scholarly journals Don’t forget the vertical dimension: assessment of distributional dynamics of cave-dwelling invertebrates in both ground and parietal microhabitats

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 43-63
Author(s):  
Valentina Balestra ◽  
Enrico Lana ◽  
Cristina Carbone ◽  
Jo De Waele ◽  
Raoul Manenti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Species Assemblages ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Sampling Area ◽  
Cave Fauna ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Distributional Dynamics

Biological studies on factors shaping underground communities are poor, especially those considering simultaneously organisms with different degrees of adaptation to cave life. In this study, we assessed the annual dynamics and use of both horizontal and vertical microhabitats of a whole community with the aim of understanding whether cave-dwelling organisms have a similar distribution among vertical and ground-level microhabitats and to find out which microhabitat features influence such distribution. We monthly assessed from 2017 to 2018, by direct observation combined with quadrat sampling method on the ground and transects on the walls, richness and abundance of 62 cave-dwelling species in a cave of Northern Italy. Environmental factors such as light intensity, temperature, relative humidity and mineralogical composition of the substrates were measured during each monitoring session, influencing the dynamics of the whole community and revealing significant differences between ground and wall microhabitats. A gradient of variation of the species assemblages occurred from the entrance toward inner areas, however, evidence that the dynamics of the walls are very different from those occurring at the ground independent from the distance from the surface are shown. Biodiversity indices highlighted sampling area diversity and a discrete total cave fauna biodiversity with the highest values found near the entrance and the lowest in the inner part of the cave.

scholarly journals Searching for the effects of the May-June 2012 Emilia seismic sequence (northern Italy): medium-depth deformation structures at the periphery of the epicentral area

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Borgatti ◽  
Antonio Edoardo Bracci ◽  
Stefano Cremonini ◽  
Giovanni Martinelli
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Seismic Sequence ◽  
Surface Phenomena ◽  
Po River ◽  
Epicentral Area ◽  
Ground Fissures ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Geological Surveys ◽  
Emilia Romagna Region

<p>In 2012, a seismic sequence occurred in the lowlands of the Emilia-Romagna Region (northern Italy), between the borders of the Modena, Ferrara and Bologna Provinces. It consisted of seven mainshocks (5.9 &gt; Ml &gt; 5) that were recorded between May 20 and 29, 2012 [INGV 2012a] and 2,200 minor earthquakes [INGV 2012b]. An interferometric analysis [Bignami et al. 2012, Salvi et al. 2012, this volume] highlighted three main deformation areas, each of which was 12 km wide (from S to N) and 10 km to 20 km long in an ESE-WNW to E-W direction, thus affecting an area of about 600 km2 (Figure 1). Field and aerial geological surveys recorded numerous surficial effects, such as: (i) sediment liquefaction [Crespellani et al. 2012]; (ii) localized ground fissures resembling surficial faulting [Fioravante and Giretti 2012] (Figure 2); (iii) groundwater levels rising up to 400 cm above the local ground level in phreatic wells during the mainshocks (lower values were observed in confined aquifers); and (iv) dormancy of previously known sinkholes [Borgatti et al. 2010, Cremonini 2010a, and references therein]. Some of the observed surface phenomena were previously recorded as coseismic effects during the earthquakes of Ferrara (1570) and Argenta (1624) [Boschi et al. 1995, Galli 2000], together with the early rising of the water level of the Po River in the Stellata section. […]</p>

Optimising design and effort for environmental surveys using dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 149 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Tocco ◽  
Danielle E.A. Quinn ◽  
John M. Midgley ◽  
Martin H. Villet
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Dung Beetle ◽  
Pitfall Trap ◽  
Dung Beetles ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Trap Design ◽  
Sampling Protocols ◽  
By Catch

AbstractIn biological monitoring, deploying an effective standardised quantitative sampling method, optimised by trap design and sampling effort, is an essential consideration. To exemplify this using dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae and Aphodiinae) communities, three pitfall trap designs (un-baited (TN), baited at ground level (flat trap, TF), and baited above the trap (hanging trap, TH)), employed with varying levels of sampling effort (number of traps=1, 2, 3 … 10; number of days=1, 2, 3), were evaluated for sampling completeness and efficiency in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Modelling and resampling simulation approaches were used to suggest optimal sampling protocols across environmentally diverse sites. Overall, TF recovered the greatest abundance and species richness of dung beetles, but behavioural guilds showed conflicting trends: endocoprids preferred TH while paracoprids and telocoprids preferred TF. Resampling simulation of trap type and the two components of sampling effort suggested that six TF traps left for three days was most efficient in obtaining a representative sample and allowed differentiation between trap types, allowing the improved efficiency to be recognised. The effect of trap type on non-target specimens, particularly ants, was also investigated. TF and TH caught almost no by-catch, which is ethically desirable.

scholarly journals The importance of conserving fragmented forest patches with high diversity of flowering plants in the northern Western Ghats: an example from Maharashtra, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 13833-13849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amol Kishor Kasodekar ◽  
Amol Dilip Jadhav ◽  
Rani Babanrao Bhagat ◽  
Rakesh Mahadev Pawar ◽  
Vidya Shrikant Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Western Ghats ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Conservation Priority ◽  
Sampling Area ◽  
Forest Patches ◽  
Fragmented Forest ◽  
High Conservation ◽  
High Diversity

The northern Western Ghats (NWG) comprises of a patchy continuum of forests that have been severely fragmented mainly due to anthropogenic activities.  We documented tree diversity within a representative fragmented forest patch of the NWG to study the effects of fragmentation on forest structure and composition.  The floristic survey was conducted by replicated strip transect sampling method leading to a total sampling area of 0.3ha.  A total of 444 individual trees (Girth>10cm) were sampled, which represented 49 tree species belonging to 42 genera and 23 families.  Species richness per unit area and tree density were higher than previously reported values from similar forest type in various regions of NWG.  These variations, however, could have resulted due to differences in the sampling area, sampling method, and girth classes used across different studies.  Nevertheless, various diversity parameters such as N/S ratio, Simpson’s index, Shannon’s index, and Fisher’s α index were comparable with those reported in previous studies in the Western Ghats.  The observed species richness was close to species richness estimates such as abundance-based coverage estimate, Chao-1, and Jackknife estimators.  The present study also enumerates 108 species of understory flowering plants, which is provided as a checklist.  While access restrictions are imposed in protected areas having high conservation priority, such restrictions are not imposed in non-protected areas, which make them much more vulnerable to anthropogenic activities.  Hence, this study recommends that owing to their high diversity, the fragmented forest patches of NWG should also be given high conservation priority.

scholarly journals STUDI BIOMASSA LAMUN (Enhalus acoroides L.) DAN (Halodule pinifolia) BERDASARKAN KEDALAMAN AIR LAUT DI PANTAI DESA TANJUNG TIRAM SULAWESI TENGGARA

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisdawati Lisdawati ◽  
Sitti Wirdhana Ahmad ◽  
Laode Siwi
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Sampling Area ◽  
Seagrass Biomass ◽  
Depth Water

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui biomassa dan faktor lingkungan yang mempengaruhi kandungan biomassa lamun Enhalus acorroides L. dan Halodule pinifolia berdasarkan kedalaman air laut di Pantai Desa Tanjung Tiram. Penelitian ini telah dilakukan pada bulan Juni - Agustus 2018. Penelitian ini bersifat eksploratif. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada tiga titik pengamatan dengan menggunakan metode purposif sampling berdasarkan kedalaman perairan yaitu kedalaman 1 meter, 2 meter dan 3 meter. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kandungan biomassa lamu Enhalus acorroides L. yang terdapat pada kedalaman 1 m total biomassa 316,73 g/m2, kedalaman 2 m total biomassa 197,56 g/m2 dan kedalaman 3 m total biomassa 38,26 g/m2. Kandungan biomassa jenis lamun Halodule pinifolia pada kedalaman 1 m total biomassa 1,6 g/m2, kedalaman 2 m total biomassa 2,97 g/m2 dan kedalaman 3 m total biomassa 0,25 g/m2. Faktor lingkungan yang mempengaruhi kandungan biomassa lamun Enhalus acorroides L. dan Halodule pinifolia pada Perairan Pantai Desa Tanjung Tiram yaitu substrat, kandungan bahan organik (KOT), intensitas cahaya, suhu, salinitas dan kekeruhan. Kata kunci : Biomassa, Enhalus acorroides L. dan Halodule pinifolia ABSTRACT This study aims to determine the biomass and environmental factors that influence the seagrass biomass content of Enhalus acorroides L. and Halodule pinifolia based on the depth of sea water in Tanjung Tiram Village Beach. This research was conducted during June-August 2018. This research was explorative. Sampling area were carried out at three points by observation using purposive sampling method depth water depth of 1 meter, 2 meter and 3 meter. The biomass was estimated in the plot, while enviromental factors that influence the seagrass biomass content of Enhalus acorroides L. and Halodule pinifolia in Tanjung Tiram Village Beach are substrate, nutrient content (KOT), light intensity, temperature, salinity and turbidity. The results showed that Enhalus acorroides L biomass contained at a depth of 1 m total biomass of 316.73 g/m2, depth of 2 m total biomass of 197.56 g/m2 and depth of 3 m total biomass of 38.26 g/m2. Biomass content of Halodule pinifolia seagrass at a depth of 1 m total biomass of 1.6 g / m2, depth of 2 m total biomass of 2.97 g/m2 and a depth of 3 m of total biomass of 0.25 g / m2. Keywords: Biomass, Enhalus acorroides L. and Halodule pinifolia

scholarly journals Identifikasi Bakteri Vibrio pada Sedimen Mangrove di Sekitar Tambak Udang Vaname

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-127
Author(s):  
Ery Gusman
Keyword(s):  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Sampling Area ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Total Plate Count ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Morphology Characterization

This study aims to identify the vibrio in mangrove forest areas near to the location of vannamei ponds, especially in sediment substrates. The research is at the Mangunharjo sub-district in the Mayangan District, Probolinggo City, East Java Province. The time of study is august and September 2019. Isolation of bacteria being done with total plate count procedure on Thio Sulfate Citrate Bile Sucrose (TCBS) Agar, with pour plate method. Morphology characterization and the biochemical test was done to identify the bacteria.  There are three points of the sampling area, with each area distance from 100 to 500 meters. This location choosing based on purposive sampling method, which main reason is the site must have mangrove with good vegetation and variation. It is transected by 5m x 5m, 100-gram sediment at 30-40 cm depth taken randomly using sediment scoop. Three samples of each sampling area chosen randomly at three different locations, then mixed. The result showed each deposit from different sampling locations having bacteria colony with color are yellow, green, and green blueish.  These colony of bacteria in this sediment suspected as v. harveyii, v. alginolyticus, v. fischery dan v. mimicus. 

scholarly journals Sampling of parasitoid Hymenoptera: influence of the height on the ground

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 19-31
Author(s):  
Ricardo Chan-Canché ◽  
Horacio Ballina-Gómez ◽  
Jorge Leirana-Alcocer ◽  
Santiago Bordera ◽  
Alejandra González-Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Representative Species ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Adequate Sampling ◽  
A Site ◽  
Trap Placement ◽  
Malaise Traps

Parasitoid hymenopterans are a highly diverse group of insects; therefore, the choice of an adequate sampling method becomes important to achieve a representative species richness of a site. The aim of this work is to evaluate the size and diversity of parasitoids in relation to the height of the Malaise trap placement above the ground of a low deciduous forest from Yucatan, Mexico. Parasitoids were collected from September to October 2015, using three Malaise traps at ground level and other three located right above the others, leaving no space between them, at a height of 1.5 m. The collected specimens were identified at family level. A total of 4083 parasitoids belonging to 31 families were collected, representing 93% of the sample’s completeness, according to Jack 1 estimator; with differences in richness and abundance between trap heights according to rarefaction and fixed effects multifactorial ANOVA, respectively. Bethylidae, Braconidae and Ichneumonidae were the most abundant families. Besides, when analyzing the differences of each family by separate, there were significant results for Bethylidae, Diapriidae and Ichneumonidae with more individuals in the traps at ground level than in the raised ones. In a further analysis, the effect of body size on the capture height was observed. The specimens of larger size belonging to the families Bethylidae, Sphecidae, Sclerogibbidae and Evaniidae were more collected at ground level, on the other hand, the larger sized Ichneumonidae were collected at raised level.

scholarly journals Impacts of the COVID-19 lockdown on air pollution at regional and urban background sites in northern Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 7597-7609
Author(s):  
Jean-Philippe Putaud ◽  
Luca Pozzoli ◽  
Enrico Pisoni ◽  
Sebastiao Martins Dos Santos ◽  
Friedrich Lagler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Urban Background ◽  
Regional Background

Abstract. The COVID-19 lockdown measures gradually implemented in Lombardy (northern Italy) from 23 February 2020 led to a downturn in several economic sectors with possible impacts on air quality. Several communications claimed in the first weeks of March 2020 that the mitigation in air pollution observed at that time was actually related to these lockdown measures without considering that seasonal variations in emissions and meteorology also influence air quality. To determine the specific impact of lockdown measures on air quality in northern Italy, we compared observations from the European Commission Atmospheric Observatory of Ispra (regional background) and from the regional environmental protection agency (ARPA) air monitoring stations in the Milan conurbation (urban background) with expected values for these observations using two different approaches. On the one hand, intensive aerosol variables determined from specific aerosol characterisation observations performed in Ispra were compared to their 3-year averages. On the other hand, ground-level measured concentrations of atmospheric pollutants (NO2, PM10, O3, NO, SO2) were compared to expected concentrations derived from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service Regional (CAMS) ensemble model forecasts, which did not account for lockdown measures. From these comparisons, we show that NO2 concentrations decreased as a consequence of the lockdown by −30 % and −40 % on average at the urban and regional background sites, respectively. Unlike NO2, PM10 concentrations were not significantly affected by lockdown measures. This could be due to any decreases in PM10 (and PM10 precursors) emissions from traffic being compensated for by increases in emissions from domestic heating and/or from changes in the secondary aerosol formation regime resulting from the lockdown measures. The implementation of the lockdown measures also led to an increase in the highest O3 concentrations at both the urban and regional background sites resulting from reduced titration of O3 by NO. The relaxation of the lockdown measures beginning in May resulted in close-to-expected NO2 concentrations in the urban background and to significant increases in PM10 in comparison to expected concentrations at both regional and urban background sites.

scholarly journals JENIS-JENIS SERANGGA YANG BERASOSIASI PADA ECENG GONDOK DI DANAU TONDANO

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (3A) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Geyby ., Kumolontang ◽  
Max ., Tulung ◽  
Christina L. Salaki
Keyword(s):  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Point Location ◽  
Sampling Area ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Insect Populations ◽  
Close Distance

This study aims to see the abundance of species and populations of insects found in water hyacinth vegetation in Tondano Lake.  This research was conducted at Entomology and Phytopathology Laboratory of Agriculture Faculty at Sam Ratulangi University in Manado and on the coast of Tondano Lake. This study was conducted for 3 months. The research method used purposive sampling method or intentional intake at 5 point location of hyacinth vegetation in Tondano Lake. Determination of Research Location is based on the amount of area that has been covered by water hyacinth on the coast of Tondano. On each location has been determined and then made a plot of sampling area of 10 x 10 m. The results showed that the types of insects found in the hyacinth vegetation in Tondano Lake were from family: Culicidae, Muscidae, Phoridae, Sepsidae, Drosopilidae, Apdididae, Anthomyidae, Carabidae, Dolichopodidae, Braconidae, Stratiomiidae, Ichneumonidae, Cecidomidae, Bombylidae and Sphingidae. Insect populations fluctuate in each observation. The existence of insects found in hyacinth vegetation in Tondano Lake is generally caused by the close distance between water hyacinth with rice fields and plantations and the existence of decaying vegetation that can be a good habitat for these breeding insects, in addition there are also enemies naturally found due to its activities in the search for prey. 

Effects of Vibration on the Preparation of Ultrathin Sections

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 358-359
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Blum ◽  
Edward P. Gargiulo ◽  
J. R. Sawers
Keyword(s):  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Environmental Vibration ◽  
Block Face ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
Embedding Medium ◽  
Thickness Variations ◽  
Building Walls ◽  
Cutting Direction ◽  
Diamond Knife

It is now well-known that chatter (Figure 1) is caused by vibration between the microtome arm and the diamond knife. It is usually observed as a cyclical variation in “optical” density of an electron micrograph due to sample thickness variations perpendicular to the cutting direction. This vibration might be induced by using too large a block face, too large a clearance angle, excessive cutting speed, non-uniform embedding medium or microtome vibration. Another prominent cause is environmental vibration caused by inadequate building construction. Microtomes should be installed on firm, solid floors. The best floors are thick, ground-level concrete pads poured over a sand bed and isolated from the building walls. Even when these precautions are followed, we recommend an additional isolation pad placed on the top of a sturdy table.

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