scholarly journals Recovery of probiotic bacteria from the intestinal tract of broilers after noninvasive pre-hatch application

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
I. Thøfner ◽  
D. Sandvang ◽  
K. Aagaard ◽  
L. Ladefoged Poulsen
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Probiotic Bacteria ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Noninvasive Method ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Application Method ◽  
Intestinal Colonisation ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
Lactobacillus Animalis

This paper reports the success of intestinal colonisation of chickens and foetuses by probiotics after different methods of pre-hatch application. Hatcheries not using in ovo injection of probiotics or wish to avoid the reduced hatchability associated with in ovo injections prefer using alternatives to in ovo technologies. Therefore, we used noninvasive pre-hatch application methods. This included the vertical transmission of probiotics from the mother hen to offspring, application of probiotic late in incubation and transmission of probiotics during hatch. Enterococcus faecium (NCIMB11181) and Lactobacillus animalis (DSM33570) were used as probiotics. Probiotics were applied either through drinking water for the mother hens, by dipping the eggs in a probiotic solution on days 16-18 of incubation or through drops/spray on the eggshell of the fertilised eggs. Similarly, intestinal colonisation of the probiotic in chickens was investigated either before hatch (pre-hatch) or immediately after hatch (post-hatch). Based on the performed experiments, it is concluded that E. faecium was vertically transmitted from the mother hen to the offspring, as E. faecium was recovered in 20 and 33% of the offspring pre- and post-hatch, respectively. When applied on the eggshell, the recovery of E. faecium before hatch depended on the application method and ranged from 0 to 9%. In contrast, L. animalis was not recovered before hatch. Moreover, when sampling post-hatch 100% of the chickens were colonised when E. faecium was used and 54% were colonised when L. animalis was used. Furthermore, spray application with E. faecium was the most successful application method as 9% of the foetuses were colonised pre-hatch and 100% became colonised post-hatch. Therefore, pre-hatch application by, for example, spray of probiotics on the eggshell can be used as an easy-to-use, noninvasive method for early life colonisation of chicken gut.

scholarly journals Reduced Herbicide Antagonism of Grass Weed Control through Spray Application Technique

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke H. Merritt ◽  
Jason Connor Ferguson ◽  
Ashli E. Brown-Johnson ◽  
Daniel B. Reynolds ◽  
Te-Ming Tseng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
The Third ◽  
Application Method ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
Over The Top ◽  
Grass Weed

Dicamba and 2,4-D tolerance traits were introduced to soybean and cotton, allowing for over the top applications of these herbicides. Avoiding antagonism of glyphosate and clethodim by dicamba or 2,4-D is necessary to achieve optimum weed control. Three field studies were conducted in fallow fields with broadleaf signalgrass (Urochloa platyphylla) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum) pressure. A tractor-mounted dual boom sprayer was modified to spray one of three application methods: (1) two herbicides tanked-mixed (TMX); (2) two herbicides in separate tanks mixed in the boom line (MIL); and (3) two herbicides in separate tanks applied through separate booms simultaneously (SPB). One study compared the three application methods with sethoxydim applied with bentazon, the second compared clethodim applied with dicamba or 2,4-D, and the third compared glyphosate applied with dicamba or 2,4-D. In most cases over all three trials, there was a 7–15% increase in efficacy when using the SPB application method. Antagonism of all the herbicide combinations above was observed when applied using the TMX and MIL methods. In some cases, antagonism was avoided when using the SPB method. The separate boom application method increased efficacy, which allowed herbicides to be used more effectively, resulting in improved economic and environmental sustainability of herbicide applications.

Influence of Application Method on the Activity of Butylate and EPTC in Reduced-Tillage Corn (Zea mays)

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas D. Buhler
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Liquid Fertilizer ◽  
Application Method ◽  
Control Growth ◽  
Application Methods

Weed control in reduced-tillage corn (Zea maysL. ‘Pioneer 3732′) with butylate [S-ethyl bis(2-methylpropyl) carbamothioate] and EPTC (S-ethyl dipropyl carbarnothioate) was not reduced when these herbicides were applied jointly with dry or liquid fertilizer. In most cases, application with fertilizer resulted in weed control similar to that observed when the herbicide was applied in water at 285 L/ha. Butylate applied as a granular formulation also gave weed control similar to the spray at 285 L/ha. Application in 95 L/ha of water consistently resulted in reduced weed control. Corn injury was not greatly influenced by application method, and differences in corn yield appeared to be due to differences in weed control. Growth chamber bioassays indicated that both butylate and EPTC dissipated more rapidly when applied in 95 L/ha of water than the other application methods, which may explain differences in weed control observed in the field.

scholarly journals Investigating commercial in ovo technology as a strategy for introducing probiotic bacteria to broiler embryos

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 658-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.D. Triplett ◽  
W. Zhai ◽  
E.D. Peebles ◽  
C.D. McDaniel ◽  
A.S. Kiess
Keyword(s):  
Probiotic Bacteria ◽  
In Ovo

The acoustocardiogram: a noninvasive method for measuring heart rate of avian embryos in ovo

1990 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 1546-1548 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Rahn ◽  
S. A. Poturalski ◽  
C. V. Paganelli
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Noninvasive Method ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Avian Embryos ◽  
Condenser Microphone ◽  
Avian Eggs

A method is presented for measuring the heart rate of avian eggs noninvasively during the last half of incubation. The technique involves briefly placing an egg in tightly sealed vessel containing an inexpensive condenser microphone. The amplified output of the microphone, termed the acoustocardiogram (ACG), is nearly sinusoidal in shape and synchronous with the electrocardiogram. The ACG can also be obtained by mounting the microphone directly on the shell with Plasticine. The method offers advantages over previously described techniques in simplicity, low cost, and noninvasiveness.

Effects of Application Method and Rate on Control of Sclerotinia Blight of Peanut with Iprodione and Fluazinam1

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Damicone ◽  
K. E. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Application Method ◽  
Sclerotinia Blight ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
Yield Responses

Abstract Two trials with iprodione and three trials with fluazinam were conducted to assess the effects of application method and rate on the control of Sclerotinia blight of peanut with fungicide. In order to concentrate the fungicides near the crown area where the disease causes the most damage, applications were made through a canopy opener with a single nozzle centered over the row to achieve a 30.5-cm-wide band (canopy opener), and through a single nozzle centered over the row to achieve a 46-cm-wide band (band). Broadcast applications were compared to these methods at rates of 0, 0.28, 0.56, and 1.12 kg/ha on the susceptible cultivar Okrun. Sclerotinia blight was severe, with > 70% disease incidence and < 2000 kg/ha yield for the untreated controls in each trial. Linear reductions in area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), but not final disease incidence, with iprodione rate were significant (P < 0.05) for all methods of application. However, the rate of decrease did not differ among application methods. Linear increases in yield with rate of iprodione were greater for canopy opener compared to the band or broadcast applications. Only a 50% reduction in AUDPC and a maximum yield of < 2700 kg/ha was achieved with iprodione using the best method. At the maximum rate of 1.12 kg/ha, fluazinam provided > 75% disease control and > 4000 kg/ha yield for all application methods. Differences in disease control and yield among application methods only occurred at the 0.28 and 0.56 kg/ha rates of fluazinam. Reductions in AUDPC with fluazinam rate were quadratic for all application methods, but AUDPC values were less for the canopy opener and band methods at 0.28 and 0.56 kg/ha compared to the broadcast methods. The yield response to rate for broadcast applications of fluazinam was linear. However, predicted yield responses to fluazinam rate were quadratic for the band and canopy opener methods and approached the maximum response at 0.84 kg/ha. Targeting fungicide applications using the band and/or canopy opener methods was beneficial for fluazinam at reduced rates. Disease control with iprodione was not adequate regardless of application method.

Post hatch recovery of a probiotic Enterococcus faecium strain in the yolk sac and intestinal tract of broiler chickens after in ovo injection

2019 ◽  
Vol 366 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Line Skjøt-Rasmussen ◽  
Dorthe Sandvang ◽  
Alfred Blanch ◽  
Jette Mundus Nielsen ◽  
Tina Styrishave ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
In Ovo Injection ◽  
Faecium Strain

Biomechanical Comparison of Fibrin Sealants for Mesh Fixation

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 633-636
Author(s):  
Charles P. Shahan ◽  
Nathaniel F. Stoikes ◽  
Esra Roan ◽  
Patrick Reese ◽  
David L. Webb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mesh Fixation ◽  
Early Recurrence ◽  
Fixation Strength ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Lap Shear ◽  
Application Techniques ◽  
Tissue Interface ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
Biomechanical Comparison ◽  
Early Fixation

Adhesive use for fixation in hernia repair allows for complete and immediate mesh surface area adherence. Little is known about the fixation strengths of the products and application methods available. The purpose of this study was to compare the immediate and early strength of fixation of Tisseel™ and Evicel™ using hand and spray application techniques. Sixteen Mongrel swine underwent implantation of large-pore, mid-weight polypropylene mesh fixated with either Tisseel™ or Evicel™, applied by hand or with a spray apparatus. Time points studied were zero and four days. All samples underwent lap shear testing to quantify the strength of the mesh–tissue interface as an indicator of mesh fixation strength. Thirty Day 4 and 16 Day 0 samples were tested. Manually applied Tisseel™ mean fixation strength was 2.05 N/cm at Day 0 and 6.02 N/cm at Day 4. Sprayed Tisseel™ had mean fixation strength of 1.22 N/cm at Day 0 and 7.21 N/cm at Day 4. Manually applied Evicel™ showed mean fixation strength of 0.92 N/cm at Day 0 and 6.73 N/cm at Day 4. Mean fixation strength of sprayed Evicel™ was 0.72 N/cm at Day 0 and 6.70 N/cm at Day 4. Analysis of variance showed no difference between groups at Day 0 or Day 4. Immediate strength of mesh fixation could have significant implications for early recurrence and mesh contraction. This study demonstrates that no difference exists in immediate or early fixation strength between these two brands of sealants or their method of application.

scholarly journals Post hatch recovery of a probiotic Enterococcus faecium strain in the yolk sac and intestinal tract of broiler chickens after in ovo injection

2019 ◽  
Vol 366 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. i92-i96
Author(s):  
Line Skjøt-Rasmussen ◽  
Dorthe Sandvang ◽  
Alfred Blanch ◽  
Jette Mundus Nielsen ◽  
Tina Styrishave ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Immune Health ◽  
Environmental Pathogens ◽  
Hatching Eggs

ABSTRACT Concerns about antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their presence in animal products grow and thus alternatives to use of antibiotics in animal production are being investigated. Probiotics have gained increased focus due to improvements in performance, immune health and pathogen reduction when provided to poultry through feed. These traits may be further improved if probiotics can be provided to the embryo before hatch, before meeting environmental pathogens. The objective was to determine the faith of a probiotic Enterococcus faecium (M74) strain in the yolk sac and intestinal tract of broiler chickens after injection into hatching eggs. E. faecium M74 (1.4 × 107 CFU/egg) was applied in ovo at day 18 of incubation. From 1- and 7-day-old chickens, 20 samples from yolk sac, caecal tonsils and rest of the intestinal tract were subjected to CFU counting. Isolates from a sample subset were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Enterococci were found in varying numbers: 1.0 × 104–2.2 × 1010 CFU/g. The prevalence of M74 PFGE profiles was high in 1-day-old (88%) and 7-day-old chickens (67%). This demonstrates that the embryos ingested M74 before hatching, that M74 is viable for intestinal colonization through in ovo administration, and that the strain multiplies in the chickens gastrointestinal tract post hatching.

Dose-Dependent Early Life Stage Toxicities in Xenopus laevis Exposed In Ovo to Selenium

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (22) ◽  
pp. 13658-13666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita J. Massé ◽  
Jorgelina R. Muscatello ◽  
David M. Janz
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Early Life Stage ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Dose Dependent

scholarly journals Biocontrol of Listeria monocytogenes on Fresh-Cut Produce by Treatment with Lytic Bacteriophages and a Bacteriocin

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 4519-4526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britta Leverentz ◽  
William S. Conway ◽  
Mary J. Camp ◽  
Wojciech J. Janisiewicz ◽  
Tamuna Abuladze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Retail Market ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
The Past ◽  
Apple Slices ◽  
Fresh Cut ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
Honeydew Melon

ABSTRACT The fresh-cut produce industry has been the fastest-growing portion of the food retail market during the past 10 years, providing consumers with convenient and nutritious food. However, fresh-cut fruits and vegetables raise food safety concerns, because exposed tissue may be colonized more easily by pathogenic bacteria than intact produce. This is due to the higher availability of nutrients on cut surfaces and the greater potential for contamination because of the increased amount of handling. We found that applied Listeria monocytogenes populations survived and increased only slightly on fresh-cut Red Delicious apples stored at 10°C but increased significantly on fresh-cut honeydew melons stored at 10°C over 7 days. In addition, we examined the effect of lytic, L. monocytogenes-specific phages via two phage application methods, spraying and pipetting, on L. monocytogenes populations in artificially contaminated fresh-cut melons and apples. The phage mixture reduced L. monocytogenes populations by 2.0 to 4.6 log units over the control on honeydew melons. On apples, the reduction was below 0.4 log units. In combination with nisin (a bacteriocin), the phage mixture reduced L. monocytogenes populations by up to 5.7 log units on honeydew melon slices and by up to 2.3 log units on apple slices compared to the control. Nisin alone reduced L. monocytogenes populations by up to 3.2 log units on honeydew melon slices and by up to 2.0 log units on apple slices compared to the control. The phage titer was stable on melon slices, but declined rapidly on apple slices. The spray application of the phage and phage plus nisin reduced the bacterial numbers at least as much as the pipette application. The effectiveness of the phage treatment also depended on the initial concentration of L. monocytogenes.

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