A Theoretical Approach to the Relation of the Relative Magnitude of a Load Resistance to the Internal Resistance of a Battery and the Current in the Electric Circuit with a Series/Parallel Combination of Batteries

2010 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 1125-1133
Author(s):  
Dong Geul HYUN*
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Electric Circuit ◽  
Load Resistance ◽  
Relative Magnitude ◽  
Internal Resistance

Taming the Load Current of Identical Cells in Matrix

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seok-In Hong
Keyword(s):  
Short Circuit ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Load Resistance ◽  
Relative Magnitude ◽  
Internal Resistance ◽  
Rectangular Array ◽  
Load Current ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
In Series ◽  
Fractional Function

We explore the load current [Formula: see text] for a rectangular array (matrix) of [Formula: see text] identical cells where [Formula: see text] strings (columns) of [Formula: see text] serial cells (rows) are arrayed in parallel. [Formula: see text] is equal to [Formula: see text] with the internal resistance of the cell and the load resistance exchanged. By treating a linear fractional function as a translated inversely-proportional function, we can easily capture the properties of [Formula: see text] and the relative magnitude of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] via their ratio. The limiting behaviors of the load current are discussed beyond the ideal-cell and short-circuit limits. For the given total number of cells, we graphically verify the recent findings on the matrix of cells that produces the maximum load current. Finally, we analyze the possibility of a car starting with lemon cells or AA dry cells in matrix. This work would be useful in creating a high school or university curriculum that unifies identical cells in series, parallel, or matrix.

scholarly journals Electrical characterization of CIGS thin-film solar cells by two- and four-wire probe technique

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 2050102
Author(s):  
Amirhosein Mosavi ◽  
Beszedes Bertalan ◽  
Felde Imre ◽  
Laszlo Nadai ◽  
Nima E. Gorji
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Solar Cells ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Ideality Factor ◽  
Electrical Characterization ◽  
Load Resistance ◽  
Internal Resistance ◽  
Thin Film Solar Cells ◽  
Wire Probe

A precise characterization of thin-film solar cells is of huge importance for obtaining high open-circuit voltage and low recombination rates from the interfaces or within the bulk of the main materials. Among many electrical characterization techniques, the two- and four-wire probe using the Cascade instrument is of interest since the resistance of the wires and the electrical contacts can be excluded by the additional two wires in four-wire probe configuration. In this paper, both two- and four-point probes configuration are employed to characterize the CIGS chalcogenide thin-film solar cells. The two-wire probe has been used to measure the current–voltage characteristics of the cell which results in a huge internal resistance. Therefore, the four-wire connection is also used to eliminate the load resistance to enhance the characterization’s accuracy. The load resistance in the two-wire probe diminishes the photogenerated current density at smaller voltage ranges. In contrast, the proposed four-wire probe collects more current at higher voltages due to enhanced carrier collection efficiency from contact electrodes. The current conduction mechanism is also identified at every voltage region represented by the value of the ideality factor of that voltage region. It is observed that a longer time given to the charge collection results in increased current density at a higher voltage. According to the results and device characteristics, a novel double-diode model is suggested to extract the saturation current density, shunt and series resistances and ideality factor of the cells. These cells are shown to be efficient in terms of low recombination at the interfaces and with lower series resistance as the quality of the materials is in its most possible conductive form. The measured internal resistance and saturation current density and ideality factor of the two measurement configurations are measured and compared.

scholarly journals Stabilization of Slopes of Sandy Soils by Using Geosynthetics

2021 ◽  
Vol 1197 (1) ◽  
pp. 012081
Author(s):  
Tudumu Viveka ◽  
Namburu Sandeep Kumar ◽  
K. Shyam Chamberlin
Keyword(s):  
Slope Failure ◽  
Load Transfer ◽  
Load Resistance ◽  
Internal Resistance ◽  
Soil Reinforcement ◽  
Cohesionless Soils ◽  
Angle Of Internal Friction ◽  
Lateral Load Resistance ◽  
Shear Box ◽  
Cohesion Less Soil

Abstract This paper intended on the interactive performance of geo-synthetics in slope stabilization of non-cohesive soils. Presently, geo-synthetics are performing crucial role in geo-technical uses for reinforcing of soils for slope of stabilization, soil reinforcement for foundations, R E walls for highway and flyover construction etc. Usually, cohesion less soil is ideal for backfills of the embankments as of its exceptional drainage properties, at a low-level hydrostatic pressure built-up on slopes and excessive internal resistance owing to friction and interlocking. To research this property of geo-synthetics, relative density and shear box tests are done on the soil by varying geosynthetics for assessment of the shear parameters of sample. The mosquito reinforcement net as reinforcement on cohesionless soils, improvement in the angle of internal friction of the soil was observed by twenty-two percentage that the shear strength to be improved by 26.5%. So, the soil’s lateral load resistance or load transfer capacity improved to prevent the slope failure thereby saves the entire structure.

Electrical Parameters of Si n-Mosfet THz-Detector: Matching with External Amplifier

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
Fedor F. Sizov ◽  
Oleksandr G. Golenkov ◽  
Vladimir P. Reva ◽  
Dmitriy B. But
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Frequency Band ◽  
Noise Level ◽  
External Load ◽  
Load Resistance ◽  
Internal Resistance ◽  
Radiation Frequency ◽  
Electrical Parameters ◽  
Thz Detector ◽  
Resistance Form

The influence of the external load resistance on voltage and current sensitivities of Si n-MOSFET THz detectors at radiation frequency ν=142 GHz is investigated. The noise level in the frequency band, which is needed for real-time imaging is specified. Investigated were transistors with the gate widths and lengths within 1×1 µm 2 and 20×20 µm 2 . It is shown that internal resistance and external load resistance form the divider, the parameters of which are important for matching with read-out devices.

Constrained Design Optimization of Vibration Energy Harvesting Devices

2013 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Hendijanizadeh ◽  
Mohamed Moshrefi-Torbati ◽  
Suleiman M. Sharkh
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Load Resistance ◽  
Relative Displacement ◽  
Internal Resistance ◽  
Vibration Energy ◽  
Vibration Energy Harvesting ◽  
Optimum Load ◽  
Seismic Mass ◽  
Low Frequency Vibration

Existing design criteria for vibration energy harvesting systems provide guidance on the appropriate selection of the seismic mass and load resistance. To harvest maximum power in resonant devices, the mass needs to be as large as possible and the load resistance needs to be equal to the sum of the internal resistance of the generator and the mechanical damping equivalent resistance. However, it is shown in this paper that these rules produce suboptimum results for applications where there is a constraint on the relative displacement of the seismic mass, which is often the case. When the displacement is constrained, increasing the mass beyond a certain limit reduces the amount of harvested power. The optimum load resistance in this case is shown to be equal to the generator's internal resistance. These criteria are extended to those devices that harvest energy from a low-frequency vibration by utilizing an interface that transforms the input motion to higher frequencies. For such cases, the optimum load resistance and the corresponding transmission ratio are derived.

scholarly journals Switching Regulators Features in the Matching Mode Operation

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Larysa Mykolaivna Batrak ◽  
Volodymyr Yakovych Romashko
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Load Resistance ◽  
Power Source ◽  
Internal Resistance ◽  
Maximum Power ◽  
Output Resistance ◽  
Utilization Factor ◽  
Switching Regulator ◽  
Step Down ◽  
Range Of Variation

Currently, various types of non-traditional and renewable sources of electrical energy are widely used. If the energy carrier of such sources is free, in the process of operation it is advisable to select the maximum possible power from them, regardless of the fact that the utilization factor of the source's electrical energy in this case may be relatively low. To obtain the maximum amount of electrical energy from the source, two conditions must be met: 1) the source must be brought to the maximum power point (МPP); 2) energy from the source must be taken continuously. As you know, to bring the source into the MPP, it is necessary that the load resistance be equal to the output resistance of the source. Otherwise, the power will be taken from the source, which is less than the maximum possible. Therefore, in cases where the load resistance differs from the output resistance of the source, a matching switching regulator is turned on between the source and the load to match the output resistance of the source with the load resistance. In this case, the input impedance of the switching regulator will be the load of the source. This resistance depends on the load resistance of the regulator, as well as on the relative time of the closed (open) state of the controlled switch S of the regulator t*. Thus, by adjusting the parameter t*, it is possible to ensure the fulfillment of the condition for removing the source into the MPP at various values of the load resistance. In this case, the maximum possible power of the source will be transferred to the load, regardless of the value of its resistance. The dependence of the output parameters of the switching regulator on the parameter t* describe its regulation characteristics. Since, when operating in the maximum power transmission mode, the internal resistance of the source and the load resistance are of the same order of magnitude, when determining the regulating characteristics of the regulator, the internal resistance of the source must be taken into account. The aim of the work is to analyze the control characteristics of the regulator, which operates in the mode of transferring maximum power from the source of electrical energy to the load, as well as to determine the conditions under which it is possible and advisable to operate in this mode. These issues were analyzed using the example of the two most common switching regulator circuits - step-down and step-up regulators. It is shown in the work that, in contrast to the up-type switching regulator, in the down-type regulator, the energy from the power source is taken in discrete portions. Therefore, it can ensure the selection of maximum power from the source only in the t* = 1 mode at a certain value of the load resistance. To ensure continuous extraction of energy from the source, at the input of the switching regulator of the step-down type, it is necessary to install a capacitance of sufficient value. In this case, the circuit can provide maximum power transfer from the source at different load resistances. The paper presents the adjusting characteristics of the analyzed circuits for the case of their operation in the mode of transferring maximum power from the power source to the load, which makes it possible to determine the parameter t* at which the power source is output to the MPP. It is shown that each of the considered circuits can provide the output of the power supply to the MPP only in a certain range of variation of the load resistance of the regulator. For each regulator, an appropriate range of variation of the t* parameter is indicated, depending on whether the power source is a voltage source or a current source.

scholarly journals Parallel and Series Connection of Dark Electric Current in Liquid and Second Law of Thermodynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-18
Author(s):  
Sergey A. Gerasimov
Keyword(s):  
Voltage Drop ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Load Resistance ◽  
Internal Resistance ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Weak Source ◽  
In Series ◽  
Spiral Shape ◽  
Aluminum Electrodes

Liquid in contact with two asymmetrical spiral-shape aluminum electrodes behaves like a still weak source of electrical energy. Almost the only way to increase the efficiency of such a source of electrical energy is to reduce internal resistance. Reducing internal resistance is equivalent to using multiple sources of electrical energy connected in series or in parallel. To check this for such unusual sources it is first necessary to study the properties of each source, which is the voltage drop across the load resistance and the internal resistance of each source. Detailed analysis of experimental data shows that the process of forming the dark current is different from a chemical one.

scholarly journals A comprehensive analysis on nanostructured materials in a thermoelectric micro-system based on geometric shape, segmentation structure and load resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Angel Olivares-Robles ◽  
Carlos Alberto Badillo-Ruiz ◽  
Pablo Eduardo Ruiz-Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Output Power ◽  
Nanostructured Materials ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Load Resistance ◽  
Internal Resistance ◽  
Geometric Shape ◽  
Energy Behavior ◽  
Physical Elements ◽  
Temperature Dependent Model ◽  
P Type

AbstractIn this study, we report the novel energy behavior of high-performance nanostructured materials in a segmented thermoelectric micro-generator (TEG). Several physical elements of the materials must be considered to determine their behavior in the thermoelectric energy conversion: temperature dependence of material properties, geometric structure, segmentation, and the symmetry of each or both p-type and n-type nanostructure semiconductor thermoelements. Recently, many efforts have reported effects independent on the thermoelectric performance of semiconductor materials. In this work, exhaustive research on the performance of high-performance nanostructured materials in a segmented thermoelectric micro-generator (TEG) was carried out. Our results show the efficiency and output power of the TEG using the temperature-dependent model, i.e., a variable internal resistance for a load resistance of the system. Our approach allows us to analyze symmetrical and asymmetric geometries, showing maximum and minimum peaks values in the performance of the TEG for specific $$\gamma $$ γ values. The performance of the TEG is improved by about $$6\%$$ 6 % and $$7\%$$ 7 % , for efficiency, and output power, respectively, considering a trapezoidal geometric shape in the 2p-3n segmented system, compared with the conventional rectangular shape.

scholarly journals Development and Experimental Validation of a Supercapacitor Frequency Domain Model for Industrial Energy Applications Considering Dynamic Behaviour at High Frequencies

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Navarro ◽  
Jorge Nájera ◽  
Jorge Torres ◽  
Marcos Blanco ◽  
Miguel Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Electric Circuit ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Internal Resistance ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Domain Model ◽  
Wide Range

Supercapacitors, one of the most promising energy storage technologies for high power density industrial applications, exchange the energy mostly through power electronic converters, operating under high frequency components due to the commutation. The high frequency produces important effects on the performance of the supercapacitors in relation to their capacitance, inductance and internal resistance (ESR). These parameters are fundamental to evaluate the efficiency of this energy storage system. The aim of the paper is to obtain an accurate model of two supercapacitors connected in series (functional and extrapolated unit) to represent the frequency effects for a wide range of frequencies. The methodology is based on the definition of an appropriate equivalent electric circuit with voltage dependance, obtaining their parameters from experimental tests, carried out by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the use of specific software tools such as EC-Lab® and Statgraphics Centurion®. The paper concludes with a model which reproduces with accuracy both the frequency response of the model BCAP3000 supercapacitors, provided by the manufacturer, and the experimental results obtained by the authors.

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