C-V2X Centralized Resource Allocation with Spectrum Re-Partitioning in Highway Scenario

Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything communication is an important scenario of 5G technologies. Modes 3 and 4 of the wireless systems introduced in Release 14 of 3GPP standards are intended to support vehicular communication with and without cellular infrastructure. In the case of Mode 3, dynamic resource selection and semi-persistent resource scheduling algorithms result in a signalling cost problem between vehicles and infrastructure, therefore, we propose a means to decrease it. This paper employs Re-selection Counter in centralized resource allocation as a decremental counter of new resource requests. Furthermore, two new spectrum re-partitioning and frequency reuse techniques in Roadside Units (RSUs) are considered to avoid resource collisions and diminish high interference impact via increasing the frequency reuse distance. The two techniques, full and partial frequency reuse, partition the bandwidth into two sub-bands. Two adjacent RSUs apply these sub-bands with the Full Frequency Reuse (FFR) technique. In the Partial Frequency Reuse (PFR) technique, the sub-bands are further re-partitioned among vehicles located in the central and edge parts of the RSU coverage. The sub-bands assignment in the nearest RSUs using the same sub-bands is inverted concerning the current RSU to increase the frequency reuse distance. The PFR technique shows promising results compared with the FFR technique. Both techniques are compared with the single band system for different vehicle densities.

Role of 5G Communication Along With Blockchain Security in Brain-Computer Interfacing

The electroencephalogram is used in brain-computer interface (BCI) in which signal from the human brain is sensed with the help of EEG and then sent to the computer to control the external device without having any touch of muscular body parts. On the other hand, the brain chip interfacing (BCHIs) is a microelectronic chip that has physical connections with the neurons for the transfer of information. The BCI needs a reliable, high-speed network and new security tool that can assist BCI technology. 5G network and blockchain technology is ideal to support the growing needs of brain chip interfacing. Further, the Cloudmind, which is an emerging application of BCI, can be conceptualized by using blockchain technology. In this chapter, brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are expedient to bridge the connectivity chasm between human and machine (computer) systems via 5G technologies, which offers minimal latency, faster speeds, and stronger bandwidth connectivity with strong cryptographic qualities of blockchain technologies.

Instant Messaging and Other Mobile Technologies to Subvert Voice Dispossession Among Underrepresented Online Doctoral Students

Current research trends, insights, and recommendations for use of mobile technologies in the advent of 5G technologies continue as technologies are adopted and employed within online learning environments. This chapter considers the higher education literature specific to the synchronous communications available via ubiquitous mobile devices and the pedagogical implications these mobile technologies create in the context of online doctoral education. Mobile instant messaging, mobile learning, and other mobile applications are considered to foster engagement of both doctoral faculty and doctoral students. While these mobile technologies may foster engagement and disrupt voice dispossession among underrepresented doctoral students, the research into this specific demographic and the social-relational aspects of synchronous communications within mobile learning remains limited. Continued research into the use of synchronous communications for underrepresented online doctoral students to prevent attributional accommodation and nonuse is needed.

Hygienic characteristic of the electromagnetic situation created by the electromagnetic radiation of the antennas of mobile base stations in Cherkasy region before and after the introduction of 4G technology

This work is part of our researches to study the distribution of electromagnetic radiation from mobile base stations in populated areas. The aim of this work was to study and analyze the electromagnetic situation before and after the introduction of fourth generation 4G technology at mobile base stations. We analyzed the maximum and average levels of electromagnetic radiation from mobile base stations located in Cherkasy region. The electromagnetic situation was studied both in urban areas and in rural areas. It was found that after the introduction of the fourth generation 4G technology at the mobile base stations, the levels of electromagnetic radiation in Cherkasy region increased significantly. The median of maximum levels of electromagnetic radiation increased by 155.6% (in particular, in urban areas by 194.1%), and the median of average levels - by 75.2% (in particular, in urban areas by 141.1%). No significant changes in electromagnetic radiation levels were detected before and after the modernization of mobile base stations in rural areas. It has been proven that there are no prerequisites for increasing the maximum permissible level to 100 μW/cm2 when implementing 4G and 5G technologies at mobile base stations.

Trends in Standardization Towards 6G

Mobile networks have always been an indispensable part of a fully connected digital society. The industry and academia have joined hands to develop technologies for the anticipated future wireless communication. The predicted Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and use cases for the 6G networks have raised the bar high. 6G networks are developing to provide the required infrastructure for many new devices and services. The 6G networks are conceptualized to partially inherit 5G technologies and standards but they will open the ground for innovations. This study provides the vision and requirements for beyond 5G (B5G) networks and emphasizes our vision on the required standards to reach a fully functional and interoperable 6G era in general. We highlight various KPIs and enabling technologies for the B5G networks. In addition, standardization activities and initiatives concerning challenges in the use of spectrum are discussed in detail.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF FILTER BANK MULTI-CARRIER MODULATION IN MULTIPATH FADING CHANNELS

Filter Bank Multi-Carrier (FBMC) modulation is one of the most significant enablers for future 5G technologies. It is a modulation technique for resolving inter-carrier and inter-symbol interference using two possible methods: Frequency Spreading (FS) and Poly Phase (PP) implementation. Cyclic prefixes are used in OFDM for signal robustness, but they have some disadvantages in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. FBMC is used to solve the disadvantages of OFDM and save a bandwidth. In this paper, performance comparisons in terms of symbol error rate between OFDM and FBMC systems in AWGN and multipath fading channels are presented. The obtained results show that FBMC over performs OFDM in multipath fading channels and the improvement margin is increased as the number of subcarriers decreased.

Optimal Characterization of 28 GHz Bowtie Antenna for 5G Applications

Here, the selection of the design parameters of the bowtie patch antenna (BPA) for 5G applications is presented as a multidimensional, multi-purpose design optimization problem. The operating frequency of the proposed antenna is 28 GHz, which is the standard for millimeter waveband and 5G technologies. In order to overcome this difficult design optimization, a new, fast and powerful optimization algorithm was used by modified the non-dominant sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA)-III and optimal characterization of the microwave antenna design was obtained. It is assumed that the optimal characterization gives the best solution for the determined cost function, among the possible solutions within the specified range. The superiority of the proposed method has been proven by comparing it with similar types of algorithm. The antennas in the results found have good performance operating at 28 GHz, with a return loss of up to –49 dB, a gain of around 1.96 dB, good directivity, and the radiation pattern of the proposed antenna has a good match over the required frequency. Therefore, the proposed design can be used in 5G devices. As a whole, the proposed design optimization process is an efficient, fast and reliable solution for all antenna design problems.

The New Era of Business Digitization through the Implementation of 5G Technology in Romania

The main objective of the present research is to identify the advantages and benefits that the use and implementation of 5G technology has on the development and evolution of the Romanian business environment. The study is based on a theoretical documentation regarding existing information in the field and a descriptive analysis of the evolution of the technology in Romania and worldwide. The research method chosen is a survey based on an opinion poll (questionnaire) to find out the availability of economic entities regarding the implementation of 5G technologies, the foreseen expectations and those realized by the business environment regarding the effects of 5G technologies on the economic activities and the benefits that 5G networks offer them. The analysis of the results of the questionnaire, through the correlations and contingency tables determined, allowed the validation of the research hypotheses, and the results show availability and interest for the implementation of 5G technology (over 69% agree with the 5G implementation over a period of up to 5 years), conditioned by the costs, the high degree of cyber security, and the competitive advantages it can generate. Competition, low productivity, and even external pressures are the main decisive factors in the implementation of 5G. Thus, it can be considered useful to extend the research by identifying possible viable solutions or alternatives, customized for the implementation of 5G technologies for economic entities from different sectors, as well as the analysis of the implementation costs and the potential economic benefits.