Effects of Citrus Sudden Death Disease on Fatty Acid Profile of Orange Tree Bark

Citrus sudden death (CSD) is a disease that has affected millions of orange trees in Brazil, leading to economic losses in the order of billions of US dollars. This article examines the effects of CSD on the fatty acid composition of triacylglycerides (TAG) extracted from rootstock and scion bark. The fatty acid profile determined by gas chromatography showed a reduction in oleic and linolenic acids, and an increase in the saturated fatty acids and linoleic acid content, which was in line with the severity of CSD. The reduction in linolenic acid content was related to its role in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid, which is involved in responses to abiotic and biotic stresses, as well as senescence. These alterations in the fatty acid profile were also used to classify plants both with and without CSD symptoms by using chemometric means. This method represents an alternative to support the diagnosis of CSD disease.

Fatty Acid Profile, Conjugated Linoleic Acid Content, and Lipid Quality Indices in Selected Yogurts Available on the Polish Market

The aim of the present study was to determine the fatty acid composition, the content of cis9trans11 C18:2 acid (CLA), and lipid quality indices in yogurts made of cow’s milk, available on the Polish market. The test material consisted of: natural yogurts, natural yogurts with additives (muesli, cereal grains), bio yogurts, bio yogurts with additives (millet groats, quinoa, chestnuts), probiotic yogurts, and eco yogurts. All the products were bought in the period from May to June 2021. The conducted research showed that the analyzed yoghurts were characterized by a varying content of fatty acid groups, different values of the calculated lipid quality indices, as well as a different content of conjugated linoleic acid cis9trans11 C18: 2 (CLA). Natural yogurts with additives had the highest content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and n-3 PUFAs. Natural and bio yogurts with additives had a higher content of n-6 PUF than the other analyzed yogurts. The n-6/n-3 ratio was lower in bio yogurts and eco yogurts. Natural yogurts with additives featured the lowest index of atherogenicity (AI) and index of thrombogenicity (TI) and the highest hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (H/H). The fat extracted from the bio yogurts had the highest (0.90% of total fatty acids) mean content of cis9trans11 C18:2 (CLA). In fat of the other analyzed yogurts, mean CLA content in total content of fatty acids varied from 0.48% in natural yogurts with additives to 0.81% in bio yogurts with additives.

Abscisic Acid Improves Linoleic Acid Accumulation Possibly by Promoting Expression of EgFAD2 and Other Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Genes in Oil Palm Mesocarp

Abscisic acid plays an important role in fruit development. However, the effect of ABA on fatty acid biosynthesis in oil palm is still unknown. In this study, ABA treatments (CK, A1–A4) were applied to oil palm fruit at 16 WAP (weeks after pollination), and fatty acids in the mesocarp at 24 WAP were analyzed by GC-MS. Results showed that linoleic acid content under treatment A2 (20 μM ABA) was significantly higher (slightly increased by 8.33%) than the control. Therefore, mesocarp samples of A2, and the control at 16, 20, and 24 WAP was sampled for RNA-Seq. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that 43 genes were differentially expressed in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway, of which expression of EgFAD2 (unigene 105050201) under 20 μM ABA treatment was 1.84-fold higher than in the control at 20 WAP. Further sequence analysis found that unigene 105050201 had more ABA-responsive elements (ABRE), complete conserved domains, and a C-terminal signaling motif among two FAD2 copies. Furthermore, WGCNA and correlation analysis showed co-expression of EgFAD2 (unigene 105050201) with transcription factors (TFs) (WRI1, AP2-EREBP, bZIP, bHLH, C2C2-Dof, MYB, NAC, and WRKY), ABA signaling genes (PYR, PP2C, SnRK, and ABI5), and other genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis (FATA, FATB, LACS, SAD, Oleosins, and so on). These results indicated that ABA treatment promoted the expression of FAD2 and other genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, which possibly resulted in the accumulation of linoleic acid. This study will be helpful for understanding the possible mechanisms through which ABA affects fatty acid biosynthesis and their accumulation in the mesocarp of oil palm.

Clone And Function Verification of The OPR Gene Related to Linoleic Acid Synthesis

Background: Fatty acid composition and content affect rapeseed oil quality. Fatty acid synthesis-related genes in rapeseed have been studied globally by researchers. Nevertheless, rapeseed oil is mainly composed of seven different fatty acids, and each fatty acid was regulated by different genes, furthermore different fatty acid contents affect each other, which needs continuous and in-depth research to obtain more clear results.Results: In this paper, broad-scale miRNA expression profiles were constructed and 21 differentially expressed miRNAs were detected. GO enrichment analysis showed that most up-regulated proteins were involved in transcription factor activity and catalytic activity. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that 20 pathways involving 36 target genes were enriched, of which the bna00592 pathway may be involved in fatty acid metabolism. The results were verified using a Quantitative Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) analysis, and it was found that the target gene of bna-miR156b>c>g was the OPR (12-oxo-phytodienoic acid reductase). Four copies of OPR gene were found, and the over-expression vectors (pCAMBIA1300-35s-OPR and pCAMBIA1300-RNAi-OPR) were constructed to verify their functions. In T1 and T2 plants, OPR-OE (OPR Over-Expression strain) significantly increased linoleic acid content (T1 12.56%, T2 7.185%) and OPRi (OPRi RNA-interference strain) decreased linoleic acid content (T1 5.98%, T2 0.86%).Conclusions: This is the first study to provide four copies of the OPR gene that regulates LA metabolism, can be used for the molecular mechanism of LA and optimizing fatty acid profiles in oilseed for breeding programs.

Isolation and Identification of Non-Conjugated Linoleic Acid from Processed Panax ginseng Using LC-MS/MS and 1H-NMR

Black ginseng exhibits numerous pharmacological activities due to higher and more diverse ginsenosides than unprocessed white ginseng. The ginsenoside derivatives have been investigated in order to determine their chemical structures and pharmacological activities. We found a peak which was increased 10-fold but unidentified in the methanol extracts of a black ginseng product. The unknown peak was tracked and identified as linoleic acid rather than a ginsenoside derivative using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. NMR analysis confirmed no presence of conjugated linoleic acids. Ginsenoside profiles and linoleic acid contents in black ginseng products were quantified using LC-MS/MS. Linoleic acid content was more directly proportional to the number of applied thermal cycles in the manufacturing process than any ginsenosides.

Soybean AP2-Domain Transcription Factor GmWRI4 Optimize Ratio of Oleic Acid to Linoleic Acid in Seed

Background: Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] oil is a complex mixture of five fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, linolenic, palmitic and stearic). As a vegetable oils, soybean oil has a less than desirable fatty acid composition. The high content of linoleic acid contributes to poor oil oxidative stability. Soybean oil with lower linoleic acid content is desirable. To investigate the genetic architecture of linoleic acid in soybean seed, 510 soybean germplasms from China were collected as natural populations. Results: Phenotypic identification results showed that the content of linoleic acid varied from 36.22% to 72.18%. After a total of 2,423,512 nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) were obtained, a new candidate gene Glyma.04G116500.1 (GmWRI14) related to linoleic acid was discovered by 3-year long Genome-wide association analysis (GWAS). GmWRI14 belongs to the plant WRI1 protein family. The GmWRI14 showed a negative correlation with the linoleic acid content and the correlation coefficient was -0.912. To test whether GmWRI14 can lead to lower linoleic acid content in soybean seed, we introduced GmWRI14 into the soybean genome. Overexpression of GmWRI14 leads to higher accumulation of oil with lower linoleic acid content in soybean seed. RNA-seq verified that GmWRI14-overexpressed lines showed lower accumulation of GmFAD2-1 and GmFAD2-2b than non-transgenic lines. Conclusions: These results indicate that the down-regulation of FAD2 gene triggered by the transcription factor WRI1 is the underlying mechanism reducing linoleic acid level of seed oil. GmWRI14 is a new key candidate gene related to linoleic acid. These results will significantly improve understanding of the transcriptional control exerted by GmWRI14.

A genome variation map provides insights into the genetics of walnut adaptation and agronomic traits

Background Common walnut (Juglans regia L.) is one of the top four most consumed nuts in the world due to its health benefits and pleasant taste. Despite its economic importance, the evolutionary history and genetic control of its adaptation and agronomic traits remain largely unexplored. Results We report a comprehensive walnut genomic variation map based on whole-genome resequencing of 815 walnut accessions. Evolutionary analyses suggest that Chinese J. regia diverged from J. sigillata with extensive hybridizations after the split of the two species. In contrast to annual crops, the genetic diversity and heterozygous deleterious mutations of Chinese common walnut trees have continued to increase during the improvement process. Selective sweep analyses identify 902 genes uniquely selected in the improved common walnut compared to its progenitor population. Five major-effect loci are identified to be involved in walnut adaptations to temperature, precipitation, and altitude. Genome-wide association studies reveal 27 genomic loci responsible for 18 important agronomic traits, among which JrFAD2 and JrANR are the potentially major-effect causative genes controlling linoleic acid content and color of the endopleura of the nut, respectively. Conclusions The largest genomic resource for walnuts to date has been generated and explored in this study, unveiling their evolutionary history and cracking the genetic code for agronomic traits and environmental adaptation of this economically crucial crop tree.

Effect of Sulphur Levels on Growth, Yield Parameters, Yield, Nutrient Uptake, Quality and Economics of Sunflower: A Review

Sunflower is an important crop cultivated all over world owing to its versatile nature of adaptation to different agro-climatic and soil conditions. In India sunflower gains momentum as an edible oil and ranks fourth substantially by reducing the shortage of vegetable oil. Nutritionally sunflower oil benefits human due to presence of high linoleic acid content and absence of linolenic acid content. The productivity is lower due to different factors among which nutrient management especially sulphur that plays pivot role in governing the growth, yield and quality of sunflower. Sulphur contains aminoacids viz., cystein, methionine, cystine, vitamins B, biotin and thiamine. The protolytic enzymes aids in improving the oil content, protein content and quality of seeds by sulphur supplement. Extensive investigations of research scientist on sulphur levels were critically reviewed. Application of sulphur at 40 to 60 kg ha-1 was found to increase the growth and yield attributes, yield, quality as well as higher benefit cost ratio sustaining the livelihood of sunflower growers.

IDENTIFICATION OF HIGH SEED OIL YIELD AND HIGH OLEIC ACID CONTENT IN BRAZILIAN GERMPLASM OF WINTER SQUASH (Cucurbita moschata D.)

Cucurbita moschata D. seed oil contains approximately 75% unsaturated fatty acids, with high levels of monounsaturated fatty acids and antioxidant compounds such as vitamin E and carotenoid, constituting a promising food in nutritional terms. Associated to this, the Brazilian germplasm of C. moschata exhibits remarkable variability, representing an important source for the genetic breeding of this vegetable and other cucurbits. In this context, the present study evaluated the productivity and profile of the seed oil of 91 C. moschata accessions from different regions of Brazil and maintained in the Vegetable Germplasm Bank of the Federal University of Viçosa (BGH-UFV). A field experiment was conducted between January and July 2016. The tested C. moschata accessions showed high genetic variability in terms of characteristics related to seed oil productivity (SOP), such as the mass of seeds per fruit and productivity of seeds, providing predicted selection gains of 29.39 g and 0.26 t ha -1 , respectively. Based on the phenotypic and genotypic correlations, greater SOP can be achieved while maintaining high oleic acid content and low linoleic acid content, providing oil of better nutritional and chemical quality. In variability analysis, the accessions were clustered into five groups, which presented different averages for SOP and fatty acid content of seed oil; approach that will guide the use of appropriate germplasm in programs aimed at genetic breeding for SOP and seed oil profile. Per se analysis identified BGH-4610, BGH-5485A, BGH-6590, BGH-5556A, BGH-5472A, and BGH-5544A as the most promising accessions in terms of SOP, with average (m+g) of approximately 0.20 t ha -1 . The most promising accessions for higher oleic acid content of seed oil were BGH-5456A, BGH-3333A, BGH-5361A, BGH-5472A, BGH-5544A, BGH-5453A, and BGH-1749, with average (m+g) of approximately 30%, and almost all of these accessions were also the most promising in terms of lower linoleic acid content of seed oil, with average (m+g) of approximately 45%. Overall, part of the C. moschata accessions evaluated in the present study can serve as a promising resource in genetic breeding programs for SOP and fatty acid profile, aiming at the production of oil with better nutritional and physicochemical quality.

Effects of Fruit Maturity Stages on GC-FID Fatty Acid Profiles, Phenolic Contents, and Biological Activities of Eucalyptus marginata L.

The objective of this study was to determine the impact of development stages of Eucalyptus marginata’s fruits on the fatty acid composition as well as on phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents of oils. Taking into account fruit maturity stages, vegetable oils have been evaluated for their biological potentials. Fatty acid profiles were quantified using gas chromatography (GC) coupled to a flame ionization detector (FID). The fatty acid profiles of oils obtained from mature fruits showed highest linoleic acid content (49.21%) and Z-vaccenic (C18:1n-7) + oleic (C18:1n-9) acids (22.40%) and a low content of linolenic acid (C18:3) (1.59%). On the other hand, the major saturated fatty acid compound found in the oil of immature Eucalyptus marginata fruits was palmitic acid (C16:0) with about 27%. Based on the Folin–Ciocalteau method, the obtained results revealed a significant difference in the contents of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins according to the stage of fruit maturity ( p < 0.05 ). Furthermore, the detected antimicrobial potentials were related to the fruit maturity stage. While both veg\etable oils extracted from mature and immature Eucalyptus marginata fruits exhibited notable antibacterial activities against the species Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Serratia marcescens, and Escherichia coli, only the oils extracted from immature fruits exhibited an antifungal activity against Candida parapsilosis.