Physical activities of jockeys during a working week

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
K.A. Legg ◽  
D.J. Cochrane ◽  
E.K. Gee ◽  
C.W. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Physical Training ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
Injury Incidence ◽  
Work Time ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Low Intensity Exercise ◽  
And Training

Horse racing and training is a physically demanding sport. The aims of this study were to quantify the physical activities of jockeys during a working week and to investigate self-reported fall and injury incidence rates of jockeys at work. A daily workload diary examining workday and physical activities was emailed to all jockeys licensed to ride in a race in New Zealand in 2020. Sixty-three jockeys (25 apprentices, 33 professional and 5 amateur riders) began the diary, representing 38% of the licensed population of jockeys in New Zealand. Jockeys worked a median of 44 (interquartile range (IQR) 33-57) hours, 6-days per week. A median of 7 (IQR 6-9) horses were ridden per day, comprising 58% of work time, with 11 (IQR 7-15) hours per week spent at training pace. Elite jockeys (high performance in the premiership table) spent more time riding in races (1.1, IQR 0.7-1.2 hours per week) than non-elite jockeys (0.0, 0.0-0.4, P=0.01), with 29% (IQR 0-54%) of their weekly rides as race rides. Extra physical training was conducted by 72% of jockeys, which consisted mainly of low intensity exercise such as pleasure riding (56%) and walking (43%). Falls during morning exercise work were recorded by 87% of respondents, 40% of which had sustained an injury in the previous 12 months. Jockeys who participated in extra physical training had higher fall incidence rates per 1000 horses ridden in morning exercise work (3.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.1-3.9, P=0.002) but lower fall incidence rate in race riding (2.1, 95% CI 1.5-2.8, P<0.001) than jockeys who did no extra training (2.5, 95% CI 2.0-3.0 and 5.9, 95% CI 3.8-9.0). Elite jockeys experience a level of specific race exercise which is lacking in the other jockeys.

Influence of physical training on the fuel-hormone response to prolonged low intensity exercise

Metabolism ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veikko Koivisto ◽  
Rosa Hendler ◽  
Ethan Nadel ◽  
Philip Felig
Keyword(s):  
Physical Training ◽  
Hormone Response ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Low Intensity Exercise

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Shoulder Injuries in Schoolboy Rugby Union in Ireland

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 232596712110234
Author(s):  
Therese M. Leahy ◽  
Ian C. Kenny ◽  
Mark J. Campbell ◽  
Giles D. Warrington ◽  
Roisin Cahalan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Rugby Union ◽  
Injury Incidence ◽  
Shoulder Injuries ◽  
Descriptive Epidemiology ◽  
Epidemiology Study ◽  
Time Loss ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Rugby Players ◽  
And Training

Background: The shoulder has been reported as a frequent location of injury in adult professional and amateur rugby, with match injury incidence rates ranging from 1.8 to 3 per 1000 player-hours (h). An increased understanding of the incidence and mechanism of shoulder injuries in school rugby players is vital to establish effective injury preventive strategies and advise on appropriate rehabilitation. Purpose: To describe the incidence, nature, and severity of shoulder injuries in schoolboy rugby in Ireland. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Injury surveillance was carried out for Senior Cup teams across two seasons (N = 665 players aged 17-19 years) in Ireland from 2018 to 2020. Match and training injury data were recorded using an online system by trained nominated injury recorders. Match exposure was also recorded. Results: Shoulder match injury incidence was 12.2 per 1000 h (95% CI, 9.1-16.2), with a mean severity of 47 days’ time loss and an overall burden of 573 days per 1000 h. In total, 47 match and 5 training shoulder injuries were recorded. The most common injuries were shoulder dislocations/subluxations (34%), followed by acromioclavicular joint sprains (30%). Shoulder dislocations/subluxations represented the most burdensome injury (280 days per 1000 h). The tackle accounted for the majority (81%) of shoulder injuries. Forwards sustained a significantly higher incidence of shoulder injuries (8.3/1000 h) in comparison with backs (3.9/1000 h), with a rate ratio of 2.13 (95% CI, 1.15-3.94; P = .015). Conclusion: We found a notably higher injury incidence rate in schoolboy rugby as compared with the adult amateur and professional game. Shoulder injuries were responsible for more days lost than any other injury, and shoulder dislocations were the most severe. This is of particular concern so early in a player’s career and warrants further investigation into potential risk factors and mechanisms associated with shoulder injuries in school-age players.

scholarly journals Injury incidence within male elite New Zealand cricket from the early T20 era: 2009–2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. e001168
Author(s):  
Timofei Dovbysh ◽  
Duncan Reid ◽  
Dayle Shackel
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Injury Surveillance ◽  
Injury Incidence ◽  
International Level ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Injury Surveillance System

ObjectivesThis study aimed to describe the injury epidemiology of domestic and international level male New Zealand cricketers from seasons 2009–2010 to 2014–2015 across all match formats given the increasing popularity of T20 cricket.MethodsMatch exposure and injury surveillance data collected prospectively by New Zealand Cricket was analysed using international consensus recommendations for injury surveillance and reporting in cricket. Relationships between playing level, role and injury were statistically analysed.ResultsA total of 268 elite male New Zealand cricketers from seasons 2009–2010 to 2014–2015 were analysed from the New Zealand Cricket injury surveillance system. Total new match injury incidence rates were 37.0 and 58.0 injuries per 10 000 player hours in domestic and international cricket, respectively. Total new and recurrent match injury incidence in international cricket was approximately 1.7 times higher than domestic cricket (277.6 vs 162.8 injuries per 1000 player days). Injury prevalence rates were 7.6% and 10.0% in domestic and international cricket. The hamstring (8.2%) in domestic cricket and the groin (13.5%) in international cricket were the most injured body sites. Most match days lost in domestic cricket were to the lumbar spine (417 days), and groin in international cricket (152 days). There were statistically significant differences in injury between domestic and international level cricketers (χ2=4.39, p=0.036), and playing role (χ2=42.29, p<0.0001).ConclusionsTotal injury incidence rates in elite New Zealand cricket increased in 2009–2015 compared with previous data. International-level players and pace bowlers were the most injured individuals.

scholarly journals Injury Incidence and Workloads during congested Schedules in Football

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (02) ◽  
pp. 75-81
Author(s):  
Kieran Howle ◽  
Adam Waterson ◽  
Rob Duffield
Keyword(s):  
External Load ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Injury Incidence ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
External Training ◽  
External Loads ◽  
And Training

AbstractThis study compared injury incidence and training loads between single and multi-match weeks, and seasons with and without congested scheduling. Measures of internal (session-Rating of Perceived Exertion × duration for training/match and % maximal heart rate) and external load (total, low-, high-, and very high-intensity running distances) along with injury incidence rates were determined from 42 players over 3 seasons; including 1 without and 2 (season 2 and 3) with regular multi-match weeks. Within-player analyses compared 1 (n=214) vs. 2-match (n=86) weeks (>75min in matches), whilst team data was compared between seasons. Total injury rates were increased during multi-match weeks (p=0.001), resulting from increased match and training injuries (50.3, 16.9/1000h). Between-season total injury rates were highest when congested scheduling was greatest in season 3 (27.3/1000h) and season 2 (22.7/1000h) vs. season 1 (14.1/1000h; p=0.021). All external load measures were reduced in multi-match weeks (p<0.05). Furthermore, all internal and external training loads were lowest in seasons with congestion (p<0.05). In conclusion, increased injury rates in training and matches exist. Total loads remain comparable between single and multi-match weeks, though reduce in congested seasons. Whether injuries result from reduced recovery, increased match exposure or the discreet match external loads remain to be elucidated.

Injury Incidence Rates and Profiles in Elite Taekwondo during Competition and Training

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (01) ◽  
pp. 54-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Geßlein ◽  
Johannes Rüther ◽  
Hermann Josef Bail ◽  
Philipp Schuster ◽  
Werner Krutsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Injury Incidence ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Detailed Mechanism ◽  
Protective Gear ◽  
Joint Injuries ◽  
Data Assessment ◽  
Final Data ◽  
And Training

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate exposure adjusted injury incidence rates and profiles associated with training and competition in an elite taekwondo athlete population. 82 athletes were investigated for injuries over a period of 5 years. Individual fight time exposure for training and competition was recorded. The type and location of the injuries were classified and exposure-adjusted injury incidence rates (IIR) were calculated per 1000 h for training and competition. 66 athletes with a mean age of 19.3±4.2 years and 172 injuries were included in the final data assessment. The exposure adjusted IIR was significantly higher during competition (p<0.001) with a rate ratio of 6.33 (95% CI 4.58–8.69). Ankle and foot region as well as hand and wrist were most affected with significant higher IIR in competition (p<0.001). Joint injuries, fractures, and bruising occurred the most. Fractures occurred mainly to the hand and wrist region. Future investigations should focus on exposure adjusted injury data including analyses of the detailed mechanism leading to especially severe injuries to improve specific injury prevention in competition and promote evolution of protective gear.

Oxygen Uptake and Muscle Deoxygenation Kinetics During Skating: Comparison Between Slide-Board and Treadmill Skating

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 783-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiane Piucco ◽  
Rogério Soares ◽  
Fernando Diefenthaeler ◽  
Guillaume Y. Millet ◽  
Juan M. Murias
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Time Constants ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Muscle Deoxygenation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Low Intensity Exercise ◽  
And Training ◽  
Gas Exchange Threshold

Purpose: To compare the oxygen-uptake () kinetics during skating on a treadmill and skating on a slide board and to discuss potential mechanisms that might control the kinetics responses during skating. Methods: Breath-by-breath pulmonary and near-infrared spectroscopy–derived muscle deoxygenated hemoglobin and myoglobin ([HHbMb]) were monitored continuously in 12 well-trained, young, long-track speed skaters. On-transient and [HHbMb] responses to skating on a treadmill and skating on a slide board at 80% of the estimated gas exchange threshold were fitted as monoexponential function. The signals were time-aligned, and the individual [HHbMb]-to- ratio was calculated as the average value from 20 to 120 s after exercise starts. Results: The time constants for the adjustment of phase II (τ ) and [HHbMb] (τ [HHbMb]) were low and similar between slide board and treadmill skating (18.1 [3.4] vs 18.9 [3.6] for τ and 12.6 [4.0] vs 12.4 [4.0] s for τ [HHbMb]). The ratio was not different from 1.0 (P > .05) in both conditions. Conclusions: The fast kinetics during skating suggest that chronic adaptation to skating might overcome any possible restriction in leg blood flow during low-intensity exercise. The ratio values also suggest a good matching of O2 delivery to O2 utilization in trained speed skaters. The similar τ and τ [HHbMb] values between slide board and treadmill further reinforce the validity of using a slide board for skating testing and training purposes.

The physiological strain index applied to heat-stressed rats

1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 895-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Moran ◽  
M. Horowitz ◽  
U. Meiri ◽  
A. Laor ◽  
K. B. Pandolf
Keyword(s):  
Heat Acclimation ◽  
Physiological Strain ◽  
Strain Index ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Hot Climate ◽  
Physiological Strain Index ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Low Intensity Exercise ◽  
And Training ◽  
Different Levels

A physiological strain index (PSI) based on heart rate (HR) and rectal temperature (Tre) was recently suggested to evaluate exercise-heat stress in humans. The purpose of this study was to adjust PSI for rats and to evaluate this index at different levels of heat acclimation and training. The corrections of HR and Tre to modify the index for rats are as follows: PSI = 5 (Tre t − Tre 0) ⋅ (41.5 − Tre 0)−1+ 5 (HR t − HR0) ⋅ (550 − HR0)−1, where HR t and Tre t are simultaneous measurements taken at any time during the exposure and HR0 and Tre 0 are the initial measurements. The adjusted PSI was applied to five groups ( n = 11–14 per group) of acclimated rats (control and 2, 5, 10, and 30 days) exposed for 70 min to a hot climate [40°C, 20% relative humidity (RH)]. A separate database representing two groups of acclimated or trained rats was also used and involved 20 min of low-intensity exercise (O2 consumption ∼50 ml ⋅ min−1 ⋅ kg−1) at three different climates: normothermic (24°C, 40% RH), hot-wet (35°C, 70% RH), and hot-dry (40°C, 20% RH). In normothermia, rats also performed moderate exercise (O2 consumption ∼60 ml ⋅ min−1 ⋅ kg−1). The adjusted PSI differentiated among acclimation levels and significantly discriminated among all exposures during low-intensity exercise ( P < 0.05). Furthermore, this index was able to assess the individual roles played by heat acclimation and exercise training.

scholarly journals The Effect of Different Exercise Intensities on Plasma Endostatin in Healthy Volunteers

2021 ◽  
pp. 30-38
Author(s):  
Inayat Shah ◽  
Tasleem Arif ◽  
Ron H. Baxendale ◽  
Muhammad Iftikhar ◽  
Alamgir Khan
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
Vigorous Exercise ◽  
P Values ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Weekly Session ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Low Intensity Exercise

Background: Physical activity decreases the risk and development of many angiogenesis related health problems including atherosclerosis. Physiological influence of different physical activities on plasma endostatin concentration is contradictory. This study aimed to determine the effects of mild, moderate and vigorous exercise on the concentration of endostatin. Methodology: 22 participants, 16 males (age = 30.6 ± 7.8 years) and 6 females (age = 26.5 ± 5 years) were recruited. Weekly session of different intensities exercise based on predicted maximum heart (60% (low), 70% (moderate) and 80% (vigorous)] were carried out. One pre and two post exercise samples were taken at 10 and 60 minutes. Results: Low intensity exercise insignificantly decreased the endostatin concentration at 10 and 60 minutes (P = 0.5 and 0.8). However, moderate (P values = 0.022. 0.004) and vigorous intensities (P= < 0.001, 0.02) increased the endostatin concentrations significantly at both intervals respectively. The effects were not significantly influenced by gender, exercise mode (walking vs running), components of exercise (HR, Speed, Gradients, distance, duration) or metabolism during exercise (VO2 max, VCO2, RER, Energy expenditure). Conclusion: Low intensity exercises did not influence endostatin concentration. However, moderate to high intensity exercises significantly increase endostatin concentration and may have potential benefits.

scholarly journals Athlete availability and incidence of overuse injuries over an athletics season in a cohort of elite Swedish athletics athletes - a prospective study

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Lundberg Zachrisson ◽  
Andreas Ivarsson ◽  
Pia Desai ◽  
Jon Karlsson ◽  
Stefan Grau
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Overuse Injuries ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Injury Incidence ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
And Training

Abstract Background Athletics is a sport with a high incidence of injury, where most injuries are caused by overuse. Research on injury incidence and the occurrence of overuse injuries during a season in athletics is scarce. An athlete availability (unrestricted ability to participate in training or competition) of less than 80% has been linked with athletes being less likely to reach their performance goals. The purpose of this study was to estimate the monthly injury incidence rates, athlete availability, and the overuse injury incidence rate per 1000 athletics-hours of training in a cohort of Swedish elite athletics athletes. Methods The cohort consisted of 59 male and female elite athletes competing in either middle or long-distance running, sprint, or jumping events. Injury and training data were collected during one athletics season, from October to the end of August. All injury data were collected by medical professionals. Training data were collected monthly, and consisted of event-specific training diaries covering training sessions, training days, and non-training or non-competition days. Monthly injury incidence rates were based on the number of new injuries per month in relation to the number of exposed (injury-free) athletes. Results The overall injury incidence rate for all athletes was highest in October (22.0%). Monthly injury incidence rate for middle and long-distance runners was highest in October (26.1%), for sprinters in April (19.0%), and for jumpers in October (21.4%). The overall athlete availability was 78.0% for the cohort. Sprinters had the lowest athlete availability (71.4%), followed by jumpers (77.3%), and middle-distance and long-distance runners (82.7%). Female athletes (76.5%) had a lower athlete availability than male athletes (79.7%). The injury incidence rate was 1.81 injuries per 1000 athletics hours of training. Middle and long-distance runners had the highest injury incidence rate (2.38), followed by jumpers (1.62), and sprinters (1.34). Conclusion Monthly injury incidence rates during a season appears to correspond to periods of high training volume (conditioning phases and training camps). The low overall athlete availability (> 80%) indicates that many Swedish elite athletes are less likely to reach their full potential.

Effect of Early Low-Intensity Exercise on Rat Hind-Limb Muscles Following Acute Ischemic Stroke

2006 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myoung-Ae Choe ◽  
Gyeong Ju An ◽  
Yoon-Kyong Lee ◽  
Ji Hye Im ◽  
Smi Choi-Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limb ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Type I ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Muscle Type ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Low Intensity Exercise

This study examined the effects of daily low-intensity exercise following acute stroke on mass, Type I and II fiber cross-sectional area, and myofibrillar protein content of hind-limb muscles in a rat model. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups (n = 7-9 per group): stroke (occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery [RMCA]), control (sham RMCA procedure), exercise, and stroke-exercise. Beginning 48 hours post-stroke induction/sham operation, rats in the exercise group had 6 sessions of exercise in which they ran on a treadmill at grade 10 for 20 min/day at 10 m/min. At 8 days poststroke, all rats were anesthetized and soleus, plantaris, and gastrocnemius muscles were dissected from both the affected and unaffected sides. After 6 sessions of exercise following acute ischemic stroke, the stroke-exercise group showed the following significant (p < .05) increases compared to the stroke-only group: body weight and dietary intake, muscle weight of affected soleus and both affected and unaffected gastrocnemius muscle, Type I fiber cross-sectional area of affected soleus and both affected and unaffected gastrocnemius muscle, Type II fiber cross-sectional area of the unaffected soleus, both affected and unaffected plantaris and gastrocnemius muscle, Type II fiber distribution of affected gastrocnemius muscle, and myofibrillar protein content of both affected and unaffected soleus muscle. Daily low-intensity exercise following acute stroke attenuates hind-limb muscle atrophy in both affected and unaffected sides. The effects of exercise are more pronounced in the soleus and gastrocnemius as compared to the plantaris muscle.

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