scholarly journals Aflatoxin contamination in Tanzania: quantifying the problem in maize and groundnuts from rural households

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
S.B. Boni ◽  
F. Beed ◽  
M.E. Kimanya ◽  
E. Koyano ◽  
O. Mponda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Aflatoxin Level ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Aflatoxin B

Aflatoxins are toxic and carcinogenic secondary metabolites, produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, which contaminate food and feed and threaten human and animal health. To assess the prevalence of aflatoxins in Tanzania, 180 groundnut and 200 maize samples were collected from 9 and 10 districts, respectively. Aflatoxin contamination was quantified using high performance liquid chromatography. Aflatoxins were detected in samples collected from all districts and prevalence ranged from 92 to 100% for groundnuts and 10 to 80% for maize. The mean aflatoxin level for groundnuts was 6.37 μg/kg and the highly contaminated sample had 40.31 μg/kg. For maize, the mean aflatoxin level was 12.47 μg/kg and the highly contaminated sample had 162.40 μg/kg. The estimated average probable daily intake (APDI) of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) from groundnuts consumption was 1.88 ng/kg body weight/day, while for maize, it ranged between 151.98-272.89 ng/kg body weight/day. The APDI for both groundnut and maize exceeded the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of AFB1 for adults (1 ng/kg body weight/day), bringing about health concerns for populations in Tanzania. Another alarming finding was that 75% of the farmers who provided samples for analysis were not aware of aflatoxins or the negative health impacts from consuming contaminated products. Results reported in this paper show that aflatoxin contaminated staple crops are widely distributed in Tanzania and that the risk of human exposure is high due to diet preferences. Awareness campaigns are required to inform and protect farmers and consumers.

scholarly journals Awareness, handling and storage factors associated with aflatoxin contamination in spices marketed in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
S.S. Fundikira ◽  
S. De Saeger ◽  
M.E. Kimanya ◽  
J.K. Mugula
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Aflatoxin Level ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

A structured questionnaire was used to collect information of awareness, knowledge and practices associated with aflatoxin contamination in spices from 30 retailers in Dar es Salaam. Aflatoxin contamination in spices was analysed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection using post column derivatization. Data were statistically analysed to assess factors associated with aflatoxin contamination in the study community. 58% of the spice samples were contaminated and the mean of total aflatoxin level in ginger, cinnamon, cloves and cardamom was 2.67, 2.88, 2.79 and 2.26 μg/kg, respectively. Significant majorities (96.7%) of the respondents were not aware of aflatoxin contamination of spices during storage and its effect on health. Farmers as source where spices were procured and storage time of more than 14 days showed significant association with aflatoxin contamination with odds ratio (OR) = 0.178, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.061-0.525, P=0.002 and OR=3.608, 95% CI=1.099-11.845, P=0.034, respectively. This is the first report of aflatoxin contamination in spices consumed in Tanzania. The levels of contamination are high and associated spices that was procured from farmers and long storage time. This calls for urgent raising of awareness and knowledge on good management practices for prevention of aflatoxin contamination of spices in Tanzania.

Determination of mean daily intakes of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin M1, ochratoxin A, trichothecenes and fumonisins in 24-hour diets of children in the Netherlands

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Bakker ◽  
E. Sizoo ◽  
A. Jekel ◽  
D.P. Pereboom-de Fauw ◽  
R. Schothorst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Diet Study ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Aflatoxin B

In 2006, a duplicate diet study of children's food was carried out in the Netherlands. Parents or guardians of 123 children collected duplicates of the 24-hour diets. Levels of aflatoxin M1, aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, trichothecenes and fumonisins were determined. Aflatoxin M1 was detectable in 10% of the samples, with all toxin levels below the limit of quantification. Aflatoxin B1 could be detected in 80% of the samples, while in 47% of all samples aflatoxin B1 was quantifiable. Ochratoxin A could be quantified in all samples. Deoxynivalenol was quantified in almost every sample, while T-2 and HT-2 toxins could only be quantified in 3.2% and 6.4% of the samples respectively. 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol was detected in 1.6% of the samples. Fumonisin B1 was detected in 28% of the samples and fumonisin B2 in a quarter of merely those samples where fumonisin B1 was detected. In 20% of the samples fumonisin B1 could be quantified and in a quarter of those samples fumonisin B2 could be quantified too. The analytical results were used to estimate levels of daily intake. Only the mean daily intake levels for aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol and fumonisins B1 and B2 could reliably be estimated. The values were 0.1, 4.1, 291 and 28 ng/kg bw/day respectively, all are well below the corresponding tolerable daily intakes. For aflatoxin B1 a tolerable intake does not exist, but the intake value for this mycotoxin was very low if compared to the value that would result from the intake of food, if it was contaminated with aflatoxin B1 at the EU regulatory limit, specified for baby food. The mean daily intakes of the mycotoxins determined in children's food in the Netherlands are low and implicate that there is no health risk for children due to exposure from the studied mycotoxins.

scholarly journals Aflatoxin Contamination in Agricultural Commodities

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (04) ◽  
pp. 148-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. Rajarajan ◽  
K. M. Rajasekaran ◽  
N. K. Asha Devi
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Hydroxylated Metabolite ◽  
Carcinogenic Compound

Aflatoxin is a naturally occurring Mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aspergillus flavus is common and widespread in nature and is most often found when certain grains are grown under stressful conditions such as draught. The mold occurs in soil, decaying vegetation, hay and grains undergoing microbiological deterioration and invades all types of organic substrates whenever and wherever the conditions are favourable for its growth. Favourable conditions include high moisture content and high temperature.The aflatoxin group is comprised of aflatoxin B1,B2,G1 and G2. In addition , aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a hydroxylated metabolite of AFB1, is excreted in the milk of dairy cows consuming an AFB1-contaminated ration. Aflatoxin B1 a prototype of the aflatoxins, is widely recognized as the most potent hepato carcinogenic compound and along with other certain members of the group, possess additional toxic properties including mutagenicity, tetrogenicity, acute cellular toxicity and it suppresses the immune system. Aflatoxin contamination of food and feed has gained global significance as a result of its deleterious effects on human as well as animal health. The marketability of food products is adversely affected by aflatoxin contamination.

Fate of Aflatoxin B1 during the Cooking of Korean Polished Rice

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1431-1434 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE WON PARK ◽  
CHAN LEE ◽  
YOUNG-BAE KIM
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cooked Rice ◽  
Polished Rice ◽  
Mutagenicity Assay ◽  
Processing Factors

The fate of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a mycotoxin known to occur in polished rice, during rice cooking was evaluated to determine reduction in AFB1 residues and mutagenic potentials. The amounts of AFB1 in three lots of naturally contaminated polished rice from Korea were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography after washing and after steaming. An in vitro mutagenicity assay with Salmonella Typhimurium TA100 was used to confirm the results of the chemical analyses. Cooking significantly reduced AFB1 (mean reduction, 34%) in naturally contaminated polished rice and reduced mutagenicity by ca. 27%. Processing factors (reflecting the removal of AFB1 residues during processing) for cooked rice were estimated at 0.66 to 0.73, as determined chemically and toxicologically, respectively. The revised Korean provisional daily intake of AFB1 from consumption of rice as a dietary staple (0.58 to 3.94 ng/kg of body weight per day) is still higher than that reported for foods in general in the United States (0.26 ng/kg of body weight per day). Thus, Koreans probably consume higher amounts of foodborne AFB1 than do Americans and thus are at higher risk for AFB1-induced health consequences.

scholarly journals Levels and health risk assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in vegetables from Yamaltu area in Gombe, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
Mohammad Sulaiman ◽  
Aishatu Maigari ◽  
Janefrances Ihedioha ◽  
Rasheed Lawal ◽  
Abdullahi Gimba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Acceptable Daily Intake ◽  
Estimated Daily Intake ◽  
Organochlorine Pesticide Residues ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Almost All

The study determined the levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) residues and assesses health risks linked with the consumption of vegetables cultivated in the Yamaltu area in Gombe, Nigeria. OCPs residues were solvent extracted and analyzed with a high performance liquid chromatography equipped with UV/VIS Detector. The mean concentrations of ten detected OCPs residues were almost all above the set limit of EU/WHOMRL. The estimated daily intake of OCPs from samples was below the acceptable daily intake, hazard index estimated were <1, indicated no probable non-carcinogenic health effect, while the carcinogenic health effect showed that children were more vulnerable for the consumption of the contaminated vegetables.

Exposure of laying hens to mycotoxins through naturally contaminated feed

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.N. Rossi ◽  
C.R. Takabayashi ◽  
M.A. Ono ◽  
J.G. Bordini ◽  
E.N. Itano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Hygienic Quality ◽  
Adverse Effect Level

The objective of the present study was to assess the degree of exposure of laying hens to mycotoxins through naturally contaminated feed and the hygienic quality of feeds. For this purpose, the natural mycoflora and the occurrence of aflatoxins and fumonisins were evaluated in 95 feed samples intended for laying hens collected from January to December 2010 at the Experimental Farm of the State University of Londrina, Northern Paraná State, Brazil. Fusarium was the prevalent genus (99%), followed by Aspergillus (89%). Fusarium spp. were detected at a low contamination level (<103 to <104 colony forming units (cfu)/g) in 54% of the samples. Aspergillus spp. were detected in 73% of the samples at the same contamination range. The total mould and yeast count ranged from 5.0×102 to 8.7×105 cfu/g; in 60% of the samples the values exceeded 1.0×104 cfu/g, the maximum limit established to ensure good hygienic quality of the product. Aflatoxins and fumonisins were detected in 69.7 and 89.5% of the samples, with mean values of 9.61 ng/g and 1.28 µg/g, respectively. The estimated daily intake of fumonisin B1 for laying hens (0.038 mg/kg body weight/day) was below the lowest observed adverse effect level (2 mg/kg body weight/ day). Regarding aflatoxins, most of the positive samples (85.1%) showed aflatoxin levels below the maximum level laid down by the European Commission. Nevertheless, continuous monitoring of mycotoxin levels in laying hen feed is essential to minimize threats to human and animal health. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the degree of exposure of laying hens to mycotoxins through naturally contaminated feed in Brazil.

Safety of low and high cost dry feed intended for dogs in Brazil concerning fumonisins, zearalenone and aflatoxins

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.M.K. Teixeira ◽  
M.S. Frehse ◽  
R.L. Freire ◽  
M.A. Ono ◽  
J.G. Bordini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Estimated Daily Intake ◽  
Commercial Feed ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
Feed Samples

The Brazilian pet sector exportation has been growing at an impressive rate lately. Considering the intense globalisation, pet food may be commercialised worldwide and the issue concerning safety of dry dog feed has become a topic of widespread international interest. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the safety of low and high cost dry feed and the degree of exposure of dogs to mycotoxins through naturally contaminated feed in Brazil. In addition, the safe pet dietary level (SPDL) was calculated. Fumonisins, zearalenone (ZEA) and aflatoxins were analysed in three feed types intended for dogs (n=87), provided by pet owners. Mean fumonisin levels were 272 µg/kg (Standard), 78.2 µg/kg (Premium), and 186 µg/kg (Super Premium) while ZEA mean levels were 52.6 µg/kg (Standard), 10.6 µg/kg (Premium) and 17.5 µg/kg (Super Premium). Mean total aflatoxin levels (aflatoxin B1 + B2 + G1 + G2) in Standard, Premium and Super Premium feed were 1.29 µg/kg, 0.49 µg/kg and 0.53 µg/kg, respectively. The estimated daily intake (EDI) values for fumonisin B1 were 1.41 (Standard), 1.60 (Premium) and 0.93 µg/kg body weight (BW)/day (Super Premium feed), whereas for ZEA they were 0.54 (Standard), 0.37 (Premium) and 0.42 µg/kg BW/day (Super Premium feed). SPDL for fumonisins and ZEA was 2,000 and 375 µg/kg feed, respectively. EDI values for aflatoxin B1 were 13.0 (Standard), 14.0 (Premium) and 11.0 ng/kg BW/day (Super Premium feed). Although the feed samples intended for dogs in Brazil were often contaminated with aflatoxins, fumonisins and ZEA, the estimated daily intake values were low, even for the low cost formulations. However, it cannot be excluded that some of the feed samples could have a negative effect on animal health and performance considering feeding a monodiet of commercial feed, low multi-mycotoxin contamination levels and interactions between mycotoxins.

Challenges facing the biological control strategy for eliminating aflatoxin contamination

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.C. Ehrlich ◽  
G.G. Moore ◽  
J.E. Mellon ◽  
D. Bhatnagar
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Persistent Problem ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Potential Damage ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Biocontrol Strain

Competition with Aspergillus flavus isolates incapable of aflatoxin production is currently the most widely used biocontrol method for reducing aflatoxin contamination in maize and cottonseed where aflatoxin contamination is a persistent problem for human and animal health. The method involves spreading non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus spores onto the field prior to harvest. How competition works is not fully understood. Current theories suggest that atoxigenic A. flavus either simply displaces aflatoxin-producing isolates or that competition is an active inhibition process that occurs when the fungi occupy the same locus on the plant. In this paper we describe several challenges that the biocontrol strategy should address before this practice is introduced worldwide. These include the need to better understand the diversity of A. flavus populations in the agricultural soil, the effects of climate change on both this diversity and on plant susceptibility, the ability of the introduced biocontrol strain to outcross with existing aflatoxin-producing A. flavus, the adaptation of certain A. flavus isolates for predominant growth on the plant rather than in the soil, the difficulty in timing the application or controlling the stability of the inoculum, the effect of the introduction of the biocontrol strain on the soil microenvironment, the potential damage to the plant from the introduced strain, and the overall need to better understand the entire A. flavus toxin burden, beyond that of aflatoxin, that may result from A. flavus contamination. In addition, the cost/benefit ratio for the biocontrol method should be considered in comparing this method to other methods for reducing food and feed contamination with aflatoxins.

scholarly journals Temperature Influences on Interactions Among Aflatoxigenic Species of Aspergillus Section Flavi During Maize Colonization

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Connel Ching'anda ◽  
Joseph Atehnkeng ◽  
Ranajit Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Kenneth A. Callicott ◽  
Marc J. Orbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Interactions ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Maize Kernels

Fungal species within Aspergillus section Flavi contaminate food and feed with aflatoxins. These toxic fungal metabolites compromise human and animal health and disrupt trade. Genotypically and phenotypically diverse species co-infect crops, but temporal and spatial variation in frequencies of different lineages suggests that environmental factors such as temperature may influence structure of aflatoxin-producing fungal communities. Furthermore, though most species within Aspergillus section Flavi produce sclerotia, divergent sclerotial morphologies (small or S-type sclerotia vs. large or L-type sclerotia) and differences in types and quantities of aflatoxins produced suggest lineages are adapted to different life strategies. Temperature is a key parameter influencing pre- and post-harvest aflatoxin contamination of crops. We tested the hypothesis that species of aflatoxin-producing fungi that differ in sclerotial morphology will vary in competitive ability and that outcomes of competition and aflatoxin production will be modulated by temperature. Paired competition experiments between highly aflatoxigenic S-type species (A. aflatoxiformans and Lethal Aflatoxicosis Fungus) and L-type species (A. flavus L morphotype and A. parasiticus) were conducted on maize kernels at 25 and 30°C. Proportions of each isolate growing within and sporulating on kernels were measured using quantitative pyrosequencing. At 30°C, S-type fungi were more effective at host colonization compared to L-type isolates. Total aflatoxins and the proportion of B vs. G aflatoxins were greater at 30°C compared to 25°C. Sporulation by L-type isolates was reduced during competition with S-type fungi at 30°C, while relative quantities of conidia produced by S-type species either increased or did not change during competition. Results indicate that both species interactions and temperature can shape population structure of Aspergillus section Flavi, with warmer temperatures favoring growth and dispersal of highly toxigenic species with S-type sclerotia.

scholarly journals An in Vitro Antifungal and Antiaflatoxigenic Properties of Commiphora myrrha and Prunus mahaleb

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Saifeldin A. F. El-Nagerabi ◽  
Mohammed S. R. Al-Maqbali ◽  
Khalid M. S. Alabri ◽  
Abdulkadir E. Elshafie
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Prunus Mahaleb ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Aflatoxin B

Aflatoxins and especially aflatoxin B, are the devastating contaminant of food and feed products with hazardous effects to mankind and his domestic animals. These investigations were set to evaluate the effect of various levels of Commiphora myrrha resin (1.0, 1.25, 2.25, and 3.25 g/100 ml) and Prunus mahaleb seed extract (0.75, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 g/100 ml) on the growth and aflatoxin secretion by two aflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. The two plant extracts significantly (p&lt;0.05) decreased aflatoxin secretion, and inhibited the fungal growth. Resin of C. myrrha displayed 51.9-95.7% reduction in total aflatoxin secretion by A. flavus, and 46.9-92% for A. parasiticus, and Seed extract of P. mahaleb decreased aflatoxin up to 53.7-95.8% and 40-94.7%, respectively. The inhibition of aflatoxin B (B1 and B2) by myrrh resin and seed extract of mahaleb ranged between 51.7-93.5, 50-93.6% (A. flavus) and 39.5-89.7%, 37.9-93% (A. parasiticus). The mycelial dry weight of A. flavus and A. parasiticus ws decreased up to 46.1-58.7%, 28.9-51.3% (Myrrh resin), and between 45-56.9%, 33.3-55.9% (Mahaleb seed extract). Nonetheless, the two plant extracts did not detoxify aflatoxin B1. Therefore, it apparent that the resin of C. myrrha and seed extract of P. mahaleb affected the biosynthesis pathway of aflatoxins. Thus, they can be recommended as effective natural plant biopreservative against aflatoxin contamination of food and feed products.

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