scholarly journals THE COMPARISON OF THE EN-ROUTE HORIZONTAL FLIGHT TRAJECTORY COMPONENTS / HORIZONTALIŲ MARŠRUTINIŲ SKRYDŽIŲ TRAJEKTORIJOS KOMPONENTŲ PALYGINIMAS

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 577-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anrieta Dudoit ◽  
Jonas Stankūnas
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Flight Time ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Flight Trajectory ◽  
Route Network ◽  
Fuel Burn ◽  
Horizontal Flight ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Navigation Service

EUROCONTROL aims at improving the design and use of the European routes. Inefficiencies in the design of airspace and use of the air route network are considered to be a major causal factor of flight inefficiencies in Europe. The European ATM system is the sum total of a large number of separate Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSP) whereas the US system is operated by a single ANSP. Airspace fragmentation following National Borders makes flight routes inefficient due to non requested air routes, flight time, excessive fuel burn, CO and NOx emissions. That is the reason why airspace and the fixed route network should be reorganised to satisfy airspace operator needs and maintain required safety levels.The focus of the paper is to show the differences between planned flights and actual trajectories in terms of flight distance, duration and fuel burn. In connection with this, an overview of these indicators in Europe and the USA was made. EUROCONTROL siekia pagerinti Europos maršrutų planus ir jų naudojimą. Neefektyvus oro erdvės planų ir oro maršrutinio tinklo naudojimas laikomas viena pagrindinių Europos skrydžių neefektyvumo priežasčių. Europos oro eismo valdymo (angl. ATM) sistema sudaryta iš daugelio atskirų oro navigacijos paslaugų teikėjų (angl. ANSP), o JAV sistema valdoma vieno oro navigacijos paslaugų teikėjo. Oro erdvės susiskirstymas pagal valstybių ribas daro skrydžio maršrutus neefektyvius dėl nepareikalautų oro maršrutų, skrydžio laiko, per didelio kuro sunaudojimo, CO ir NOx išsiskyrimo. Štai kodėl reikėtų pertvarkyti oro erdvę ir fiksuotų maršrutų tinklą, norint patenkinti oro erdvės operatorių poreikius ir išlaikyti reikalingą saugumo lygį. Šio straipsnio tikslas – parodyti skirtumus tarp suplanuotų skrydžių ir realių trajektorijų, įvertinant skrydžio atstumą, trukmę ir kuro sunaudojimą. Be to, buvo padaryta šių rodiklių apžvalga Europos ir JAV mastu.

scholarly journals FLIGHT TRAJECTORIES COMPARISON IN THE BALTIC FAB / BALTIJOS FUNKCINIO ORO ERDVĖS BLOKO SKRYDŽIŲ TRAJEKTORIJŲ PALYGINIMAS

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (0) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Anrieta Dudoit ◽  
Jonas Stankūnas
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Great Circle ◽  
Flight Distance ◽  
Optimal Trajectories ◽  
Entry And Exit ◽  
Fuel Burn ◽  
The Us ◽  
Navigation Service ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
National Borders

Aviation is one of the types of transport which has a crucial role in the modern world and develops with unprecedent speed. As the number of flights tends to increase, the Air Traffic Management (ATM) system has to ensure the safety of these flights and effectiveness of them. The design and use of the European routes and use of the air route network are considered to be a major causal factor of flight inefficiencies in the continent. The present ATM system needs to be reorganised to satisfy airspace operator needs and maintain safety levels, because of the recent and future predicted traffic growth and not always satisfactory indicators of the efficiency of the ATM system.The airspace is currently fragmented along national borders that is why the efficiency of flights is not assured i.e. to perform flights along optimal trajectories avoiding delays, excessive fuel burn and emissions. One of the conditions for ATM system to be more effective is connection of the airspace blocks, into Functional Airspace Blocks (FAB), within which more efficient flight could be conducted based on more direct routes connecting entry and exit points of the FAB. According to the analysis on European and US ATM systems, where the European ATM system is the sum total of a large number of separate Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSP) whereas the US system is operated by a single ANSP, it was analysed and stated that the less fragmentation there is, the more efficient flights are.The focus of this paper is to show the differences between fixed routes and direct trajectories (Great Circle) in the Baltic FAB in terms of flight distance, fuel burn and emission. The airspace is currently fragmented along national borders that is why the efficiency of flights is not assured i.e. to perform flights along optimal trajectories avoiding delays, excessive fuel burn and emissions. One of the conditions for ATM system to be more effective is connection of the airspace blocks, into Functional Airspace Blocks (FAB), within which more efficient flight could be conducted based on more direct routes connecting entry and exit points of the FAB. According to the analysis on European and US ATM systems, where the European ATM system is the sum total of a large number of separate Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSP) whereas the US system is operated by a single ANSP, it was analysed and stated that the less fragmentation there is, the more efficient flights are. The focus of this paper is to show the differences between fixed routes and direct trajectories (Great Circle) in the Baltic FAB in terms of flight distance, fuel burn and emission. Santrauka Aviacija – viena iš greitai augančių transporto šakų, kuri yra svarbi šiuolaikiniame moderniajame pasaulyje. Kadangi skrydžių nuolatos daugėja, oro eismo valdymo (OEV) sistema turi užtikrinti skrydžių saugą ir efektyvumą. Europos oro maršrutų išdėstymas ir naudojimas laikomi svarbiausiais skrydžių neefektyvumo veiksniais žemyne. Dėl esamo ir numatomo oro eismo augimo ir ne visados patenkinamų OEV sistemos efektyvumo rodiklių esama OEV sistema turi būti reorganizuota, siekiant užtikrinti oro erdvės naudotojų poreikius ir palaikyti reikalingą saugos lygį.Šiuo metu oro erdvė yra sudalyta pagal kiekvienos šalies valstybines ribas, dėl to skrydžių efektyvumas nėra optimalus, t. y. atliekami skrydžiai nevykdomi pagal optimalias trajektorijas vengiant užlaikymų, mažinant naudojamo kuro sąnaudas ir emisijas. Viena sąlyga, siekiant OEV sistemą padaryti efektyvesnę, – sujungti oro erdvės blokus į funkcinius oro erdvės blokus (FOEB), kur skrydžiai būtų vykdomi tiesesniais maršrutais tarp įskridimo ir išskridimo į FOEB taškų.Atlikus Europos OEV ir JAV sistemų analizę matyti, kad Europos OEV sistema susideda iš daugybės atskirtų oro navigacijos paslaugų teikėjų, o JAV sistemą valdo vienas oro navigacijos paslaugų teikėjas. Konstatuota, kad ten, kur fragmentacija mažesnė, skrydžių efektyvumas didesnis.Straipsnio tikslas – parodyti skirtumus tarp fiksuotųjų ir laisvųjų maršrutų Baltijos funkciniame oro erdvės bloke skrydžių atstumo, sunaudojamo kuro ir emisijų faktoriais.

Regulating Internet Content through Intermediaries in Europe and the USA

2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoît Frydman ◽  
Isabelle Rorive
Keyword(s):  
Free Speech ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Controversial Issue ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Internet Service ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Domestic Law ◽  
Content Regulation

SummaryThis paper emphasises the key role played by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in the current developments in Internet content regulation. At present, no common international standards govern free speech limits on the Internet. Racist speech constitutes the most controversial issue between Europe and the US. The enforcement of domestic law online has recently led to surprising court rulings in several European countries, putting transatlantic ISPs under pressure. The paper provides a detailed account of three of these cases: the early German Compuserve case, the famous French Yahoo! case and most recently the French J’accuse! case. Both European and American legislators have endeavoured to provide ISPs with “safe havens” (limitations of liability) and tentative procedural solutions like “notice and take down”. These new regimes and their likely effects on ISPs are presented and discussed. It is suggested that, despite the lack of common standards, the combination of the American and the European provisions would strongly incite transatlantic ISPs to take down racist material This, however, also risks affecting other controversial data, otherwise subject to free speech protection. The danger of a massive scheme for private censorship is compelling.

Horizontal flight trajectories optimisation for commercial aircraft through a flight management system

2014 ◽  
Vol 118 (1210) ◽  
pp. 1499-1518 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Félix Patrón ◽  
A. Kessaci ◽  
R. M. Botez
Keyword(s):  
Management System ◽  
Flight Time ◽  
Flight Performance ◽  
Fuel Reduction ◽  
Commercial Aircraft ◽  
Aircraft Emissions ◽  
Fuel Burn ◽  
Horizontal Flight ◽  
Flight Trajectories ◽  
The Impact

Abstract To reduce aircraft emissions to the atmosphere, the fuel burn from aircraft has to be reduced. For long flights, the cruise is the phase where the most significant reduction can be obtained. A new horizontal profile optimisation methodology to achieve lower emissions is described in this article. The impact of wind during a flight can reduce the flight time, either by taking advantage of tailwinds or by avoiding headwinds. A set of alternative trajectories are evaluated to determine the quickest flight time, and therefore, the lowest fuel burn. To determine the expected amount of fuel reduction, the performance databases used on actual FMS devices, were used. These databases represent the flight performance of commercial aircraft.

scholarly journals Horizontal flight trajectory optimization considering RTA constraints

2020 ◽  
Vol 314 ◽  
pp. 02002
Author(s):  
Alejandro Murrieta-Mendoza ◽  
Hugo Ruiz ◽  
Ruxandra Mihaela Botez
Keyword(s):  
Trajectory Optimization ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Time Of Arrival ◽  
Reference Trajectory ◽  
Flight Trajectory ◽  
Fuel Burn ◽  
Horizontal Flight ◽  
Particle Swarm Optimization Technique ◽  
Aeronautical Industry

The increasing of flights around the world has led to various problems for the aeronautical industry such as saturated air space and higher levels of fossil fuel consumption. The way in which en-route flights are handled should be improved in order to increase airways’ capacity. A solution is to make aircraft to arrive at specific waypoints at a time constraint called Required Time of Arrival (RTA). Fossil fuel brings as a consequence the release of polluting particles to the atmosphere such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides. It is thus desirable to compute the most economical trajectory in terms of fuel burn while fulfilling the RTA constraint. This article proposes a horizontal reference trajectory optimization algorithm based on the Particle Swarm Optimization technique in order to reduce fuel burn while fulfilling the RTA constraint. Results showed that for a flight without RTA constraint, up to 4% of fuel can be saved comparing against the trajectory of reference. The algorithm was normally able to meet the RTA constrain. However, aggressive RTA constraints might reduce the optimization levels of fuel compared with flights without RTA constraint.

Liability of Hosting Provider with Regard to Open Libraries

2011 ◽  
pp. 430-446
Author(s):  
Thanos K. Tsingos
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Copyright Infringement ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
User Generated Content ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Internet Service ◽  
The Us ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Eu

Internet allows free access of information to anyone, without any particular quantitative, temporal or geographical restriction. At the same time, the use of Web 2.0 technologies allows users to offer their personal contributions in order to enrich projects, such as the renowned “open libraries’” project. However, the emergence of “open libraries’, which is much related to the concept of the so called “User Generated content”, may give rise to several types of copyright infringement by reason of impairing one or more of the original author’s exclusive rights. In addition, Internet Service Providers may facilitate users’ infringing activities by offering either a mere access to the net or by providing them with hosting services for various actions to take place that may be properly characterized as copyright infringements by the applicable copyright law. In the abovementioned context, this chapter examines the issue of whether an Internet Hosting provider could be held liable for copyright infringement in terms of any content originated by the user, especially in relation to an open library, by offering a deeper understanding on the rules governing ISP’s liability in the USA and the EU. The author attempts to describe the main recent developments taken place in this area of law and conclude on the most important differences between the US and the EU legal order.

Measurement Invariance of a Universal Behavioral Screener Across Samples From the USA and Germany

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gino Casale ◽  
Robert J. Volpe ◽  
Brian Daniels ◽  
Thomas Hennemann ◽  
Amy M. Briesch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Student Behavior ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison ◽  
School Based ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Universal Screener ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa

Abstract. The current study examines the item and scalar equivalence of an abbreviated school-based universal screener that was cross-culturally translated and adapted from English into German. The instrument was designed to assess student behavior problems that impact classroom learning. Participants were 1,346 K-6 grade students from the US (n = 390, Mage = 9.23, 38.5% female) and Germany (n = 956, Mage = 8.04, 40.1% female). Measurement invariance was tested by multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) across students from the US and Germany. Results support full scalar invariance between students from the US and Germany (df = 266, χ2 = 790.141, Δχ2 = 6.9, p < .001, CFI = 0.976, ΔCFI = 0.000, RMSEA = 0.052, ΔRMSEA = −0.003) indicating that the factor structure, the factor loadings, and the item thresholds are comparable across samples. This finding implies that a full cross-cultural comparison including latent factor means and structural coefficients between the US and the German version of the abbreviated screener is possible. Therefore, the tool can be used in German schools as well as for cross-cultural research purposes between the US and Germany.

Got the Results, Now What Do You Do?

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela Heese
Keyword(s):  
Safety Culture ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Driving Safety ◽  
Critical Success ◽  
Culture Transformation ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Air Navigation Services ◽  
Navigation Service

Members of the Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation have committed themselves to measure and improve safety culture within their organizations by 2013 ( CANSO, 2010 ). This paper attempts to offer support to air navigation service providers that have already implemented a standardized safety culture survey approach, in the process of transforming their safety culture based on existing survey results. First, an overview of the state of the art with respect to safety culture is presented. Then the application of the CANSO safety culture model from theory into practice is demonstrated based on four selected case studies. Finally, a summary of practical examples for driving safety culture change is provided, and critical success factors supporting the safety culture transformation process are discussed.

Sanctions of the USA and the Policy of Bank of Russia:double Blow to the National Economy

2014 ◽  
pp. 13-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Glazyev
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Economic Sanctions ◽  
Capital Flight ◽  
Practical Advice ◽  
The Us ◽  
Monetary Authorities ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Simultaneous Adoption ◽  
The Eu

This article examines fundamental questions of monetary policy in the context of challenges to the national security of Russia in connection with the imposition of economic sanctions by the US and the EU. It is proved that the policy of the Russian monetary authorities, particularly the Central Bank, artificially limiting the money supply in the domestic market and pandering to the export of capital, compounds the effects of economic sanctions and plunges the economy into depression. The article presents practical advice on the transition from external to domestic sources of long-term credit with the simultaneous adoption of measures to prevent capital flight.

Possibility of Using in Russia the Experience of LED Lighting Application at the USA Airfields

2019 ◽  
pp. 71-77
Author(s):  
Vladimir V. Vorozhikhin ◽  
Eugenia L. Moreva ◽  
Vladimir G. Starovoytov ◽  
Igor G. Tyutyunnik
Keyword(s):  
Air Transportation ◽  
Improve Quality ◽  
Led Lighting ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Quality And Reliability ◽  
Lighting Application

The purpose of this paper is an investigation of LEDs illumination experience at US-based aerodromes with an assessment of its feasibility and its necessity in Russia. The following methods were used: the analysis of aerodrome lighting requirements; the review and the analysis of development features in aerodrome LEDs illumination; the experience analysis of LEDs illumination of US-based aerodromes; the deductive analysis and the assessment synthesis of feasibility and necessity of US experience in LEDs illumination at Russian-based aerodromes. The following results were achieved: – The analysis of issues and opportunities was conducted for development of LEDs illumination at US-based aerodromes and of American experts’ recommendations for its use; – The cases were taken for use and assessment of development in LEDs illumination at US-based aerodromes; – The review and the analysis were conducted in relation to a developing market of LEDs illumination at Russian-based aerodromes. The main conclusion is that the US experience will improve quality and reliability of service provided in air transportation, comfort, and safety of Russian flights, as well as competitiveness of Russian- based airports and airlines (indirectly).

Interaction of Ukrainian Diaspora and the USA Government Regarding Celebration of Ukrainian Independence Day on January 22

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (47) ◽  
pp. 136-145
Author(s):  
Halyna Shchyhelska
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
House Of Representatives ◽  
The United States ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
Totalitarian Regime ◽  
The Public ◽  
Us Congress ◽  
The Us ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
The Usa

2018 marks the 100th anniversary of the proclamation of Ukrainian independence. OnJanuary 22, 1918, the Ukrainian People’s Republic proclaimed its independence by adopting the IV Universal of the Ukrainian Central Rada, although this significant event was «wiped out» from the public consciousness on the territory of Ukraine during the years of the Soviet totalitarian regime. At the same time, January 22 was a crucial event for the Ukrainian diaspora in the USA. This article examines how American Ukrainians interacted with the USA Government institutions regarding the celebration and recognition of the Ukrainian Independence day on January 22. The attention is focused on the activities of ethnic Ukrainians in the United States, directed at the organization of the special celebration of the Ukrainian Independence anniversaries in the US Congress and cities. Drawing from the diaspora press and Congressional Records, this article argues that many members of Congress participated in the observed celebration and expressed kind feelings to the Ukrainian people, recognised their fight for freedom, during the House of Representatives and Senate sessions. Several Congressmen submitted the resolutions in the US Congress urging the President of United States to designate January 22 as «Ukrainian lndependence Day». January 22 was proclaimed Ukrainian Day by the governors of fifteen States and mayors of many cities. Keywords: January 22, Ukrainian independence day, Ukrainian diaspora, USA, interaction, Congress

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