Determination of zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and metabolites in bile of piglets fed diets with graded levels of Fusarium toxin contaminated maize

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Brezina ◽  
I. Rempe ◽  
S. Kersten ◽  
H. Valenta ◽  
H.-U. Humpf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Equations ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Internal Standards ◽  
Fusarium Toxin ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Bile Samples

For the simultaneous determination of zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON) and their metabolites α-zearalenol (α-ZOL), β-zearalenol (β-ZOL), zearalanone (ZAN), α-zearalanol (α-ZAL), β-zearalanol (β-ZAL) and de-epoxydeoxynivalenol (DOM) in bile of piglets, a liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method including sample preparation with combined immunoaffinity columns (DZT MS-Prep®) has been developed. The analyte concentrations were determined by the use of isotopically labelled internal standards. The mean recoveries for all analytes ranged between 80 and 99%. The determined limits of detection and quantification ranged from 0.01-0.60 and 0.04-2.0 ng/ml, respectively. ZEA, DON and their metabolites were analysed in bile of female piglets fed diets containing 0.01/0.03, 0.05/0.59, 0.08/1.27, 0.17/2.01 and 0.29/4.52 mg ZEA/DON per kg during 29 days of treatment. After 1, 3, 8, 15, 22 and 29 days four piglets per group were slaughtered. ZEA, α-ZOL, β-ZOL, DON and DOM were quantified in almost all bile samples, whereas ZAN, α-ZAL and β-ZAL could only be quantified sporadically. Moreover, dose- and time-dependent effects were observed for most analytes. The toxin residues in bile correlated well with the respective mycotoxin intake per kg body weight and day and the mother toxin concentration in the diets. Due to these high correlations the exposure to dietary ZEA and DON could be predicted by the use of the corresponding regression equations. Strictly speaking these relationships are only valid for the experimental conditions of the underlying experiment. Furthermore, for practical application the individual variation need to be additionally considered.

Consideration of Environmentally Assisted Fatigue in Austenitic Stainless Steel: Calculation and Practical Application

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven H. Reese ◽  
Johannes Seichter ◽  
Dietmar Klucke
Keyword(s):  
Primary Circuit ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Loading Conditions ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Circuit Component ◽  
Detailed Assessment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fatigue Evaluation ◽  
Assessment Procedures

The influence of LWR coolant environment to the lifetime of materials has been discussed recent years. Nowadays the consideration of environmentally assisted fatigue is under consideration in Codes and Standards like ASME and the German KTA Rules (e.g. Standard No. 3201.2 and Standard No. 3201.4) by means of so called attention thresholds. Basic calculation procedures in terms of quantifying the influence of LWR coolant environment by the Fen correction factor were proposed by Higuchi and others and are given in NUREG/CR-6909. This paper deals with the application of the proposed assessment procedures of ANL and the application to plant conditions. Therefore conservative assessment procedures are introduced without assuming the knowledge of detailed stress and strain calculations or temperature transients. Additionally, detailed assessment procedures based on Finite-Element calculations, respecting in-service temperature measurements including thermal reference transients and complex operational loading conditions are carried out. Fatigue evaluation of a PWR primary circuit component is used in order to evaluate the influence of plant like conditions numerically. Conclusions regarding the practical application are drawn by means of comparing the ANL approach considering laboratory conditions, conservative assessment procedures for the determination of cumulative fatigue usage factors of plant components and detailed assessment procedures. Plant like loading conditions, complex component geometries, loading scenarios and reference temperature transients shall be taken into account. Practical issues like the determination of the mean temperature or the strain rate have to be considered adequately.

Crucial Effects of Weightlessness on Human Orientation

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Mittelstaedt ◽  
S. Glasauer
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Subjective Vertical ◽  
Independent Components ◽  
Human Orientation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Trunk Tilt

This contribution examines the consequences of two remarkable experiences of subjects in weightlessness, 1) the missing of sensations of trunk tilt and of the respective concomitant reflexes when the head is tilted with respect to the trunk, and 2) the persistence of a perception of “up” and “down,” that is, of the polarity of the subjective vertical (SV) in the absence of, as well as in contradiction to, visual cues. The first disproves that the necessary head-to-trunk coordinate transformation be achieved by adding representations of the respective angles gained by utricles and neck receptors, but corroborates an extant model of cross-multiplication of utricular, saccular, and neck receptor components. The second indicates the existence of force-independent components in the determination of the SV. Although the number of subjects is still small and experimental conditions are not as homogeneous as desired, measurements and/or reports on the ground, in parabolic, and in space flight point to the decisive role of the saccular z-bias, that is, of a difference of the mean resting discharges of saccular units polarized in the rostrad and the caudad (±z-) direction.

scholarly journals Estimation of the mean normal measure from flat sections

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (01) ◽  
pp. 31-48
Author(s):  
Markus Kiderlen
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
The Other ◽  
Consistent Estimator ◽  
Random Set ◽  
Normal Measure ◽  
Mild Assumption ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Vertical Sections ◽  
Almost All

We discuss the determination of the mean normal measure of a stationary random set Z ⊂ ℝ d by taking measurements at the intersections of Z with k-dimensional planes. We show that mean normal measures of sections with vertical planes determine the mean normal measure of Z if k ≥ 3 or if k = 2 and an additional mild assumption holds. The mean normal measures of finitely many flat sections are not sufficient for this purpose. On the other hand, a discrete mean normal measure can be verified (i.e. an a priori guess can be confirmed or discarded) using mean normal measures of intersections with m suitably chosen planes when m ≥ ⌊d / k⌋ + 1. This even holds for almost all m-tuples of k-dimensional planes are viable for verification. A consistent estimator for the mean normal measure of Z, based on stereological measurements in vertical sections, is also presented.

scholarly journals On phenomena relating to the spectra of hydrogen and helium

1916 ◽  
Vol 93 (646) ◽  
pp. 27-28
Keyword(s):  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Principal Series ◽  
Black Body ◽  
Black Body Radiation ◽  
Balmer Series ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Carbon Arc ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

In a previous paper the structure of broadened spectrum lines was investigated by a method involving the use of a neutral-tinted wedge as an accessory to the spectroscope. The present communication deals with a method for the accurate determination of the photographic intensities of spectrum lines and the reduction of such intensities to absolute values by comparison with the continuous black-body radiation of the carbon arc. These methods have been applied to a study of the relative intensity distribution in the spectra of helium and hydrogen under different conditions of excitation. It has been found that under certain specified conditions there is a transfer of energy from the longer to the shorter wave-lengths in any given series, and that, under such conditions, the associated series, and in particular the Diffuse series, are relatively enhanced at the expense of the Principal series. It has also been found that the distribution of intensity found in certain celestial spectra can be approximately reproduced in the laboratory. In any attempt to interpret the phenomena observed in connection with the Balmer series of hydrogen, it is necessary to know the particular type to which this series belongs. In order to decide this point a study has been made of the separations of the components of lines of the Balmer series of hydrogen, and the mean values of the separations of the doublets constituting the lines H a and H β have been found to be respectively 0.132 Å.U. and 0.033 Å.U. These values are consistent with the separations appropriate to a Principal series, and the first is in precise agreement with the value deduced by Buisson and Fabry. These results have been obtained by crossing a Lummer Gehrcke plate with the neutral wedge, and submitting the contours obtained to mathematical analysis, by means of which the distribution of intensity in the individual components, and the separation of the components, can be determined.

A method for the quantitative determination of individual free fatty acids in milk by ion exchange resin adsorption and gas-liquid chromatography

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric C. Needs ◽  
Graeme D. Ford ◽  
A. Jane Owen ◽  
Brian Tuckley ◽  
Malcolm Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Exchange Resin ◽  
Ion Exchange Resin ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Internal Standards ◽  
Resin Adsorption ◽  
The Individual

SummaryA quantitative method for rapid routine analysis of individual free fatty acids (FFA) in milk was developed. Lipid was extracted from milk in ether and FFA were recovered by shaking the extract with anion exchange resin Amberlyst 26. The resin-bound FFA were methylated directly and the individual acids quantified, using internal standards, by gas-liquid chromatography. The properties of the resin were measured. The validity of the method was established by extraction of FFA mixtures and milk. Individual acids were, on average, found to be within 6% of the actual concentration present in the mixture. An average coefficient of variation of 4·3% was achieved for the major individual fatty acids on repeated extraction of a single milk sample.

Physiological Properties of the Lamina I Spinoparabrachial Neurons in the Rat

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 2239-2259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hervé Bester ◽  
Victoria Chapman ◽  
Jean-Marie Besson ◽  
Jean-François Bernard
Keyword(s):  
Great Majority ◽  
Noxious Heat ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Lamina I ◽  
C Fibers ◽  
Control Response ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Noxious Stimuli ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Almost All

Single-unit extracellular recordings of spino-parabrachial (spino-PB) neurons ( n = 53) antidromically driven from the contralateral parabrachial (PB) area were performed in the lumbar cord in anesthetized rats. All the spino-PB neurons were located in the lamina I of the dorsal horn. Their axons exhibited conduction velocities between 2.8 and 27.8 m/s, in the thin myelinated fibers range. They had an extremely low spontaneous activity (median = 0.064 Hz) and a small excitatory receptive field (≤2 toes or pads). They were all activated by both peripheral A (mainly Aδ) and C fibers after intense transcutaneous electrical stimulation. Their discharge always increased in response to noxious natural stimuli of increasing intensities. The great majority (75%) of spino-PB neurons were nociceptive specific, i.e., they were excited only by noxious stimuli. The remaining (25%) still were excited primarily by noxious stimuli but also responded moderately to innocuous stimuli. Almost all spino-PB neurons (92%, 49/53) were activated by both mechanical and heat noxious stimuli. Among them, 35% were in addition moderately activated by noxious cold (thresholds between +20 and −10°C). Only (8%, 4/53) responded exclusively to noxious heat. Spino-PB neurons clearly encoded the intensity of mechanical ( n = 39) and thermal ( n = 38) stimuli in the noxious range, and most of the individual stimulus-response functions were monotonic and positive up to 40/60 N · cm−2 and 50°C, respectively. For the mechanical modality, the mean threshold was 11.5 ± 1.25 N · cm−2 (mean ± SE), the response increased almost linearly with the logarithm of the pressure between 10 and 60 N · cm−2, the mean p 50(pressure evoking 50% of the maximum response) and the maximum responsiveness were: 30 ± 2.4 N · cm−2 and 40.5 ± 5 Hz, respectively. For the thermal modality, the mean threshold was 43.6 ± 0.5°C, the mean curve had a general sigmoid aspect, the steepest portion being in the 46–48°C interval, the mean t 50 and the maximum responsiveness were: 47.4 ± 0.3°C and 40 ± 4.4 Hz, respectively. Most of the spino-PB neurons tested (13/16) had their noxiously evoked responses clearly inhibited by heterotopic noxious stimuli. The mean response to noxious stimuli during heterotopic stimuli was 31.7 ± 6.1% of the control response. We conclude that the nociceptive properties of the lamina I spino-PB neurons are reflected largely by those of PB neurons that were suggested to be involved in autonomic and emotional/aversive aspects of pain.

Lattice Parameter Determination Using Synchrotron Powder Data

1986 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 373-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Parrish ◽  
M. Hart ◽  
T. C Huang ◽  
M. Bellotto
Keyword(s):  
Lattice Parameter ◽  
Parameter Determination ◽  
Wavelength Selection ◽  
Profile Fitting ◽  
Angle Correction ◽  
Average Accuracy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Voigt Function

AbstractA method for using synchrotron-radiation parallel-beam X-ray diffractometry for precision measurement of scattering angles and lattice parameters is described. The important advantages of the method are the high P/B made possible by wavelength selection and high source intensity, the symmetrical profiles and the absence of most systematic errors making it unnecessary to use standards. Profile fitting with a pseudo-Voigt function is used to determine 2θ to 0.0001º. The zero-angle correction and lattice parameter were determined from least-squares refinement and the average accuracy of observed-calculated 2θs was 0.0020°. Average values of ∆d/d = ∆a/a directly calculated from the individual hkl measurements ranged from 2x 10-5 to 5.7 x 10-5. The precision estimated from the standard deviation of the mean is in the 10-6 range and 1 ppm precision was obtained for Si. The determination of the exact wavelength selected remains to be solved, but ratios of lattice spacings to standards such as NBS SRM 640a can be determined.

scholarly journals Gender Determination with Ischiopubic Index and Upper Pelvic Index in Iranian Adult Radiographic Stereotypes

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Ahmadi Kahjoogh ◽  
Maryam Vasheghani Farahani ◽  
Babak Shekarchi ◽  
Beheshteh Abouhamzeh ◽  
Mahdi Isazadeh
Keyword(s):  
Adult Population ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Imaging Center ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Female Subjects

Background: Different parts of the skeletal system have been studied in different studies to determine gender. The pelvis is one of the most important skeletal components for the determination of gender and identification of humans. Objectives: The current study aimed to determine gender using the ischiopubic index and upper pelvic index in the adult population of Iran. Methods: In this study, 140 individuals (70 male and 70 female subjects) referring to Athari Imaging Center in Tehran, Iran, for various medical reasons entered the study by giving written and oral consent using the convenience sampling method. Measurements were performed on digital anteroposterior pelvic radiographs (with standard conditions and radiographic stencil distance from the light source as 100 cm). The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22). Results: The mean ischemic index of the whole population was 108.88 ± 13.75. The difference in the ischiopubic index between male and female subjects was significant (P < 0.05). The mean upper pelvic index of the whole study population was 81.70 ± 10.09; however, the difference in the upper pelvic index between the two groups of male and female subjects was not significant (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The pelvic ischemic index in Iranian women is higher than that reported for men. If the ischiopubic index is higher than 103, with 93% sensitivity and 73% specificity, it would be female. According to the study of graphs, if there is a special identity for diagnosis, there will be the possibility to match the graph before the death of the individual with the graph taken from skeletal remains.

scholarly journals Filozofijsko razmatranje pojma pravednosti

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dušan Travar
Keyword(s):  
Moral Norm ◽  
Formal Structure ◽  
Corrective Justice ◽  
Philosophical Theory ◽  
Theory Of Justice ◽  
Final Consideration ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Ideal

The author gives a historico-problematical account of the conceptions of justice beginning with the Greek mythic understanding (Hesiod), continuing will) Plato’s determination of justice as the ideal of setting up a state and through Aristotel’s making immanent justice as the mean within experientially existing state arrangements and as the measured nature of partitive and corrective justice. The Christian tum towards the attribution of justice to the individual developed out of the theonomously conceived orientation towards God. Leibnitz’s understanding of justice is determined within the universalist- philosophical theory as the greatest moral norm. In addition, the author tersely presents the key thematic passages from Wolff, Hume, Locke, after which he elaborates the formal structure of the concept of justice as the preparatory step for the final consideration of J. Rawls’s Theory of justice and his central principle of the maximin.

Determination of Urine Dopamine

1962 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 370-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fritz Bischoff ◽  
Adolfo Torres
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Cirrhosis Of The Liver ◽  
Internal Standards ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Reaction Proceeds ◽  
Urinary Dopamine ◽  
The Mean

Abstract The Duliere and Raper conversion of dopamine to 5,6-hydroxyindole is applied to urinary dopamine, which is concentrated and recovered by adsorption (pH 8.5-9.0) on and elution with dilute acetic acid from alumina. The spectrofluorometric readings are made at pH 5.3, with activation and fluorescence at 320 and 375 mµ, respectively. Proportionality between high and low internal standards is achieved when the 5,6-hydroxyindole reaction proceeds for 20 hours at room temperature. The increase of fluorescence with time adds specificity to the test. The recovery of standards added before adsorption on alumina compared with standards added after elution was 98 per cent. Urinary dopamine was determined in normal individuals asleep and awake and in those with a number of pathologic conditions. The mean values were decreased in groups with Parkinsonism, diabetes, and cirrhosis of the liver. The study included 2 patients with pheochromocytoma.

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