New Investigations into Measurement Techniques Using the Pendulous Hammer to Assess Acoustic Insulation in Relation to User-Generated Noise in Residential Buildings

2019 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 784-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Eggenschwiler ◽  
Vincent Sperdin ◽  
Christian Hof ◽  
Schoenwald
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Uncertainty ◽  
Measurement Method ◽  
Acoustic Radiation ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Acoustic Insulation ◽  
Airborne Noise ◽  
Periodic Check

With the release of the revised version of the Swiss standard SIA 181:2006 "Protection Against Noise in Buildings", a measurement technique was introduced for simulating user-generated noise in bathtubs, shower cubicles, wash basins etc. employing a pendulous hammer. Despite the undoubted advantages of the measurement method, over the past few years questions have increasingly been raised regarding various issues involved in its use. The characteristics of the pendulous hammer are insufficiently well specified in the standard and a procedure specifying a periodic check of the instrument is lacking. The measurement method itself is described in inadequate detail, so that (for example) depending on the choice of the excitation, potentially very diff erent results may be obtained. In addition, no information is given regarding the measurement uncertainty. The standard gives level corrections for diff erent excitation scenarios. This allows a comparison of the diff erence between the level of the original noise and that generated by the pendulous hammer. The validity of these level corrections is now, to a certain extent, being challenged. In addition, it has been suggested that – depending on the constructional details - the airborne noise emitted by acoustic radiation from the component under investigation is excessive, thereby potentially falsifying the measured values. These issues have been investigated by Empa and, based on a comprehensive set of laboratory and field measurements, clarified. Measurement protocols are given for various components, and the measurement uncertainty has been evaluated. The eff ect of airborne noise has been shown to be acceptable for tests conducted in accordance with the SIA 181 standard. Sufficient measurement data is now available to allow the level corrections to be determined. Finally, specifications for the pendulous hammer itself have been formulated.

Relative Statistical Calibration of ILI Measurements

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Abdolrazaghi ◽  
Sherif Hassanien ◽  
Karmun Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
True Value ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Examination Techniques

In-Line inspection tools (ILI) including Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) and Ultrasonic (UT) technologies are commonly used to detect/measure potential anomalies in oil and gas pipelines. Some of ILI reported anomalies are usually selected for excavation and validated through field non-destructive examination techniques (NDE). It is a fact that both ILI and NDE readings are contaminated with measurement errors. Such errors are usually originated from inherent tool limitations and capabilities, measurement techniques, and/or human factors. The intend of this paper is to calibrate the corrosion ILI data relative to NDE measurement given estimated statistical errors from both tools. Commonly, a graphical representation is used to compare ILI versus field measurements; namely, a unity plot. Herein, a linear relationship between ILI and NDE measurements is assumed. Such an assumption leads to another assumption of having a linear relationship between the ILI measurement and true value. Similarly, NDE measurement has the same relationship with the true value. An advanced statistical approach based on linear regression and maximum likelihood is used to determine the uncertainty of both ILI and NDE measurement errors. This method is based on first quantifying the uncertainty of ILI and field measurement and then calibrating the ILI data relative to the field using the estimated tools errors. The tool error estimation is based on reducing the relative error between ILI and field measurements. The calibration methodology implements advanced statistics to improve both accuracy and precision of measurement data. The proposed process is validated through results from successive ILI programs. The proposed calibration can be easily adopted in ubiquitous computing spreadsheet environment and be applied to both corrosion and crack measurements.

A study on the stack effect of a super high-rise residential building in a severe cold region in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-269
Author(s):  
Xiaoxin Man ◽  
Yanyu Lu ◽  
Guolei Li ◽  
Yanling Wang ◽  
Jing Liu
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Stack Effect ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Air Infiltration ◽  
Current Guidance

A recent trend in China has seen super high-rise residential buildings spreading to severe cold regions. These buildings face tough challenges concerning building energy consumption and the thermal environment due to their stack effect. The stack effect is greatly influenced by air infiltration, but current guidance on component airtightness is often neither specific nor consistent for different buildings. This paper presents field measurements and numerical simulations of airtightness performance and stack pressure distribution for a a 106.7-m high-rise residential building in Harbin, Northeast China. An airtightness field test was performed using the fan pressurisation method, and measured values were utilised as the input data for predictions. The numerical analysis was implemented by applying CONTAMW, and the simulation results were compared to measurement data. The results demonstrated that the measured components were all leakier than the current standards allow. The greatest stack pressure difference on the ground floor reached 51.5 Pa, considered a severe stack effect. Furthermore, the influences of the location and airtightness of different staircase doorways on the stack effect were studied and analysed. This research assists in clarifying the significance of building airtightness in cold climates and in reducing the stack effect of high-rise buildings.

ISO/TS 20914:2019 – a critical commentary

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 1182-1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Farrance ◽  
Robert Frenkel ◽  
Tony Badrick
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Uncertainty ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
International Normalized Ratio ◽  
Medical Laboratory ◽  
Uncertainty In Measurement ◽  
Medical Laboratories ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Critical Commentary ◽  
Combined Uncertainty ◽  
Expression Of Uncertainty

AbstractThe long-anticipated ISO/TS 20914, Medical laboratories – Practical guidance for the estimation of measurement uncertainty, became publicly available in July 2019. This ISO document is intended as a guide for the practical application of estimating uncertainty in measurement (measurement uncertainty) in a medical laboratory. In some respects, the guide does indeed meet many of its stated objectives with numerous very detailed examples. Even though it is claimed that this ISO guide is based on the Evaluation of measurement data – Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM), JCGM 100:2008, it is with some concern that we believe several important statements and statistical procedures are incorrect, with others potentially misleading. The aim of this report is to highlight the major concerns which we have identified. In particular, we believe the following items require further comment: (1) The use of coefficient of variation and its potential for misuse requires clarification, (2) pooled variance and measurement uncertainty across changes in measuring conditions has been oversimplified and is potentially misleading, (3) uncertainty in the results of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) do not include all known uncertainties, (4) the international normalized ratio (INR) calculation is incorrect, (5) the treatment of bias uncertainty is considered problematic, (6) the rules for evaluating combined uncertainty in functional relationships are incomplete, and (7) specific concerns with some individual statements.

Detection and Analysis of Rats’ Bioelectromagnetic Signal

2014 ◽  
Vol 536-537 ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Hong Long Cao ◽  
Fen Ju Qin ◽  
Xue Guan Liu ◽  
He Ming Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Automatic System ◽  
Measurement Method ◽  
Measurement Accuracy ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Frequency Window ◽  
Window Effects

In this paper, we designed an automatic system and automatic test software, and they can carry out Kunming rats bioelectromagnetic measurement in standard status and anesthesia automatically in anechoic chamber where the electromagnetic field outside is shielded, the reflection wave is absorbed, and the measurement accuracy will be improved. We get a great number of measurement data with frequency-sweep measurement method. The mean and standard deviation of amplitudes vs. frequencies is calculated and analyzed. The results show the measurement method is feasible. We have plotted the means of measured data as multiple sets of Y values in a series of bars with standard deviations bars included and distributed in the frequency axis of X. It is found that the fluctuation of the mean and standard deviation in some frequencies is not evident which may explain frequency window effects, while in other frequencies, such a fluctuation can be obviously observed, which may suggest that bioelectromagnetic signal is influenced by biological activities (standard and anaesthesia status) in these frequency points.

scholarly journals Measurement experiences with FluxSet digital D/I station

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
László Hegymegi ◽  
János Szöllősy ◽  
Csaba Hegymegi ◽  
Ádám Domján
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Method ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Digital Form ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Inclination Angles ◽  
Flux Gate

Abstract. Geomagnetic observatories use classical theodolites equipped with single-axis flux-gate magnetometers known as declination–inclination magnetometers (DIM) to determine absolute values of declination and inclination angles. This instrument and the measurement method are very reliable but need a lot of handwork and experience. The authors developed and built a non-magnetic theodolite which gives all measurement data in digital form. Use of this instrument significantly decreases the possibility of observation errors and minimises handwork. The new instrument is presented in this paper together with first measurement results in comparison to the classical DIM.

Influence of Partial Admission on the Downstream Stages of a Reaction Turbine: An Analytical Approach Verified by Measurements

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Beer ◽  
Peter Hirsch
Keyword(s):  
Radial Direction ◽  
Averaging Method ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
Steam Turbines ◽  
Partial Admission ◽  
Control Wheel ◽  
Unsteady Effects ◽  
Inflow Conditions

Field measurements on an industrial steam turbine with a rated power output of 5.8 MW, consisting of an impulse type control wheel and a reaction part, showed a significant gap of efficiency from the design calulations. It was suspected, that this gap results from underestimation of the loss created by non-uniform inflow conditions to the reaction part due to partial admission. The experimental results and data of experiments done in the 1990s are therefore recalculated to find possible explanations. It turns out, that probably the data considered for verifcation is not complete. When taking the complete data into account, and using an averaging method, the verification calculations show, that the models used for design and recalculation of industrial steam turbines are accurate enough for industrial purposes, but a calculation model for efficiency loss due to partial admission has to be added. In this work non-uniformity between the flow passages was not observed for the test turbine. Non-uniformity of the flow in radial direction was observed for the test turbine, but was not taken into consideration here, as the whole rotor was treated integrally. Flow seperations as unsteady effects were not considered, as a steady-state investigation was conducted. The calculation models are verified by comparison with field measurement data from industrial steam turbines, by comparison with the results of a 9 MW steam driven test turbine and by recalculated results from literature. Not all verification calculations are presented in detail here.

scholarly journals Evaluation of single and multiple Doppler lidar techniques to measure complex flow during the XPIA field campaign

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditya Choukulkar ◽  
W. Alan Brewer ◽  
Scott P. Sandberg ◽  
Ann Weickmann ◽  
Timothy A. Bonin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Uncertainty ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Complex Flow ◽  
Field Campaign ◽  
Velocity Statistics ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Stable Conditions ◽  
Sonic Anemometers ◽  
Measurement Uncertainties

Abstract. Accurate three-dimensional information of wind flow fields can be an important tool in not only visualizing complex flow but also understanding the underlying physical processes and improving flow modeling. However, a thorough analysis of the measurement uncertainties is required to properly interpret results. The XPIA (eXperimental Planetary boundary layer Instrumentation Assessment) field campaign conducted at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory (BAO) in Erie, CO, from 2 March to 31 May 2015 brought together a large suite of in situ and remote sensing measurement platforms to evaluate complex flow measurement strategies. In this paper, measurement uncertainties for different single and multi-Doppler strategies using simple scan geometries (conical, vertical plane and staring) are investigated. The tradeoffs (such as time–space resolution vs. spatial coverage) among the different measurement techniques are evaluated using co-located measurements made near the BAO tower. Sensitivity of the single-/multi-Doppler measurement uncertainties to averaging period are investigated using the sonic anemometers installed on the BAO tower as the standard reference. Finally, the radiometer measurements are used to partition the measurement periods as a function of atmospheric stability to determine their effect on measurement uncertainty. It was found that with an increase in spatial coverage and measurement complexity, the uncertainty in the wind measurement also increased. For multi-Doppler techniques, the increase in uncertainty for temporally uncoordinated measurements is possibly due to requiring additional assumptions of stationarity along with horizontal homogeneity and less representative line-of-sight velocity statistics. It was also found that wind speed measurement uncertainty was lower during stable conditions compared to unstable conditions.

scholarly journals METHODUCAL APPROACH AND ASSESSMENT OF NOISE IMPACT OF RAIL TRANSPORT ON THE BASIS OF THE USE OF RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
pp. 675-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga I. Kopytenkova ◽  
D. E. Kurepin ◽  
K. B. Fridman ◽  
E. B. Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Values ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Traffic Noise ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Railway Transport ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Zone Of Influence

The paper presents the results of measurement, prediction and assessment of noise in the territory in the zone of the influence of the railway transport. The railway transport is established to be a source of excess acoustic impact on the environment within the area of sanitary break (100 m). The dependence of the change in noise levels from freight trains at a distance of 100 m from the source and up to 30 m from the ground surface was revealed. Equivalent sound levels in octave bands for the railway section of the model are calculated. Based on the results of field measurements and calculated data, the identification of indices of risk for adverse reactions in the population living in the zone of influence of the Railways was executed. The paper presents results of the calculation of the probability of occurrence of complaints on excessive noise and the likelihood of irritation at the noise, and the results of the calculation of risk indices of pathologies of the nervous and cardiovascular systems. The research made it possible to identify the regulatory documentation discrepancy in the definition of the health gap between the line source traffic noise and residential buildings. Field measurements and executed on their basis their modeling of the noise propagation (without obstacles) have shown that on the boundary of the regulatory sanitary protection zone (100m) in the congested section of the railway the noise level of 60-62 dBA is maintained. The risk of irritation to the noise and the likelihood of complaints is assessed as “acceptable”. The risk of pathology of the cardiovascular system is evaluated as “low”. At a distance of 50 m (65 dBA) with bearing in mind age-related changes after 70 years of exposure the risk reaches of extreme values - 0,935. Construction sites located less than 100 m from the railway were shown to fall into the zone of acoustic discomfort. There was substantiated the necessity of resolving differences in regulatory documentation by harmonizing sanitary and technical groups documents regulating methods of measurement, prediction and evaluation of sound levels on the territories in the zone of influence of the Railways.

Electrical impedance tomography in 3D flood embankments testing – elastic net approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 680-690
Author(s):  
Tomasz Rymarczyk ◽  
Edward Kozłowski ◽  
Grzegorz Kłosowski
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Impedance Tomography ◽  
Electrical Impedance ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Reconstruction Algorithm ◽  
Elastic Net ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Impedance Tomography ◽  
High Resolution Images

The article presents non-destructive testing based on electrical impedance tomography (EIT) for spatial (3D) monitoring of flood embankments. Therefore, to solve the inverse problem of the EIT, an effective algorithm based on multiple elastic nets has been developed. The originality of the solution is based on the application of many elastic net algorithms as functions, each of which, based on the vector of all measurements, generates the value of a single pixel for the reconstructed image. In this way, the set of elastic nets is equal to the resolution of the image output. Such an approach, although requiring more computing power, yields high resolution images. In addition, the presented algorithms are characterized by high noise immunity and distortion of measurement data. Five different electrode systems were tested in the samples and compared with each other in two measurement variants (stimulations). A reconstruction made on the basis of actual measurements obtained from the physical model was also presented. The presented solution provides a visual analysis of seepages and leaks, which allows for quick and effective intervention and possible prevention of dangers. The research proved that the use of tomographic measurement techniques in combination with the image reconstruction algorithm based on elastic net allows for non-invasive and very accurate spatial assessment of leaks and damages of flood embankments. The received results confirm the effectiveness of the presented research.

scholarly journals Fine dust atmospheric pollution from the objects of infill construction

2019 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 01020
Author(s):  
Svetlana Manzhilevskaya ◽  
Alexei Lihonosov ◽  
Lubov Petrenko
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Dynamic State ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Construction Site ◽  
Fine Dust ◽  
Protective Measures

Air pollution emissions are released from both natural and anthropogenic sources. During the environment pollution researching and monitoring the special attention should be paid to the construction operations, since during the construction processes many pollutants are released, especially fine dust particles, which are harmful to the health of construction workers and the population living near the construction site. The construction of any object in urban terrain has bad influence not only on the nearby buildings and city infrastructure, but on the existing environment of urban areas. The identification of the important pollution sources that contribute to ambient concentrations of pollutants is essential for developing an effective air quality management plan during building construction. Particular attention should be paid to emissions of fine particles during technological processes of construction with a special degree of dust emission. Control and regulation of the dynamic state of dispersed systems released during technological construction processes using a number of protective measures will reduce emissions of pollutants into the air. The objects of this research were the construction site and residential buildings of a large residential complex «Ekaterininskiy» located in Rostov-on-Don. The obtained measurement data as a result of this type of environmental monitoring showed the level of atmospheric air pollution from the construction industry using the example of the construction of the residential complex “Ekaterininskiy” in Rostov-onDon. After analyzing the situation with dust pollution the protective measures were suggested.

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