovirus Infection ◽

Insight Into

Retroviruses are major causes of disease in animals and human. Better understanding of the initial host immune response to these viruses could provide insight into how to limit infection. Mouse retroviruses that are endemic in their hosts provide an important genetic tool to dissect the different arms of the innate immune system that recognize retroviruses as foreign. Here, we review what is known about the major branches of the innate immune system that respond to mouse retrovirus infection, Toll-like receptors and nucleic acid sensors, and discuss the importance of these responses in activating adaptive immunity and controlling infection.

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