Omega-3 on the fly: long-legged fly Machaerium maritimae as a potential source of eicosapentaenoic acid for aquafeeds

The need for more sustainable aquafeeds has prompted the exploration of insects as potential ingredients. However, commonly reared insects are not satisfactory regarding their fatty acid composition, lacking omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC PUFA), important nutrients for marine organisms. In this study, we present in detail the fatty acid profile of the long-legged fly Machaerium maritimae Haliday (Diptera: Dolichopodidae), an amphibiotic insect native to European coastal habitats. Specimens of this fly were collected in Ria de Aveiro coastal lagoon (Portugal) and the fatty acid profile was analysed through gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Results revealed a remarkably high level of n-3 LC PUFA, (11 μg/mg dry weight, 20% of the fatty acid profile) namely eicosapentaenoic acid, and a low level of saturated fatty acids. This value is higher than what is found in Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly), while comparable to other aquatic insects. We also report the presence of 50 distinct fatty acids, including multiple branched-chain and PUFA, and discuss potential implications of their presence on the ecology of this species. Variation in the fatty acid profile along the landscape is also presented. Our results indicate that M. maritimae can potentially be a high-quality lipid source for marine aquafeeds. Current legislation in Europe allowing the use of insects in aquaculture is restricted to a few selected species, often non-native, however, further research should consider native insects as potential alternatives to current ingredients in aquafeed.

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Determination of proximate composition and fatty acid profiles of Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823 in Turkish freshwater resources

Crustaceana ◽

10.1163/15685403-00003574 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 89 (10) ◽

pp. 1135-1147 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Abdullah Öksüz ◽

Yavuz Mazlum

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Living Environment ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Astacus Leptodactylus ◽

Meat Yield ◽

Single Fatty Acid ◽

High Level

This research was conducted to evaluate the nutrient content ofAstacus leptodactylusin various populations in the lakes Iznik and Egirdir, as well as in Hirfanlı Dam Lake and Keban Dam Lake, all in Turkey. Crayfish meat yield ranged from a minimum of 11.3% to a maximum of 16.3% of wet weight in specimens from Keban and Iznik, respectively. Meat yield was significantly different, depending on the living environment. The protein content of the meat ofA. leptodactylusranged from 15.4 to 17.5%. The moisture content of crayfish was significantly lower in the high lipid containing Iznik Lake’s crayfish. Crayfish lipids were poor in saturated fatty acids, but rich in PUFA’s and in particular EPA, DHA and ARA. In all groups, the major saturated fatty acids were palmitic acid, stearic acid and myristic acid. Among the omega-6 fatty acid series, a high level of ARA was observed in crayfish meat.EPA may be considered as the major omega-3 fatty acid in crayfish lipids. There was no single fatty acid indicating regional differences in crayfish specimens.

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Genetic and Nutritional Factors Determining the Production and Quality of Sheep Meat – A Review

Annals of Animal Science ◽

10.1515/aoas-2016-0036 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 23-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jan Knapik ◽

Katarzyna Ropka-Molik ◽

Marek Pieszka

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Profile ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Meat Production ◽

Quality Traits ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Nutritional Factors ◽

Expression Of Genes

Abstract In the last 20 years, the importance of sheep and especially lamb meat as the main product of the sheep industry in European conditions increased noticeably. In the same period, people’s interest in food quality grew. This contributed to a significant intensification of research to improve the meat production and quality traits in sheep. The aim of the research performed mainly focuses on the effects of nutrition, the environmental and genetic factors on the value of fattening, slaughter and meat quality characteristics. Much of the research concentrates on determining the fatty acid profile of intramuscular fat, which is important for sensory traits and dietetic value of lamb. Modulation of healthy qualities of lamb is aimed, inter alia, to modify the fatty acid profile, in particular to maintain the proper ratio of polyunsaturated (PUFA ) to saturated fatty acids (SFA). It is also desirable to increase the content of omega-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Furthermore, it has been proven that changes in the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism are associated with the change in lipid profile in skeletal muscle. The aim of this review was to summarize the information currently available about the influence of genetic and nutritional factors on meat production and quality traits in different sheep breeds.

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The Pharmacological Evaluation of Flax Seed Oil

Journal of Current Medical Research and Opinion ◽

10.15520/jcmro.v3i05.282 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (05) ◽

Author(s):

Derya Duran

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Nitrogen Content ◽

Total Nitrogen ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Total Nitrogen Content ◽

Flax Seed ◽

Omega 3 ◽

High Level

Flax seed oil is important food and nutrition sources. It has a low content of saturated fatty acids (9% of all the fatty acids), a moderate content of single saturated fatty acids (about 18%) and a high content of unsaturated fatty acids (about 73%). This oil can be used as a nutritional supplement and is significant in respect of containing omega-3 fatty acid, especially a high level of ALA and a low level of omega-6 fatty acids. The protein content of flax seed varies between 20-30%, and it contains a high level of globulin (linin and conlinin) and gluten. The proportion of non-protein nitrogen constitutes 21.7% of the total nitrogen content. The total nitrogen content has been reported as 3.25g/100 grams of seed. Today, flax seed stands out among the functional additives in the food industry due to the presence of α-linolenic acid, lignans and fibers in its content. Among the oils obtained from seeds, flax seed comes into prominence since it has high contents of α-linoleic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) and lignans. Flax seed contains oil by 35-45%, and 45-52% of it consists of ALA. ALA is classified as omega-3 group fatty acid and has anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic and antiarrhythmic characteristics.

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Fatty acid profile of milk from cows fed palm kernel cake

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n4supl1p2773 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (4Supl1) ◽

pp. 2773

Author(s):

Leidiane Reis Pimentel ◽

Fabiano Ferreira da Silva ◽

Robério Rodrigues Silva ◽

Eli Santana de Oliveira Rodrigues ◽

Murilo De Almeida Meneses ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Profile ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Palm Kernel Cake ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Medium Chain ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

To evaluate the fatty acid profile of milk from cows fed palm kernel cake (PKC), 12 Holstein × Zebu crossbred cows were kept in the feedlot, distributed into a triple 4 × 4 Latin square, and fed the following treatments: 1) control; 2) inclusion of 50 g PKC/kg in the total dry matter (TDM); 3) inclusion of 100 g PKC/kg in the TDM; and 4) inclusion of 150 g PKC/kg in the TDM. Milk samples from the morning and afternoon milkings were collected in the amount of 1% of the daily production of each animal; subsequently, 100-mL subsamples were frozen for analysis of the fatty acid profile. Inclusion of PKC did not change the concentration of short-chain fatty acids or myristoleic (C14:1), pentadecenoic (C15:1), palmitic (C16:0), and palmitoleic (C16:1) fatty acids. Concentrations of medium-chain and lauric (C12:0) and myristic (C14:0) fatty acids increased linearly (P < 0.05). A decreasing linear effect was observed (P < 0.05) on the concentration of the C15:0 fatty acid. No effects were observed (P > 0.05) on the long-chain fatty acids and those of the omega 6 and 3 series; on the ratio between poly-unsaturated and saturated fatty acids; or on the ratio between the fatty acids of the omega 6/omega 3 series. The concentration of conjugated linoleic acid was not influenced (P > 0.05) by inclusion of PKC in the diet. Addition of palm kernel cake to the diet of lactating cows influences the concentration of medium-chain fatty acids, and of lauric (C12:0), myristic (C14:0), and pentadecanoic (C15:0) fatty acids in their milk.

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Lipid and fatty acid profile of liver in relation to reproduction in the small-scaled terapon Terapon puta (Cuvier, 1829) from Pondicherry Coast, India

Indian Journal of Fisheries ◽

10.21077/ijf.2018.65.2.69320-13 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 65 ◽

Author(s):

R. Nandikeswari ◽

M. Sambasivam

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Profile ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Total Lipid ◽

Lipid Content ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Total Lipid Content ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids

The total lipid content as percentage of dry weight of liver of Terapon puta (Cuvier, 1829) varied at four different stages viz., immature, maturing, mature and spent stages of reproduction. Highest levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was recorded in the liver of mature fishes (50.71%) followed by maturing (48.03%) and the lowest in immature fishes (38.91%). Highest levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were observed in the liver of maturing fishes (37.07%) followed by mature (34.09%) and the lowest levels in immature fishes (30.48%). Maturing fishes had higher liver polyunsaturated fatty acid levels (PUFA) (13.54%), compared to immature (10.55%) and mature fishes (10.17%).

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EFFECT OF GINGER, LEMURU FISH OIL SAPONIFICATION AND OLIVE OIL ON COMPOSITION FATTY ACID OF BEEF

Jurnal Agroindustri ◽

10.31186/j.agroind.4.1.31-39 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 31-39

Author(s):

Siwitri Kadarsih

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Olive Oil ◽

Rice Bran ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Omega 6

The objective was to get beef that contain unsaturated fatty acids (especially omega 3 and 6), so as to improve intelligence, physical health for those who consume. The study design using CRD with 3 treatments, each treatment used 4 Bali cattle aged approximately 1.5 years. Observations were made 8 weeks. Pasta mixed with ginger provided konsentrat. P1 (control); P2 (6% saponification lemuru fish oil, olive oil 1%; rice bran: 37.30%; corn: 62.70%; KLK: 7%, ginger paste: 100 g); P3 (lemuru fish oil saponification 8%, 2% olive oil; rice bran; 37.30; corn: 62.70%; KLK: 7%, ginger paste: 200 g). Konsentrat given in the morning as much as 1% of the weight of the cattle based on dry matter, while the grass given a minimum of 10% of the weight of livestock observation variables include: fatty acid composition of meat. Data the analyzies qualitative. The results of the study showed that the composition of saturated fatty acids in meat decreased and an increase in unsaturated fatty acids, namely linoleic acid (omega 6) and linolenic acid (omega 3), and deikosapenta deikosaheksa acid.Keywords :

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Variability in Macro- and Micronutrients of 15 Commercially Available Microalgae Powders

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md19060310 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (6) ◽

pp. 310

Author(s):

Fabian Sandgruber ◽

Annekathrin Gielsdorf ◽

Anja C. Baur ◽

Benjamin Schenz ◽

Sandra Marie Müller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Dunaliella Salina ◽

Haematococcus Pluvialis ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Chlorella Pyrenoidosa ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Arthrospira Platensis ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Tetraselmis Chuii

The nutrient composition of 15 commercially available microalgae powders of Arthrospira platensis, Chlorella pyrenoidosa and vulgaris, Dunaliella salina, Haematococcus pluvialis, Tetraselmis chuii, and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae was analyzed. The Dunaliella salina powders were characterized by a high content of carbohydrates, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), omega-6-polyunsaturated fatty acids (n6-PUFAs), heavy metals, and α-tocopherol, whereas the protein amounts, essential amino acids (EAAs), omega-3-PUFAs (n3-PUFAs), vitamins, and minerals were low. In the powder of Haematococcus pluvialis, ten times higher amounts of carotenoids compared to all other analyzed powders were determined, yet it was low in vitamins D and E, protein, and EAAs, and the n6/n3-PUFAs ratio was comparably high. Vitamin B12, quantified as cobalamin, was below 0.02 mg/100 g dry weight (d.w.) in all studied powders. Based on our analysis, microalgae such as Aphanizomenon and Chlorella may contribute to an adequate intake of critical nutrients such as protein with a high content of EAAs, dietary fibers, n3-PUFAs, Ca, Fe, Mg, and Zn, as well as vitamin D and E. Yet, the nutritional value of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae was slightly decreased by high contents of SFAs. The present data show that microalgae are rich in valuable nutrients, but the macro- and micronutrient profiles differ strongly between and within species.

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Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in diets fed to sows on fatty acids in brain, muscle and skin of their piglets

South African Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4314/sajas.v50i1.6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 47-54

Author(s):

I De Gasperín ◽

J.G. Vicente ◽

J.M. Pinos-Rodríguez ◽

F Montiel ◽

R Loeza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Soybean Oil ◽

Fatty Acid Profile ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Profiles ◽

Polyunsaturated Fat ◽

Pork Lard ◽

Piglet Survival

The aim of this research was to determine fatty acid profiles in piglet brain, skin, and muscle, and in the milk of sows fed fat with different saturation grades during gestation and lactation. At 42 days of gestation, 50 multiparous sows were randomly allocated to one of two treatments, namely a diet containing pork lard (n = 25) and a diet containing soybean oil (n = 25). The fats were provided at 3.6% during gestation and at 4% during lactation. The experimental diets were offered through the weaning of the piglets. The fatty acid profile of the milk was determined fourteen days after parturition. At weaning (21 days postpartum) and seven days later, one of the piglets (n = 64) from 16 sows allocated to each treatment was selected at random to determine fatty acid profiles in brain, skin and muscle. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were higher in the diet with pork lard than in that with soybean oil, in which the polyunsaturated fat content was higher. A higher saturation of fatty acids was found in milk from the sows that consumed pork lard, which contained more saturated fatty acids than the milk from sows that consumed soybean oil. The fatty acid profiles in muscle and skin of the piglets were affected by the diet of the sows. However, the fatty acid profile of the piglets’ brains was not affected by the diet of their mothers. Keywords: fat saturation, lard, piglet survival, sow feeding, soybean oil

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High Physiological Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Affects Muscle Fatty Acid Composition and Glucose and Insulin Homeostasis in Obese Adolescents

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1155/2012/395757 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Frida Dangardt ◽

Yun Chen ◽

Eva Gronowitz ◽

Jovanna Dahlgren ◽

Peter Friberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Intravenous Glucose ◽

Obese Adolescents ◽

Insulin Homeostasis

Obese adolescents have high concentrations of saturated fatty acids and low omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCUFAs) in plasma phospholipids. We aimed to investigate effects of omega-3 LCPUFA supplementation to obese adolescents on skeletal muscle lipids and glucose and insulin homeostasis. Twenty-five obese adolescents (14–17 years old, 14 females) completed a randomized double-blind crossover study supplying capsules containing either 1.2 g omega-3 LCPUFAs or placebo, for 3 months each with a six-week washout period. Fasting blood glucose, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, and lipids were measured. Intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) and euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp were performed, and skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained at the end of each period. The concentrations of EPA, DHA, and total omega-3 PUFA in muscle phospholipids increased in both sexes. In the females, omega-3 LCPUFA supplementation improved glucose tolerance by 39% (P=0.04) and restored insulin concentration by 34% (P=0.02) during IVGTT. Insulin sensitivity improved 17% (P=0.07). In males, none of these parameters was influenced by omega-3 supplementation. Thus, three months of supplementation of omega-3 LCPUFA improved glucose and insulin homeostasis in obese girls without influencing body weight.

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