scholarly journals Physico-Chemical Analysis of Water Sources in Awka-urban, Anambra State

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 363-365
Author(s):  
Prof. Anthony N. Eze
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Nitrate Solution ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Anambra State ◽  
Physico Chemical

The focus of this study was analyse the physico-chemical properties of water sources in Awka Urban, Anambra state. The water sources include bore well/hole water. It was an experimental research carried out in Awka metropolis between July 1, 2018 and October 10, 2018. The experimental research design was adopted. Five different villages in Awka were selected as sample area for the study. A total of 5 water samples from the area were collected using bottles. The bottles were washed with tap water with the aid of detergent and ethanol. The chemical parameters of the samples determined using standard method as soon as the samples got into the laboratory. HANNA Phep (model H 19) was used to determine the water PH. In the same manner, TDS/TEM meter was used to determine the water samples temperature. The electrical conductivity of the water samples was also determined using precalibrated conductivity meter model 611 in measuring the electrical conductivity. The titration method by means of EDTA solution was used to determine the total hardness of the collected water samples. The dichrometre refluction method was used to determine the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the collected water samples. The alkali azide method was employed in the determination of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of the water samples. The chlorides content of the water samples were determined using silver nitrate solution.

scholarly journals Impact of Industrial Effluent Discharge on the Physico-chemical Properties of Aleto Stream, Eleme, Rivers State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 79-89
Author(s):  
S. L. Gbarakoro ◽  
T. N. Gbarakoro ◽  
W. L. Eebu
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Permissible Limits ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Effluent Discharge ◽  
Rivers State ◽  
The Impact

Aim: This research work aimed to determine the impact of industrial effluent discharge on the physicochemical properties of Aleto Stream, Eleme and Rivers State. Study Design: Random sampling technique was applied in this study. The study area was divided into three sites; upstream, downstream all of Aleto Stream and Agbonchia Stream which serves for the control experiment. Water samples for eleven physical and six chemical parameters were collected in a Completely Randomized Design. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out on Aleto and Agbonchia streams at Eleme, Rivers State, Nigeria from 2017 to 2018. Methodology: Two samples were collected; one sample at the Aleto stream where the industrial effluent is being channelled into the stream and the other sample was collected from Agbonchia stream, which was used as a control. In the Aleto Stream, sampling was made at two points; point A (upstream) point B (downstream) and each of these points had their Physico-chemical properties tested while only one sample was collected from the Agbonchia Stream. Physico-chemical properties were analyzed in the samples using pH meter for pH, Turbidity meter for turbidity, Conductivity meter for electrical conductivity, phosphate by colourimetric method, total dissolved solids (TDS) and total suspended solids (TSS) by gravimetric method, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) by standard method, chloride, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), calcium hardness, total hardness by titrimetric method, colour, odour and taste by sensory method. Results: Results obtained on the Physico-chemical properties had varying concentrations of Temperature, Total hardness, Chloride, Alkalinity, DO and Phosphate that were within world health organization (24)  and Federal Ministry of Environment (1991) permissible limits on both upstream and downstream with values ranging from 29.0-23.7oC, 360-125 mg/l, 120-100 mg/l, 36-30 mg/l, 4.9-4.4 mg/l, 1.92-1.2 mg/l respectively while Electrical conductivity, Turbidity, TSS, TDS, Calcium hardness, COD, BOD, Colour, Taste and Odour were above permissible limits on both upstream and downstream with values ranging from 1660-1700 mg/l, 83-112NTU, 82-80 mg/l, 910-914 mg/l, 1590-1900 mg/l, 100-165 mg/l, 4.36-3.88 mg/l respectively. The pH values ranged from 9.0-6.3 mg/l showing a result on the upstream to be alkaline while the downstream was slightly acidic. The increase in the above parameters above their permissible limits is as a result of the impact of industrial effluent discharges drained into the stream. This indicates that the stream is unfit for both human and aquatic inmates. Conclusion: Therefore, proper management of this effluent should be ensured and an acute test with lethal concentration (LC50) as the endpoint is recommended to determine the degree of toxicity of the effluent waste.

scholarly journals Assessment on the level of contamination of Turag river at Tongi area in Dhaka

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
KS Ahmed ◽  
AKML Rahman ◽  
M Sarkar ◽  
JB Islam ◽  
IA Jahan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Standard Level ◽  
Safe Limits ◽  
Total Dissolved Solid

Assessment on the level of pollution of Turag river water was performed by measuring various physico-chemical parameters. Water samples were collected five times in a year both dry and rainy season at five different locations: Bishwa Ijtema field, Tongi Bridge, Kachare ghate, River side of Dhaka Dying and Effluent of Dhaka Dying. Most of the measured parameters exceeded the permissible limit of standard level. Values for different parameters at different points were recorded such as Temperature (T): 23.9 to 31.2°C, pH: 7.2 to 10.1, Salinity: 64 to 933 ppm, Total dissolved solid (TDS): 90 to 1244 ppm, Electrical Conductivity (EC): 135 to 1856 µs/cm, Dissolve oxygen (DO): 0.5 to 3.6 mg/L and Chemical oxygen demand (COD): 220 to 1170 mg/L. The concentration (ppm) of heavy metals were also observed such as Chromium (Cr) 0.0339 to 0.6334, Cadmium (Cd) 0.0068 to 0.0170, Nickel (Ni) 0.1282 to 0.6207, Cooper (Cu) 0.0148 to 0.1703 and Zink (Zn) 0.0366 to 0.1890 at dry season. The values of different parameters determined are above the safe limits recommended by DoE, EQS and WHO. Therefore, it can be concluded that water relieved from selected locations were not suitable for human consumption during the period of experiments.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 51(3), 193-202, 2016

scholarly journals Water quality assessment and physicochemical parameters of groundwater in District Hapur, Uttar Pradesh, India

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-149
Author(s):  
Udit Mohan ◽  
Randhir Singh ◽  
Prem Singh
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Biological Parameters

The present study investigation of the ground water contamination of Hapur district (U.P.), India has been carried out. The ground water samples were collected from different locations from hand pumps mark II in Hapur district.Water Quality Index (WQI) of drinking water has been assessed by using various physicochemical & biological parameters for the ground wateranalysis. Water samples were analysed using various physicochemical and biological parameters such as pH, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solid, Total Hardness, Chloride, Fluoride, Nitrate, Sulphate, Total Acidity, Total Alkalinity, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO)etc. and the results compared with the standards given by WHO, ICMR and BISThe correlation between different parameters was also assessed. The average values of physicochemical and biological parameters were observed as pH 7.86, Electrical conductivity 1206.67mmhos/cm, TH 734.17 mg/l, acidity 352.08 mg/l, total alkalinity 464.17 mg/l, TDS 645.17 mg/l, chloride 85.50mg/l, fluoride 0.77 mg/l, nitrate 45.99 mg/l, sulphate 160.39 mg/l, COD 12.79 mg/l, DO 4.08 mg/l and BOD 1.99 mg/l respectively. The WQI of different blocks of district Hapur reveals that the water quality is poor for drinking and other activities.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS OF STUBBS CREEK, IBENO, AKWA IBOM, NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-26
Author(s):  
Henry Robert Anwan ◽  
Martins Agenuma Anetekhai ◽  
Gabriel Olarinde Mekuleyi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Spatial And Seasonal Variation ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Total Dissolved Solid

The present study examined some physico-chemical characteristics (temperature, pH, total hardness, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solid(TDS), conductivity, transparency, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), acidity and alkalinity) and some heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr and Ni) concentration of Stubbs Creek, Ibeno, Akwa Ibom, Nigeria between August 2014 and July, 2015. Six sampling stations (Mkpanak, Okpot Ikot, Ebana Mbri, Esit Eket, Okpuk and Ikot Ebia Anam) in Stubbs Creek were selected. Water samples were analyzed using APHA-AWWA-WPCF methods while heavy metals in the water samples were digested and determined using UNICAM 939 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The mean values of water parameters of Stubbs Creek are: temperature (27.22 ± 0.230C); pH (6.83 ± 0.13), DO (3.86 ± 0.20 mg/L), BOD (2.84 ± 0.11 mg/L), conductivity (522.23 ±69.12 µScm-1), TDS (288.83 ± 39.50 mg/L), transparency (0.86 ± 0.05m), alkalinity (95.51± 6.44mg/L), acidity (97.03±7.45) and total hardness(12.11±1.55).Only TDS, conductivity, alkalinity and total hardness showed significant (p<0.05) spatial variation across the sampling stations. However, the values of temperature, TDS, conductivity, alkalinity and total hardness indicated significant seasonal variation. Similarly, there were no significant (p<0.05) spatial and seasonal variation in the values of heavy metals recorded across the sampling stations. All the physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals in this study are below the maximum permissible limit recommended by WHO. The result showed that Stubbs Creek is less polluted at present and safe for the biota. However, responsible use of the water bodies by all and sundry should be maintained in order to preclude problems common with effluents discharge.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY FROM INDUSTRIAL AND RESIDENTIAL AREAS OF SANGO OTA, NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
O.A. Oguntade ◽  
V.I. I Fesiokwu ◽  
O. S. Sule
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Total Suspended Solid ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
High Concentration

High concentration of contaminants in drinking water can affect human health. This study assessed quality of groundwater at industrial and residential areas of Sango Ota, Ogun State. Water samples were collected in triplicates from 8 wells at industrial and residential areas and analyzed for its physicochemical properties. The pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid (TDS), nitrate, sulphate, total suspended solid (TSS), total hardness (TH), iron, zinc, copper, lead, nickel, chromium and cadmium concentrations in the water samples were determined following American Public Health Association (APHA) procedure. Results showed that pH of 50 % of the wells were lower than minimum limit of 6.5 recommended by WHO. Sulphate, TH and iron in the water were significantly (p < 0.05) higher at residential area than industrial area. Electrical conductivity exhibited significant (p < 0.01) correlation with TDS (r = 0.701**) and NO32- (r = 0.922**) at residential area. At the industrial area however, concentration of salts in water samples was highly associated with SO42- (r = 0.864**) and Cd (r = 0.587**). Across locations of groundwater, iron and lead were above allowable WHO limits in drinking water. Cadmium was also above drinking limit at location T4 of the residential area. Consumers of groundwater in the study area are prone to health related challenges of heavy metal toxicity.

scholarly journals Heavy metal levels in drinking water sources of Chingola District, Zambia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Hamwiinga ◽  
Chisala D. Meki ◽  
Patricia Mubita ◽  
Hikabasa Halwiindi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Metal Levels

Abstract Background: One of the factors impeding access to safe water is water pollution. Of particular concern is heavy metal contamination of water bodies. This study was aimed at determining the levels of heavy metals in drinking water sources of Chingola District of Zambia. Methods: A cross sectional study was employed. A total of 60 water samples were collected. Thirsty (30) samples were collected in the dry season in the month of October 2016 and another 30 in the wet season in the months of February and March, 2017. For each season 10 water samples were collected from each of the three water sources. i.e. Tap water, Urban ground water sources and Rural ground water sources. Heavy metal analysis was done using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).Results: This study revealed that the concentrations of Iron, Manganese, Lead, Nickel and Arsenic were beyond maximum permissible levels in various water sources. Combined averages for both dry and wet seasons were as follows: Iron: 2.3, Copper: 0.63, Cobalt: 0.02, Manganese: 0.36, Lead: 0.04, Zinc:3.2, Nickel: 0.03, Arsenic: 0.05. Chromium and Cadmium were below detection limit in all water samples. The median concentrations of iron, arsenic, copper, manganese in drinking water from the Tap, rural and urban ground water sources were different, and this difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The median concentrations of arsenic, nickel, manganese and cobalt were different between dry and wet season, and this difference was statistically significant (p<0.05).Conclusions: Sources of heavy metals in water seems to be both natural and from human activities. The concentration of heavy metals in different water sources in this study was found to be above the recommended levels. This calls for improvement in water monitoring to protect the health of the public. Therefore, there is need for continuous monitoring of heavy metals in drinking water sources by regulatory authorities.

scholarly journals Preliminary Study on Physico-Chemical Parameters and Phytoplankton of Chiffa River (Blida, Algeria)

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fella Hamaidi-Chergui ◽  
Mohamed Brahim Errahmani ◽  
Fatouma Benouaklil ◽  
Mohand Said Hamaidi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
North West ◽  
Quality Guidelines ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Monthly Variations

The present study was carried out to determine the monthly variations of physico-chemical parameters in water samples from Chiffa river at Blida, North West of Algeria from April to August 2006. Water samples were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters and the results showed their monthly variations as follows: pH 7.5-7.6, electrical conductivity 0.87–1.06 mS·cm−1, nitrate 0–7.00 mg·L−1, nitrite 0–0.28 mg·L−1, ammonia 0–0.03 mg·L−1, phosphate 0–0.94 mg·L−1, sodium 19.3–47.0 mg·L−1, chloride 35.7–52.0 mg·L−1, calcium 90.3–104.7 mg·L−1, magnesium 27.3–37.7 mg·L−1, organic matter 0.4–3.9 mg·L−1, chlorophyll a 0.7–132.3 mg·L−1, and bicarbonate 219.3–248.7 mg·L−1. The analyzed physico-chemical parameters were almost not exceeded the maximum permissible limit of WHO and Algerian Water Quality Guidelines. A total of 53 taxa belonging to 4 divisions have been identified, including Chlorophyta (52.83% of taxa), Bacillariophyta (28.30%), Cyanophyceae (16.98%), and Charophyta (1.89%).

scholarly journals Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Analysis of Under Ground Water in V.V Nagar and Near by Places of Anand District,Gujarat, India

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arunabh Mishra ◽  
Vasishta Bhatt
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Bacteriological Study ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Microbial Study

A report of physico-chemical and microbial study of the water samples taken from the region nearby Anand district of central Gujarat is presented here. Six water samples are subjected to physico- chemical analysis like pH, TDS, hardness, conductivity, dissolved oxygen and chemical oxygen demand. The MPN count resulted from the bacteriological study of these samples has given the information regarding the suitability of the water for drinking and other domestic applications. The results are analyzed comparatively and conclusions regarding the suitability of the use of such waters are made.

scholarly journals Seasonal Evaluation of the Physicochemical Properties of Some Boreholes Water Samples in Mile 50, Abakaliki Ebonyi State

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Eziafakaego Mercy Ibo ◽  
M. U Orji ◽  
Odera Richard Umeh
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Total Suspended Solids ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Total Chloride ◽  
Physicochemical Quality ◽  
Total Solids

Water as excellent natural resource is meant to be of good quality to prevent the outbreak of water-borne diseases. The physical, chemical and biological qualities of water constitute groundwater quality. Water of poor physicochemical quality may have adverse effects on human health and the economy. The physicochemical evaluation of fifteen borehole waters in mile 50 Abakaliki was carried out during the rainy and dry seasons to determine their suitability for drinking using standard analytical methods. During the rainy season, the temperature was 28-30°C; pH, 6.63-8.51; dissolved solids, 1.04-17.01 mg/l; total suspended solids, 0.09-0.98 mg/l; total solids, 1.14-17.99 mg/l; electrical conductivity, 107-328 us/cm; turbidity, 1.27NTU-2.60 NTU total alkalinity, 27.68-82.23 mg/l; total hardness, 70.20-150.84 mg/l; total chloride, 67.30-124.14 mg/l; calcium hardness, 24.50-53.58 mg/l; magnesium hardness, 39.40-97.26 mg/l; sulphate, 30.03-61.88 mg/l; phosphate, 0.25-6.71 mg/l; potassium, 0.00-8.04 mg/l; nitrate, 1.16-8.03 mg/l; iron, 0.00-0.26 mg/l; lead, 0.00-0.05 mg/l; cadmium, 0.00-0.04 mg/l; copper, 0.00-0.23mg/l; chromium, 0.00-0.05 mg/l and zinc, 0.07-2.15 mg/l. During the dry season the temperature was 27-29°C; pH, 6.40-7.75; electrical conductivity, 24-149 us/cm; dissolved solids, 0.10-2.03 mg/l; total suspended solids, 0.02-0.29 mg/l; total solids, 0.13-2.64 mg/l; turbidity, 0.61NTU-1.90 total alkalinity, 19.96-55.97 mg/l; total hardness, 49.61-82.35 mg/l; total chloride, 26.31-80.72 mg/l; calcium hardness, 5.63-29.30 mg/l; magnesium hardness, 30.54-67.30 mg/l; sulphate, 13.88-39.18 mg/l; phosphate, 0.07-3.18 mg/l; potassium, 0.00-4.73 mg/l; nitrate, 0.44-4.95 mg/l; iron, 0.00-0.16 mg/l; lead, 0.00-0.02 mg/l; cadmium, 0.00-0.02 mg/l ; copper, 0.00-0.15 mg/l; chromium, 0.00-0.03 mg/l and zinc, 0.02-0.64 mg/l during the dry season. From the average 7% of cadmium and 33% of lead in the water samples were above the NIS required limits of 0.003 and 0.01mg/l respectively. Generally, the water from the borehole was of poor physicochemical quality and must be treated adequately before being used by humans.

scholarly journals Physico-Chemistry of Surface Water Impacted by Crude Oil Spills in Bodo/Bonny Rivers, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
David N. Ogbonna ◽  
Sebastine A. Ngah ◽  
Patrick O. Youdeowei ◽  
Matthew E. Origbe
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
River Water ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Fish Pond ◽  
Physico Chemical

The surface water resources of Bodo/Bonny communities in Rivers State suffers regular pollution of its ecosystem due to increase in crude oil exploration, refining and activities of other industrial establishments operating within the coastal areas of the Ogoniland of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.  This have resulted in the wide scale contamination of most of its creeks, swamps and rivers with hydrocarbons and dispersant products resulting in the alteration of the ecological integrity of fragile aquatic systems, bioaccumulation of chemical contaminants by zoobenthos, sediment enrichment, and smothering or asphyxiation of the organisms in water by oil coating, thereby causing death. These conditions have resulted in serious threat to public health and the ecosystems. The study was aimed at determining the physico-chemical characteristics of Bodo/Bonny coastal waters impacted by crude oil spills and their effect on the marine ecosystems. Surface water was collected from 5 stations (BBW1, BBW2, BBW3, BBW4 and LFPW5) with LFPW5 serving as control. Physico-chemical parameters were investigated following standard methods. The results of the physicochemical characteristics of the various sampling points in the dry season showed that pH, TDS and Electrical conductivity values showed statistically significant differences at   P < 0.005. pH was slightly acidic in all sampling locations except for the Link fish pond, the values ranged from 6.20–6.40 which was below DPR Limit of 6.5-8.5 for potable water, TDS recorded 43175–57075 mg/L above DPR permissible Limit of 5000mg/L. Electrical Conductivity (EC) values ranged from 54050 -57050 µS/cm. The Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand, Turbidity, Chloride recorded in this study varied significantly at P< 0.05. Results of the physicochemical parameters of surface water in the wet season fell within the standard limits except for the conductivity that was above the permissible limits. Comparatively the mean pH value of surface river water with Linked fish pond water which served as the control revealed that the Link fish pond water had the highest pH value of 7.9 than the surface river water samples with a pH of 6.4, TDS (60,200 mg/L), Electrical Conductivity (EC) (µS/cm3) followed a similar pattern with the mean EC value of 55,800 mg/L as against 750mg/L for the Link Fish pond water. Temperature recorded 310C as against 300C for the link fish pond while the Salinity (mg/L) of the surface river water was 31.63 mg/L. Dissolved Oxygen was  2.3 mg/L, Biochemical Oxygen Demand values for the surface river water was 0.49 mg/L while the Link fish pond water had 0.3mg/L. These values obtained in this study shows that the spilled oil in the water could impact on species abundance and biomass by depleting and depriving the fishes from available O2 for survival thus resulting in asphyxiation.

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