Production of house fly larvae for animal feed through natural oviposition

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Koné ◽  
M. Sylla ◽  
S. Nacambo ◽  
M. Kenis
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Sheep Manure ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
The Right

Larvae of the house fly, Musca domestica L., are a suitable protein source for incorporation into animal feed. In Sub-Saharan Africa, one of the methods to produce house fly larvae is to expose a substrate to attract naturally-occurring adult flies for oviposition. A production system, described herein, was set up in Mali and the potential of the method was assessed by studying the influence of various parameters on yields. Of four substrate mixtures tested, three, i.e. chicken manure alone, sheep manure and coagulated blood, and chicken manure and coagulated blood provided average yields of 124-144 g of fresh larvae per kg of dry substrate, just three days after the exposure of the substrate to adult flies. However, high variations were observed between and within seasons. In the rainy season, a maximum of 427 g per kg of dry substrate were obtained but, in the dry hot season, yields were much lower. Up to 10 kg of dry substrate can be exposed per m2. Increasing the quantity and proportion of coagulated blood in sheep manure also increases yield, but chicken manure alone is probably the easiest substrate, provided the manure is of high quality and contains the right amount of cellulose. A major limiting factor for the scaling up of this system is the need for a large ground surface to reach an industrial production. Tests have been made with trays placed on shelves and yields decreased rapidly with increasing heights to 67 and 39% at 40 and 114 cm from the ground, respectively. Recommendations for the setting up and optimisation of a house fly larvae production system in West Africa are suggested.

Potentials of animal, crop and agri-food wastes for the production of fly larvae

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Ganda ◽  
E.T. Zannou-Boukari ◽  
M. Kenis ◽  
C.A.A.M. Chrysostome ◽  
G.A. Mensah
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Food Wastes ◽  
Maize Bran ◽  
Production Cycles ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
Republic Of Benin

Fly larvae, in particular those of house fly (Musca domestica) and black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), are increasingly considered for animal feed worldwide. A simple way to produce fly larvae is to expose suitable substrates to attract adult flies that will lay eggs in the substrates from where larvae will be subsequently extracted. This study aims to evaluate the potential of animal manures and agri-food wastes for maggot production and to identify the fly species developing in the substrates. Experiments were conducted in the Republic of Benin. Twenty-six substrates were left uncovered for 10 hours and maggots were harvested after four days. Fresh substrates were then added to residual substrates and left uncovered for another 10 hours for another production cycle. In total, three production cycles were monitored. In the first cycle, nearly 100% of the flies were house flies but black soldier flies appeared in the following cycles. The result showed that crop and agri-food substrates produced more larvae than manures. The highest yield at the first production cycle was obtained with the mixture of soybean bran and maize grain pericarp. Maize bran, pig manure and chicken manure also showed potential for maggot production. Other substrates such as cow and sheep/goat manure produced nearly no maggot when used alone but the amount of larvae substantially increased when attractants such as chicken offal were added, or when mixed with pig and chicken manure. Production decreased with the production cycles for the majority of substrates, except for mixtures based on spent grain and pineapple grain, which produced a large amount of larva at the second harvest. The activity of maggots led to temperature elevation and reduction of substrate biomass. This study showed that several substrates, in particular soybean bran, maize bran, pig manure and chicken manure show potential for maggot production.

scholarly journals Exploring the chemical safety of fly larvae as a source of protein for animal feed

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Charlton ◽  
M. Dickinson ◽  
M.E. Wakefield ◽  
E. Fitches ◽  
M. Kenis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Safety Data ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
House Fly ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chemical Safety ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metal ◽  
Chemical Contaminants ◽  
Fly Larvae

There is an urgent need to increase the supply of sustainable protein for use in animal feed and the use of insect protein provides a potential alternative to protein crops and fishmeal. For example, fly larvae are highly compatible with use in animal feed containing much digestible protein with levels of key amino acids that are comparable with those found in high value alternatives such as soybean. However, the safety of protein from insects and subsequently the meat and fish from animals fed on such a diet requires further assessment. Here we present safety data from the larvae of the four fly species that have perhaps the greatest economic relevance in relation to their use as animal feed being: house fly (Musca domestica), blue bottle (Calliphora vomitoria), blow fly (Chrysomya spp.) and black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens). Diverse rearing methods were used to produce larvae fed on a range of waste substrates and in four geographically dispersed locations being; UK, China, Mali and Ghana. Chemical safety data were collected by a fully accredited laboratory in the UK. The levels of the main subclasses of chemical contaminants considered for animal feed were determined, being; veterinary medicines, pesticides, heavy metals, dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and mycotoxins. The larvae analysed generally possessed levels of chemical contaminants which were below recommended maximum concentrations suggested by bodies such as the European Commission, the World Health Organisation and Codex. However, the toxic heavy metal cadmium was found to be of concern in three of the M. domestica samples analysed.

scholarly journals A Molecular Survey of Bacterial Species in the Guts of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens) Reared on Two Urban Organic Waste Streams in Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa Shumo ◽  
Fathiya M. Khamis ◽  
Fidelis Levi Ombura ◽  
Chrysantus M. Tanga ◽  
Komi K. M. Fiaboe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Dependent Sequence ◽  
Alternative Protein ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
Rdna Amplification ◽  
Culture Dependent

Globally, the expansion of livestock and fisheries production is severely constrained due to the increasing costs and ecological footprint of feed constituents. The utilization of black soldier fly (BSF) as an alternative protein ingredient to fishmeal and soybean in animal feed has been widely documented. The black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) used are known to voraciously feed and grow in contaminated organic wastes. Thus, several concerns about their safety for inclusion into animal feed remain largely unaddressed. This study evaluated both culture-dependent sequence-based and 16S rDNA amplification analysis to isolate and identify bacterial species associated with BSFL fed on chicken manure (CM) and kitchen waste (KW). The bacteria species from the CM and KW were also isolated and investigated. Results from the culture-dependent isolation strategies revealed that Providencia sp. was the most dominant bacterial species detected from the guts of BSFL reared on CM and KW. Morganella sp. and Brevibacterium sp. were detected in CM, while Staphylococcus sp. and Bordetella sp. were specific to KW. However, metagenomic studies showed that Providencia and Bordetella were the dominant genera observed in BSFL gut and processed waste substrates. Pseudomonas and Comamonas were recorded in the raw waste substrates. The diversity of bacterial genera recorded from the fresh rearing substrates was significantly higher compared to the diversity observed in the gut of the BSFL and BSF frass (leftovers of the rearing substrates). These findings demonstrate that the presence and abundance of microbiota in BSFL and their associated waste vary considerably. However, the presence of clinically pathogenic strains of bacteria in the gut of BSFL fed both substrates highlight the biosafety risk of potential vertical transmission that might occur, if appropriate pre-and-postharvest measures are not enforced.

Traditional use of fly larvae by small poultry farmers in Benin

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.C.B. Pomalégni ◽  
D.S.J.C. Gbemavo ◽  
C.P. Kpadé ◽  
M. Kenis ◽  
G.A. Mensah
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Family Farming ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
Poultry Farmers ◽  
Large Survey

House fly larvae (Musca domestica) are a suitable and sustainable source of protein for poultry in Africa, but their traditional use in family farming has never been demonstrated and quantified. A large survey among traditional poultry farmers in Benin shows that on the average, 5.7% of them produce house fly larvae to feed their poultry. In one politico-administrative sub-unit (department) 25.7% of farmer feed their poultry with larvae. The farmers using house fly larvae as protein source tend to have a higher income from poultry farming; have higher level of education and a larger flock than those that do not use larvae. They also give termites to their poultry more often than other farmers. Farmers keeping their poultry in confinement also use fly larvae more often than those whose flocks are scavenging. Fly larvae are produced by exposing various wastes as substrates to attract naturally occurring flies. A total of 28 substrates used to produce larvae were cited by farmers. The most cited substrates were soy and maize bran, pig and chicken manure as well as animal cadavers. This information will be used to optimise the dissemination of the use of fly larvae in poultry feed to smallholder farmers in Benin. The fact that poultry farmers already produce fly larvae on farm also provides opportunities to integrate indigenous knowledge in the development of new technologies.

Biochemical and Histopathological Evaluation of the Radioprotective Effects of Melatonin Against Gamma Ray-Induced Skin Damage

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dheyauldeen Shabeeb ◽  
Masoud Najafi ◽  
Ahmed Eleojo Musa ◽  
Mansoor Keshavarz ◽  
Alireza Shirazi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Skin Damage ◽  
Exposed Skin ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Skin Damages ◽  
The Right

Background:Radiotherapy is one of the treatment methods for cancers using ionizing radiations. About 70% of cancer patients undergo radiotherapy. Radiation effect on the skin is one of the main complications of radiotherapy and dose limiting factor. To ameliorate this complication, we used melatonin as a radioprotective agent due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, free radical scavenging, improving overall survival after irradiation as well as minimizing the degree of DNA damage and frequency of chromosomal abrasions.Methods:Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups: control (C), melatonin (M), radiation (R) and melatonin + radiation (MR). A single dose of 30 Gy gamma radiation was exposed to the right hind legs of the rats while 40 mg/ml of melatonin was administered 30 minutes before irradiation and 2 mg/ml once daily in the afternoon for one month till the date of rat’s sacrifice. Five rats from each group were sacrificed 4, 12 and 20 weeks after irradiation. Afterwards, their exposed skin tissues were examined histologically and biochemically.Results:In biochemical analysis, we found that malondialdehyde (MDA) levels significantly increased in R group and decreased significantly in M and MR groups after 4, 12, and 20 weeks, whereas catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities decreased in the R group and increased in M and MR groups during the same time periods compared with the C group (p<0.05). Histopathological examination found there were statistically significant differences between R group compared with the C and M groups for the three different time periods (p<0.005, p<0.004 and p<0.004) respectively, while R group differed significantly with MR group (p<0.013). No significant differences were observed between C and M compared with MR group (p>0.05) at 4 and 20 weeks except for inflammation and hair follicle atrophy, while there were significant effects at 12 weeks (p<0.05).Conclusion:Melatonin can be successfully used for the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced skin injury. We recommend the use of melatonin in optimal and safe doses. These doses should be administered over a long period of time for effective radioprotection and amelioration of skin damages as well as improving the therapeutic ratio of radiotherapy.

STATE AND PROSPECTS OF PROCESSING OF SECONDARY RAW MATERIALS OF WINE-MAKING IN UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Osipova ◽  
O. Radionova ◽  
L. Tkachenko ◽  
T. Abramova
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Wine Making ◽  
Secondary Raw Materials ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Wide Range

The analysis of the current state of processing of secondary raw materials of wine-making in Ukraine is given. It is proved that the latter is a rich source of biologically active compounds, including phenolic ones, which makes it possible to use it for the production of a wide range of products (raccoon, polyphenol extracts, tartaric acid, beverages, fertilizers, grape oil, cake, vitamin D, animal feed, food powder, abrasives) with high consumer value for various industries: food, pharmaceutical, perfume and cosmetics, chemical, feed, etc. In the light of modern research, the role of phenolic compounds as essential nutrition factors that cannot remain out of the field of view of physiologists, pharmacologists, and food hygiene specialists is shown. However, currently in Ukraine there are no specialized enterprises for complex processing of secondary raw materials of winemaking; traditional technologies are not effective from a technological, economic and environmental point of view, which indicates not rational use of resources and loss of material resources; there are no systematic studies on physical and chemical, microbiological, Toxicological composition in order to determine the optimal direction of its use. A limiting factor is also the lack of comparative analysis of innovative domestic and foreign technologies for processing secondary raw materials of winemaking. In the vast majority of cases, in particular, combs and pomace are taken out of control to agricultural land without special treatment, which leads to acid soil erosion and pollution of the environment with metabolites of micromycetes, increasing one of the global problems of mankind-environmental. At the present stage of technological development, there are a number of innovative developments in the field of processing secondary raw materials, in particular grape pomace, in order to obtain biologically active additives, the limiting factor for the introduction of which is the lack of domestic and expensive imported equipment. A promising way to solve the existing problems is to create a mechanism that will unite the interests of wineries (producers of secondary raw materials of winemaking), processing enterprises (producers of products from secondary raw materials of winemaking), scientists and potential consumers of innovative products. Consolidation of the above-mentioned institutions and enterprises is possible by creating clusters for the development and implementation of innovative technologies and equipment

scholarly journals An afebrile heartwater-like syndrome in goats

2013 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhoda Leask ◽  
Kenneth P. Pettey ◽  
Gareth F. Bath
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Febrile Reaction ◽  
Presumptive Diagnosis ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
And Control

Heartwater is a serious limiting factor for sheep and goat production in the major endemic area of sub-Saharan Africa and therefore most knowledge, research and control methods originate from this region. Whilst the usual or common clinical presentations can be used to make a presumptive diagnosis of heartwater with a good measure of confidence, this is not always the case, and animals suffering from heartwater may be misdiagnosed because their cases do not conform to the expected syndrome, signs and lesions. One aberrant form found occasionally in the Channel Island breeds of cattle and some goats is an afebrile heartwaterlike syndrome. The most constant and characteristic features of this heartwater-like syndrome comprise normal temperature, clinical signs associated with generalised oedema, and nervous signs, especially hypersensitivity. The presumption that the disease under investigation is the afebrile heartwater-like syndrome entails a tentative diagnosis based on history and clinical signs and the response to presumed appropriate treatment (metadiagnosis). The afebrile heartwater-like syndrome presents similarly to peracute heartwater but without the febrile reaction. Peracute cases of heartwater have a high mortality rate, enabling confirmation of the disease on post-mortem examination. Recognition of the afebrile heartwater-like syndrome is important to prevent deaths and identify the need for appropriate control measures.

scholarly journals The Development of Infants’ Expectations for Event Timing

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle J. Comishen ◽  
Scott A. Adler
Keyword(s):  
Target Location ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Anticipatory Eye Movements ◽  
Event Timing ◽  
Temporal Cues ◽  
Temporal Events ◽  
The Right ◽  
Visual Expectation

The capacity to process and incorporate temporal information into behavioural decisions is an integral component for functioning in our environment. Whereas previous research has extended adults’ temporal processing capacity down the developmental timeline to infants, little research has examined infants’ capacity to use that temporal information in guiding their future behaviours and whether this capacity can detect event-timing differences on the order of milliseconds. The present study examined 3- and 6-month-old infants’ ability to process temporal durations of 700 and 1200 milliseconds by means of the Visual Expectation Cueing Paradigm in which the duration of a central stimulus predicted either a target appearing on the left or on the right of a screen. If 3- and 6-month-old infants could discriminate the milliseconds difference between the centrally-presented temporal cues, then they would correctly make anticipatory eye movements to the proper target location at a rate above chance. Results indicated that 6- but not 3-month-olds successfully discriminated and incorporated events’ temporal information into their visual expectations. Brain maturation and the perceptual capacity to discriminate the relative timing values of temporal events may account for these findings. This developmental limitation in processing and discriminating events on the scale of milliseconds, consequently, may be a limiting factor for attentional and cognitive development that has not previously been explored.

scholarly journals Congenital Hip Dislocation with a Genu Recurvatum in Togo: A Case Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-76
Author(s):  
Agbeko FY ◽  
Fiawoo M ◽  
Djomaleu RA ◽  
NZonou M ◽  
Talboussouma S ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hip Dislocation ◽  
Black Population ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Congenital Dislocation ◽  
Congenital Hip Dislocation ◽  
Genu Recurvatum ◽  
Ultrasound Of The Hip ◽  
The Right ◽  
Dislocation Of The Hip

Introduction: CHD is a condition, which is frequent in pediatrics in the Caucasian population, remains rare in the Black population, and exceptional in sub-Saharan Africa. The Patient: We report this first Togolese case of bilateral congenital dislocation of the hip associated with genu recurvatum observed in a newborn received on the second day of life. The Primary Diagnoses, Interventions, and Outcomes: The pediatric examination had noted extension of lower limbs. The thighs were in adduction with a stiff bilateral genu recurvatum. The abduction of the thighs on the pelvis was considerably limited. The Barlow and Ortolani maneuvers showed a protrusion. There was also a camptodactyly of the thumbs and a cleft palate. The rest of the examination was normal. Ultrasound of the hip showed a bilateral congenital dislocation of the hip with an estimated acetabular fundus of 7 mm on both the right and left sides. Ultrasound and radiography of the knees were normal. Conclusion: Clinical examination at birth is the key step in diagnosis of congenital hip dislocation. In situations where diagnosis is difficult, ultrasound is of capital importance. Treatment is in the majority of cases orthopedic.

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