scholarly journals RESEARCH INTO SMELL EMITTED BY CONTAINERS FOR PUBLIC WASTE / KONTEINERIUOSE SURENKAMŲ BUITINIŲ ATLIEKŲ SKLEIDŽIAMO KVAPO TYRIMAI

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadas Lukauskas ◽  
Eglė Zuokaitė
Keyword(s):  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Geometric Parameters ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Domestic Activities

Waste is generally accepted as any materials and objects that a holder discards, wants to discard or is required to be discarded. The article deals with the smell of prefabricated containers for household waste produced under normal domestic activities. The paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of open, shallow and underground Molok containers, installation options and geometric parameters. Research has been conducted referring to air samples taken from three open, three shallow and three underground Molok containers at an outside temperature of 0 °C and depending on the replenishment of containers. The performed analysis has shown that the strongest smell of household waste is detected from completely replenished containers. Open containers have a distinctive feature of releasing a strong smell - in one of those, the odour strength of 119 OUE/m3 has been determined. Santrauka Atliekos visuotinai suprantamos kaip bet kokios medžiagos ir daiktai, kurių turėtojas atsikrato, nori ar privalo atsikratyti. Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas konteineriuose surenkamų buitinių atliekų, susidarančių įprastinėje žmogaus buitinėje veikloje, skleidžiamas kvapas. Aptariami atvirųjų, šachtinių ir požeminių Molok konteinerių privalumai ir trūkumai, įrengimo galimybės, geometriniai parametrai. Tyrimo metu esant 0 °C aplinkos temperatūrai oro mėginiai imti iš trijų atvirųjų buitinių atliekų konteinerių, trijų šachtinio tipo konteinerių ir trijų požeminių Molok konteinerių, atsižvelgiant į konteinerių buitinių atliekų pripildymo būdą. Tyrimais nustatyta, jog stipriausias buitinių atliekų kvapas susidaro konteineriuose, esant visiškam buitinių atliekų pripildymui. Buitinių atliekų skleidžiamo kvapo stiprumu išsiskiria atvirojo tipo konteineriai, iš kurių viename nustatytas net 119 OUE/m3 kvapo stiprumas.

scholarly journals Investigation of a Turbogenerator Based on the Vortex Expansion Machine with a Peripheral Side Channel

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. F11-F18
Author(s):  
S.M. Vaneev ◽  
V.S. Martsynkovskyy ◽  
A. Kulikov ◽  
D.V. Miroshnichenko ◽  
Ya.І. Bilyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Geometric Parameters ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Lateral Channel ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Flow Part ◽  
Special Stand ◽  
Constant Improvement

The creation of energy-saving turbogenerators is an essential component of the development of small energy systems. The gradual growth of interest in distributed electricity generation necessitates the constant improvement of these units. Moreover, they implement a more environmentally friendly generation method than when using microturbine units that use fuel to carry out the work process. Nowadays, turbogenerators are created based on different types of expansion machines, which have their advantages and disadvantages, given in this article. Compared to competitors, vortex expansion machines have good prospects and the necessary potential to expand their research and produce turbogenerators. An experimental vortex expansion machine with a peripheral-lateral channel and ability to change the geometric parameters of its flowing part was created to meet these needs. Experimental studies of the machine were performed on a special stand with air as a working fluid. As a result of the tests, the data were successfully obtained and processed. They are presented in the form of tables and graphical dependencies. The nature of the influence of thermodynamic parameters and geometric parameters of the flow part on the efficiency of the vortex expansion machine and turbogenerator based on it to further improve and create new turbogenerators is clarified.

scholarly journals High-temperature processing of municipal solid waste

2019 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 01006
Author(s):  
Olga Barysheva ◽  
Yuri Khabibullin ◽  
Aida Mukhametzianova
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
High Temperature Processing

At present, processing and recycling of municipal solid waste (MSW) has become more relevant in our country and the world at large. This problem concerns large towns and cities, where every year millions of tons of all kinds of fractions of household waste are produced. Disposal or recycling of solid waste is an environmental issue, but it is associated with the solution of complex technical, energy and economic challenges. The purpose of this study is to identify the advantages and disadvantages of modern methods of processing and disposal of MSW with the prospect of developing and creating a device for recycling MSW taking into account modern approaches to energy saving and environmental protection. The main results of the study are to create a simple, reliable and technically sound method of MSW disposal to obtain additional energy. The significance of the results obtained for the construction industry is the design of a device for the disposal of solid waste with the production of solid combustion products and further their use as building materials and products for various purposes. Because of the technological process of MSW processing, it becomes possible to generate some returns through use of resulting thermal energy for electricity production.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF METHODS FOR SETTING THE RAILWAY TRACK IN THE DESIGN POSITION

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 119-129
Author(s):  
Sergey A. Komyagin
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Parameters ◽  
Smoothing Method ◽  
Railway Track ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

The article discusses the main approaches to the aligment of the railway track during repairs and the current maintenance of the track. The principle of smoothing the path using the smoothing method is described, as well as the disadvantages of this method that affect the further operation of the path. The problem of setting the railway track in the design position are identified. The necessity of matching the geometric parameters of the path to the design data is shown. The existing foreign and domestic track alignment systems are presented. Their principle of operation when setting the path to the design position is described. The advantages and disadvantages, if existing methods and systems for railway track alignment are revealed, as well as the possibility of using these systems within the approved existing technology of railway track repair.

scholarly journals Estimation of the residual resource of wooden structures by changing geometric parameters of the cross-section

2021 ◽  
Vol 244 ◽  
pp. 04010
Author(s):  
Dmitry Korolkov ◽  
Marina Gravit ◽  
Maxim Aleksandrovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Service Life ◽  
General Formula ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Axial Force ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Geometric Parameters ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Wooden Structures

In this article, the authors propose a method for assessing the residual resource by changing the geometric parameters of wooden structures. A general formula for estimating the maximum service life is presented. Then a number of special cases are considered when calculating the ultimate service life for the first group of limiting states. As a result, formulas were derived for calculating the ultimate service life for various design cases: centrally tensioned, centrally compressed, bending members, members subject to an axial force with bending. The author considered the determination of the rate of change in geometric parameters at the macrolevel (visually observed changes) and microscopic (microcracks, breaks of bonds between atoms). Formulas for determining the rate of change of geometric parameters at the macro and micro levels are proposed. The advantages and disadvantages of this method are presented. The scope of its application is indicated.

scholarly journals Teams Games Tournament (TGT): memadukan unsur competitive dan cooperative dalam rangka peningkatan kualitas pembelajaran PKn

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suyato Suyato
Keyword(s):  
Student Achievement ◽  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Instructional Effectiveness ◽  
Instructional Activity ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Competitive Model ◽  
Team Game

Many researches has been done in searching the advantages and disadvantages, both Cooperative and Competitive model of teaching, each of them has marry advantages. Accordingly, the rest task of teachers is to take the advantages and eliminate its disadvantages. This article tries to propose Team Game Tournament as a means in integrating cooperative and competitive aspects of instructional activity. With its distinctive feature, TGT can combines both cooperative and competitive spirits of student as a result, hopefully, student' achievement will increase. Implementation of TGT in some right occasion is one of means in increasing instructional effectiveness.

scholarly journals Estimation of the residual resource of wooden structures by the changes of the cross section geometric parameters

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
D. I. Korolkov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Formula ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Geometric Parameters ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Micro Cracks ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Wooden Structures

In this article, the author proposes a method for assessing the residual resource of wooden structures by changes taking place in their geometric parameters. A general formula for estimating the service limit of the wooden structures is presented. Then, a number of special cases are considered when calculating the service limit for the first group of limiting states. As a result, formulas have been derived for calculating the service limit for various design cases, namely, centrally tensioned, centrally compressed members, members under bending, members subjected to the axial force with bending. The author considers the determination of the rate of geometric parameters change at the macro-level (visually observed changes) and micro-level (micro-cracks, breaks of bonds between atoms). Formulas for determining the rate of change of geometric parameters at the macro and micro levels are proposed. The advantages and disadvantages of this method are highlighted, and the scope of its application is indicated.

scholarly journals Optical telescope with 3.75 ◦ field of view and pre-aperture slewing mirror with observation area of 50 ◦ ×120 ◦ for the system of observation of day time asteroids (the SODA project)

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-67
Author(s):  
А.С. Шугаров ◽  
В.Е. Шмагин ◽  
А.И. Буслаева ◽  
Б.М. Шустов
Keyword(s):  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Optical Scheme ◽  
Space System ◽  
Optical Telescope ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Observation Area ◽  
Flat Mirror ◽  
Small Pixel

В работе предложена оптическая схема широкоугольного телескопа с полем зрения 3.75 ◦ и апертурой 30 см для космической системы обнаружения декаметровых астероидов (проект СОДА). Основная отличительная особенность телескопа - наличие предапертурного плоского зеркала, обеспечивающего область наведения 50 ◦ × 120 ◦ , время перенаведения между соседними площадками составит не более 3 с. Предложен современный КМОП детектор с мелким пикселем. В работе представлены области обзора телескопов проекта СОДА из точки Лагранжа L 1 при использовании двух, трех и четырех телескопов, кратко обсуждены преимущества и недостатки каждого из вариантов. We propose an optical scheme of a telescope with a field of view of 3.75 ◦ and 30 cm aperture for the space system for observation of decameter size asteroids (the SODA project). The main distinctive feature of this telescope is a pre-aperture flat mirror that provides an observation area of 50 ◦ ×120 ◦ and a repointing time between the adjacent fields of less than 3 s. A modern CMOS detector with a small pixel is proposed. Observable sky area when using 2, 3 and 4 telescopes are described. The advantages and disadvantages of each option are briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of methods for calibration of aShack-Hartmann wavefront sensor

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-163
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Geometric Parameters ◽  
Wavefront Sensor ◽  
Absolute Calibration ◽  
Numerical Comparison ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Calibration Methods ◽  
Plane Wavefront ◽  
Spherical Wavefront

This paper is devoted to a comparative analysis of the methods for calibrating the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor: on the plane wavefront (calibration by turning the sensor) and spherical wavefront (absolute calibration). For comparison, a gen-eral analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of calibration methods was carried out, including the creation of a reference wavefront and the determination of the ex-act geometric parameters of the sensor. The geometric parameters of the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor are used in the reconstruction of the measured wave-front and determine such parameters of the Shack-Hartmann sensor as the dynamic range and sensitivity. Also, for numerical comparison, an analysis of the errors of the dynamic range, determined by aberrations such as tilt and defocus, was carried out, and the dependences of these errors on the error of the geometric parameters of the sensor were constructed.

scholarly journals Products’ composition of food waste low-temperature slow pyrolysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 00023
Author(s):  
Dina Czajczyńska ◽  
Darem Ahmad ◽  
Renata KrzyŻyńska ◽  
Hussam Jouhara ◽  
Piotr Rutkowski
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Waste Generation ◽  
Material Recovery ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Detailed Chemical

Food waste generation is one of the most crucial problems of our constantly developing world. There are several common methods of its treatment, however each one has its own advantages and disadvantages. Pyrolysis attracting attention in this field since a long time, because it allows to utilize this valuable resource with energy and material recovery. Moreover, the environmental impact of the process is relatively low. In this paper, products of low temperature household waste pyrolysis underwent a detailed chemical analysis. Liquid and solid residues was examined. Composition and concentration of particular compounds and elements indicates presence of long chain alkane, alkene and carboxylic acid molecules together with small amounts of aromatics within the bio-oil samples. The presence of heavy metals in residues was detected, too. Since the products are usually described as non-toxic, the idea of waste’ low-temperature thermal treating in household was analyzed. In general, examined residues from the process are safe for the environment, thus pyrolysis can be considered as a legitimate mechanism to treat kitchen waste combined with energy recovery for homes.

Cryogenic atomic force microscopy

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 54-55
Author(s):  
K. A. Fisher ◽  
M. G. L. Gustafsson ◽  
M. B. Shattuck ◽  
J. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Rapid Freezing ◽  
Cryogenic Temperatures ◽  
Soft Or ◽  
Electrically Conductive ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Flexible Molecules ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Chemical Perturbation

The atomic force microscope (AFM) is capable of imaging electrically conductive and non-conductive surfaces at atomic resolution. When used to image biological samples, however, lateral resolution is often limited to nanometer levels, due primarily to AFM tip/sample interactions. Several approaches to immobilize and stabilize soft or flexible molecules for AFM have been examined, notably, tethering coating, and freezing. Although each approach has its advantages and disadvantages, rapid freezing techniques have the special advantage of avoiding chemical perturbation, and minimizing physical disruption of the sample. Scanning with an AFM at cryogenic temperatures has the potential to image frozen biomolecules at high resolution. We have constructed a force microscope capable of operating immersed in liquid n-pentane and have tested its performance at room temperature with carbon and metal-coated samples, and at 143° K with uncoated ferritin and purple membrane (PM).

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