Analysis of the military application of unmanned aircraft and main direction for their development

Abstract The text deals with the development and methods of use of Drones or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in contemporary conflicts or special operations. The contribution tries to present the main advantages of these vehicles as being the main reasons for their current use in armed forces of state as well as non-state actors and their dynamic proliferation in global space in past years. We can observe a new trend in the armed conflict in the last two decades - use of advanced systems of unmanned vehicles in such a range that many military and academic experts talk about a new wave of revolutionary changes in the military affairs. This wave, or we could even talk about militarytechnological breakthrough should lead to imminent use of these systems in contemporary as well as future conflicts which would result in the partial or complex robotization of the battlefield. Specific attention is dedicated to controversies tied to the use of Drones/Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in socalled Drone Warfare and current discussion in the context of cultural or societal dimension of their use and perspectives for further development.

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Key wireless communication technologies to support traffic management systems of unmanned aerial vehicles for civil application (review of foreign literature)

Civil Aviation High TECHNOLOGIES ◽

10.26467/2079-0619-2021-24-2-70-92 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 70-92

Author(s):

E. A. Vinogradov

Keyword(s):

Wireless Communication ◽

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽

Communication Networks ◽

Traffic Management ◽

Communication Technologies ◽

Unmanned Aircraft ◽

Civil Aviation ◽

Aerial Vehicles ◽

Wide Range ◽

Aircraft System

Not less than one hundred thousand Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are expected to perform flights simultaneously in Russia by 2035. The UAV fleet capacity triggers the development of the systems for informational support, operating control and management of UAV flights (Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management (UTM) systems) similar to that one already operating in manned aviation. The challenges arising in the sphere of civil aviation cannot be solved without wireless communication. The goals of this article are as follows: 1) familiarization of communication experts with the latest scientific developments of unmanned aerial technologies 2) description of the telecommunication-related problems of extensive systems of UAV control encountered by development engineers. In this article a schematic architecture and main functions of UTM systems are described as well as the examples of their implementation. Special emphasis is put on enhancing flight safety by means of a rational choice of communication technologies to manage conflicts (Conflict Management) known as "collision avoidance". The article analyzes the application of a wide range of wireless technologies ranging from Wi-Fi and Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) to 5G cellular networks as well as cell-free networks contributing to the development of 6G communication networks. As a result of the analysis, a list of promising research trends at the intersection of the fields of wireless communication and UAVs for civil application is made.

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АНАЛІЗ СУЧАСНОГО СТАНУ РОЗВИТКУ ВИСОТНИХ БЕЗПІЛОТНИХ ЛІТАЛЬНИХ АПАРАТІВ

Open Information and Computer Integrated Technologies ◽

10.32620/oikit.2019.83.02 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 28-41

Author(s):

Тамара Павловна Цепляева ◽

Антон Юрьевич Мигунов

Keyword(s):

High Altitude ◽

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽

Statistical Data ◽

Unmanned Vehicles ◽

Future Research ◽

Aerial Vehicles ◽

Wide Range ◽

Range Of Functions

The development of unmanned aerial vehicles, at this time, is of great interest, both of the largest aircraft building companies and design enthusiasts, and among the total amount of development, the volume of high-altitude unmanned vehicles occupies one of the leading positions. In this regard, a very topical issue is the analysis of existing developments and the determination of the vector of future research in this direction. High-altitude unmanned vehicles have a wide range of functions, both in the field of military and civilian use. The work collected and analyzed statistical data of high-altitude unmanned aerial vehicles to determine advances in the design of high-altitude unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The current classification of UAVs was considered, as a result of the analysis of statistical data, options for its expansion were proposed. The flight characteristics of high-altitude UAVs are described. There are charts and tables showing the place of highaltitude UAVs in their total number. Also, flight performance, aerodynamic schemes and engine type, which are the most rational for high-altitude unmanned aerial vehicles according to their purpose and class, are defined.

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АНАЛІЗ СУЧАСНОГО СТАНУ РОЗВИТКУ БЕЗПІЛОТНИХ ЛІТАЛЬНИХ МІКРОАПАРАТІВ МУЛЬТИКОПТЕРНОГО ТИПУ

Open Information and Computer Integrated Technologies ◽

10.32620/oikit.2021.93.07 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 125-134

Author(s):

О. Г. Гребеніков

Keyword(s):

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽

Statistical Data ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Future Research ◽

Prototype Model ◽

Aerial Vehicles ◽

Starting Point ◽

Wide Range ◽

Range Of Functions ◽

Definition Of

The development of unmanned aerial vehicles is of great interest to both the largest aircraft companies and design enthusiasts, and among the total volume of developments, the volume of multicopter unmanned aerial vehicles occupies one of the leading positions. In this regard, the analysis of existing developments and the definition of future research in this direction is relevant. Multi-helicopter drones have a wide range of functions in both military and civilian use.The paper collects and analyzes statistical data of micro-unmanned aerial vehicles of the multicopter type to determine the achievements in the field of design of micro-unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The current classification of UAVs is considered; as a result of the analysis of statistical data its expansion is offered. The take-off and mass characteristics of the micro UAV are described. The tables showing the existing UAVs are given. In addition, the flight characteristics, aerodynamic schemes and type of engine that are most rationally suited for micro-unmanned aerial vehicles according to their purpose and class are determined.Based on the obtained data, a prototype model of a micro-UAV with improved characteristics was built. The model successfully completed all tasks. This indicates that the new UAV "Fear-1" is a successful project and it has the ability to remotely control by phone or any other equipment designed for this purpose. In addition, the designed device can additionally hang in the specified coordinates."Fear-1" confidently performs tasks in automatic mode, as well as independently decides to return to the starting point of takeoff, if: there is a loss of communication, the battery level has reached a certain level, the UAV has completed its task or used more miles -amperes than specified by the output parameters. The drone has the ability to fly in "Follow me" mode on the selected GPS transmitter. The quadcopter was tested in difficult weather conditions, when the wind force reached 8 points (about 22 m / s). Noise immunity tests were also performed in the industrial frequency range (from 2.4 GHz to 5.8 GHz).

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MEDICAL DRONES — AN INNOVATION OF THE PUBLIC DISASTER MEDICINE SERVICE

Kharkiv Surgical School ◽

10.37699/2308-7005.3.2021.11 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 55-62

Author(s):

P. B. Volyansky ◽

D. M. Yadchenko ◽

S. P. Mosov ◽

V. P. Pechiborsch ◽

V. M. Yakimets ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽

Disaster Medicine ◽

Unmanned Aircraft ◽

Scientific Publications ◽

The Public ◽

Emergency Situations ◽

Aerial Vehicles ◽

Emergency Assistance ◽

Medicine Service ◽

Further Development

Summary. Purpose. Investigate the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in the interests of providing emergency assistance to the population. Consider unmanned aerial vehicles as a tool for medical protection of victims in emergency situations. Materials and methods. The study used regulatory documents, scientific publications. The analysis of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles for medical protection of the population in Ukraine and the leading countries of the world is carried out. Results. On the basis of the analysis, the advantages of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles as a tool for the medical protection of victims have been determined. The prospects for the further development of unmanned aircraft for work in the emergency zone are considered.

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ANALYSIS OF THE VULNERABILITIES OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES TO CYBER ATTACKS

Review of the Air Force Academy ◽

10.19062/1842-9238.2020.18.2.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 17-26

Author(s):

Grigore Eduard JELER ◽

◽

Gelu ALEXANDRESCU ◽

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽

Human Life ◽

Cyber Attacks ◽

Unmanned Aircraft ◽

Military Operations ◽

Aerial Vehicles ◽

Wide Range ◽

Human Operators ◽

Hybrid Actors

Recently, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, has increased significantly and the technical advencements in the field have led to new possibilities in several fields, both military and civilian. Air drones help reduce human life risks and costs, and can be used to carry out dangerous and costly missions by replacing human operators. Unmanned aircraft have a wide range of use, from entertainment for enthusiasts to military operations. Large investments, especially in the field of robotics, electronic miniaturization, sensors, network communication, information technology and artificial intelligence help to accelerate and diversify areas of use. The operation of unmanned systems and the applications that use these systems depend, to a large extent, on the cyber systems that are used for data collection, storage, processing and communication. However, these systems also have certain vulnerabilities, which has led various (state or non-state) hybrid actors to develop methods of conducting cyber attacks on drones.

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Detection of unmanned aerial vehicle using radio wave scatter on acoustic disturbances of the environment created by aircraft

Radiotekhnika ◽

10.30837/rt.2021.3.206.11 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 122-130

Author(s):

V.M. Kartashov ◽

O.I. Kharchenko ◽

V.A. Pososhenko ◽

V.I. Kolesnik ◽

A.B. Yegorov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ◽

Technical Problem ◽

Technical Problems ◽

Acoustic Disturbances ◽

Aerial Vehicles ◽

Wide Range ◽

Radio Signals ◽

Range Of Functions ◽

Aerial Vehicle

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have recently become widespread, because they are capable of performing a wide range of functions useful for mankind. At the same time, UAVs are a source of potential threats in a number of areas of human activity, namely, military, economic, and everyday life. Therefore, an urgent scientific and technical problem of detecting and observing UAVs has been formed recently to prevent them from performing unauthorized actions. The main means of UAV surveillance are radar (both active and passive), optical, infrared, acoustic stations, as well as complex systems in which joint processing of information obtained using these information channels is carried out. However, in general, the scientific and technical problem of monitoring UAVs, especially small UAVs, remains unresolved: the efficiency of UAV detection using all these methods remains insufficient, and the needs of practice are far from being fully satisfied with the available means. This article is devoted to the analysis of currently known scientific and practical results aimed to assess the possibility of detecting UAVs by radio signals scattered by acoustic disturbances of the environment created by UAVs, and to formulate urgent scientific and technical problems in this aria of knowledge.

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Heavy fuel engines

Combustion Engines ◽

10.19206/ce-116855 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 163 (4) ◽

pp. 34-46

Author(s):

Jerzy DUTCZAK

Keyword(s):

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽

Aviation Fuel ◽

Combustion System ◽

Practical Realization ◽

Aerial Vehicles ◽

Low Weight ◽

Si Engines ◽

The Military ◽

Further Development ◽

Australian Company

The principle of operation and chosen examples of construction of SI engines designed to be powered with aviation fuel (Heavy Fuel Engines – HFE) have been presented in the article. Contemporary solutions of the HFE combustion system constitute the further development of a patent of an Australian company Orbital working in the field of two-stroke SI engines. Engines of this type, characterized by low weight and low value of specific fuel consumption, are used among others for the propulsion of drones (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles – UAV), where range and endurance are essential parameters. That is also a practical realization of the military logistical concept of using a "single fuel in the battlefield".

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Użycie bezzałogowych statków powietrznych typu FlyEye na potrzeby wojskowej ochrony przeciwpożarowej – wyniki badań

De Securitate et Defensione. O Bezpieczeństwie i Obronności ◽

10.34739/dsd.2021.02.11 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Rafał Parczewski ◽

Tomasz Kicia

Keyword(s):

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽

Fire Protection ◽

Advanced Technology ◽

National Defense ◽

Coastal Zones ◽

Aerial Vehicles ◽

Wide Range ◽

Aerial Platforms ◽

The Military ◽

Military Units

Unmanned aerial vehicles are used for a wide range of fire protection tasks, includ-ing search and rescue operations. Today, unmanned aerial platforms patrol coastal zones, par-ticipate in road incidents patrolling, and perform many other tasks in various areas of the infra-structure, economy, etc. The Military Fire Protection Inspectorate organizes, supervises, and conducts rescue operations in divisions supervised by Ministry of National Defense. Due to advanced technology, FlyEye unmanned aerial vehicles effectively help to eliminate fire risks in military units and other organizational units.

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LEGAL REGULATION OF THE USE OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES IN THE PENAL SYSTEM

Vestnik Samarskogo iuridicheskogo instituta ◽

10.37523/sui.2020.39.3.004 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 29-36

Author(s):

Анна Николаевна Королева

Keyword(s):

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽

Personal Data ◽

Legal Regulation ◽

Unmanned Aircraft ◽

Penal System ◽

Thermal Imager ◽

Historical Aspect ◽

Aerial Vehicles ◽

Arbitration Process ◽

Duration Of Storage

Беспилотные воздушные суда и беспилотные авиационные системы становятся частью повседневной жизни, в том числе в деятельности органов и учреждений уголовно-исполнительной системы. В статье исследован исторический аспект появления беспилотных воздушных судов в России и зарубежных странах, необходимость, типовые задачи и особенности правового регулирования использования беспилотных воздушных судов в уголовно-исполнительной системе. Однако ряд вопросов до настоящего времени является предметом дискуссии и требуют правового регулирования. Современные технологии позволяют оснастить беспилотные воздушные суда различными приборами, придающими им дополнительные функциональные характеристики: приборами видео- и фотофиксации, тепловизором, громкоговорителем, оружием. В зарубежных странах сложилась разная практика регулирования: от разрешения использования беспилотных воздушных судов с оружием в правоохранительной деятельности и уголовно-исполнительной системе (США, Великобритания и др.) до протестов гражданского общества и требований законодательного запрещения использования беспилотных воздушных судов, способных причинить вред человеку. Не решены вопросы в части регулирования порядка сбора, обработки, передачи и хранения (в том числе длительности хранения) информации, полученной в ходе видео- и фотофиксации, включая передачу информации, содержащей персональные данные гражданина, в частности, его изображение. Обсуждается вопрос о соблюдении прав человека и гражданина, в том числе осужденного, при получении и использовании информации, полученной при помощи беспилотных воздушных судов в деятельности органов и учреждений уголовно-исполнительной системы. Требуется внесение изменений в процессуальное законодательство в части регулирования использования данных, полученных при помощи беспилотных воздушных судов, как доказательств, а также в целом их юридическое значение в административном, уголовном, гражданском (арбитражном) процессе. Необходимо урегулирование вопросов ответственности сотрудников уголовно-исполнительной системы, которые могут превысить полномочия с помощью использования беспилотных воздушных судов. В рамках Национальной технологической инициативы происходит активное развитие рынка АэроНет, поэтому беспилотные воздушные суда в деятельности уголовно-исполнительной системы могут стать частью этого рынка. Unmanned aerial vehicles and unmanned aircraft systems are becoming part of everyday life, including in the activities of bodies and institutions of the penal system. The article examines the historical aspect of the appearance of unmanned aerial vehicles in Russia and foreign countries, the need, typical tasks and features of the legal regulation of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in the penal system. However, a number of issues are still the subject of discussion and require legal regulation. Modern technologies make it possible to equip unmanned aerial vehicles with various functional characteristics, ranging from video and photo capture, the availability of a thermal imager, a loudspeaker, to weapons. In different countries, different regulatory practices have developed: from allowing unmanned aerial vehicles with weapons in law enforcement and the penal system (USA, UK, etc.) to civil society protests and the requirements of the legislative prohibition on the use of unmanned aircraft that can cause harm to humans. Unresolved issues regarding the regulation of the procedure for collecting, processing, transferring and storing (including the duration of storage) of information obtained during video and photo recording, including the transmission of information containing personal data of a citizen, including its image. The issue of observing the human rights of a citizen, including a convict, is discussed when receiving and using information received by unmanned aerial vehicles in the activities of bodies and institutions of the penal system. Amendments to the procedural legislation are required in terms of regulating the use of data obtained by unmanned aerial vehicles as evidence, as well as in general their legal significance in the administrative, criminal, civil (arbitration) process. It is necessary to resolve the issues of responsibility of employees of the penitentiary system, which may exceed their authority through the use of unmanned aerial vehicles. As part of the National Technological Initiative, the AeroNet market is actively developing, therefore unmanned aerial vehicles in the activities of the penitentiary system can become part of this market.

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