scholarly journals Infrastructure Sharing for 5G Deployment: A Techno-Economic Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (02) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Alhassan Gedel ◽  
Nnamdi Nwulu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Coverage Density ◽  
Operational Expenditure

<p>Fifth-generation wireless (5G) mobile communication technology has been classified as a high wireless standard that is capable of handling internet of things, machine-to-machine, and device-to-device communication.  Consequently, there is a need to meet the very sensitive requirements of 5G, which include high coverage density, high speed, high capacity and low end-to-end delay. Of crucial importance is 5G’s passive infrastructure. This paper therefore presents a techno-economic analysis of the current telecommunication infrastructure, as well as investigating and determining the suitable passive infrastructure for 5G technology deployment. The paper outlines all the passive infrastructure elements and proposes a mathematical model to calculate the capital expenditure, operational expenditure, total cost of investment (TCI) or total cost of ownership (TCO) and net present value (NPV).  Experiments are performed using market prices from the national communication authority, the mobile network operators and the tower company of Ghana. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is performed to identify the variables that increase the TCO or TCI, NPV and return on investment, and to propose the most economical passive infrastructure architecture for easy implementation of 5G technology in Ghana and Africa.</p>

scholarly journals Reduction of Cost and Environmental Impact in the Treatment of Textile Wastewater Using a Combined MBBR-MBR System

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 892
Author(s):  
Xuefei Yang ◽  
Víctor López-Grimau
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Textile Wastewater ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Conventional Activated Sludge ◽  
Operational Expenditure

A hybrid Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor—Membrane Bioreactor (MBBR-MBR) was developed for the treatment of wastewater from a Spanish textile company. Compared with conventional activated sludge (CAS) treatment, the feasibility of this hybrid system to reduce economic and environmental impact on an industrial scale was conducted. The results showed that, technically, the removal efficiency of COD, TSS and color reached 93%, 99% and 85%, respectively. The newly dyed fabrics performed with the treated wastewater were qualified under the standards of the textile industry. Economically, the values of Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) calculated for the hybrid MBBR-MBR system are profitable because of the reduction in Operational Expenditure (OPEX) when compared with CAS treatment, due to the lower effluent discharge tax thanks to the higher quality of the effluent and the decolorizing agent saved. The result of Net Present Value (NPV) and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 18% suggested that MBBR-MBR is financially applicable for implantation into the industrial scale. The MBBR-MBR treatment also showed lower environmental impacts than the CAS process in the life cycle assessment (LCA) study, especially in the category of climate change, thanks to the avoidance of using extra decolorizing agent, a synthetic product based on a triamine.

scholarly journals Economic Analysis of the Application of the Technological System for Removing Suspended Solids from Mine Drainage Waters

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 8232
Author(s):  
Jolanta Gumińska ◽  
Franciszek Plewa ◽  
Aneta Grodzicka ◽  
Adam Gumiński ◽  
Magdalena Rozmus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Mine Water ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Mine Drainage ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Capital Costs

This paper presents the results of the technological and economic analysis of mine water treatment systems before their discharge into the environment. The following analysis enabled us to determine the profitability of the investment, taking into account the TSS (total suspended solids) concentration in mine water. The simulation results showed that it is economically profitable to apply a water treatment system if natural sedimentation carried out in underground mine water passages, or in sedimentation tanks located on the ground, is ineffective for TSS removal. Economic and financial parameters allow us to conclude that all analyzed variants of the application of a pre-treatment system are characterized by high economic effectiveness. This mainly results from the high profitability of an analyzed investment, comparatively low capital expenditure, and present low market percentage rates. The most profitable variant (TSS concentration is 1000 mg/dm3) brings significant economic indicators, i.e., high NPV–Net Present Value (100 319 270.28 PLN), a high NPVR–Net Present Value Ratio (8.96 PLN/PLN), and a short discount payback period (1 year 236.6 days). A high internal rate of return (157.8%) for this variant reduces the risk of losing profitability in a situation of growing capital costs in the monetary market.

scholarly journals Economic Analysis of the Use of VCS2000 for Pork Carcass Meat Yield Grading in Korea

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1297
Author(s):  
Juntae Kim ◽  
Hyo-Dong Han ◽  
Wang Yeol Lee ◽  
Collins Wakholi ◽  
Jayoung Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Meat Yield ◽  
The Cost

Currently, the pork industry is incorporating in-line automation with the aim of increasing the slaughtered pork carcass throughput while monitoring quality and safety. In Korea, 21 parameters (such as back-fat thickness and carcass weight) are used for quality grading of pork carcasses. Recently, the VCS2000 system—an automatic meat yield grading machine system—was introduced to enhance grading efficiency and therefore increase pork carcass production. The VCS2000 system is able to predict pork carcass yield based on image analysis. This study also conducted an economic analysis of the system using a cost—benefit analysis. The subsection items of the cost-benefit analysis considered were net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and benefit/cost ratio (BC ratio), and each method was verified through sensitivity analysis. For our analysis, the benefits were grouped into three categories: the benefits of reducing labor costs, the benefits of improving meat yield production, and the benefits of reducing pig feed consumption through optimization. The cost-benefit analysis of the system resulted in an NPV of approximately 615.6 million Korean won, an IRR of 13.52%, and a B/C ratio of 1.65.

scholarly journals Prototype Design and Experimental Evaluation of Autonomous Collaborative Communication System for Emerging Maritime Use Cases

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3871
Author(s):  
Jiri Pokorny ◽  
Khanh Ma ◽  
Salwa Saafi ◽  
Jakub Frolka ◽  
Jose Villa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Communication System ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Workplace Safety ◽  
Unmanned Vehicles ◽  
Use Cases ◽  
Automated Systems ◽  
Collaborative Communication ◽  
Wide Range

Automated systems have been seamlessly integrated into several industries as part of their industrial automation processes. Employing automated systems, such as autonomous vehicles, allows industries to increase productivity, benefit from a wide range of technologies and capabilities, and improve workplace safety. So far, most of the existing systems consider utilizing one type of autonomous vehicle. In this work, we propose a collaboration of different types of unmanned vehicles in maritime offshore scenarios. Providing high capacity, extended coverage, and better quality of services, autonomous collaborative systems can enable emerging maritime use cases, such as remote monitoring and navigation assistance. Motivated by these potential benefits, we propose the deployment of an Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) and an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in an autonomous collaborative communication system. Specifically, we design high-speed, directional communication links between a terrestrial control station and the two unmanned vehicles. Using measurement and simulation results, we evaluate the performance of the designed links in different communication scenarios and we show the benefits of employing multiple autonomous vehicles in the proposed communication system.

Economic Comparison of Hand-Sutured and Coupler-Assisted Microvascular Anastomoses

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (01) ◽  
pp. 071-076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linden Head ◽  
Douglas McKay
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Operative Time ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Free Tissue Transfer ◽  
Capital Expenditures ◽  
Purchasing Decisions ◽  
Venous Anastomosis ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
Economic Comparison

Background Compared with hand-sewn anastomoses, microvascular anastomotic coupling devices (MACDs) provide equivalent flap survival and reduced operative time. To date, an economic analysis of MACDs has not been reported. The objective of this study was to evaluate the economics of a venous anastomosis performed using a coupling device compared with a hand-sewn anastomosis. Methods Economics were modeled for a single free tissue transfer (FTT) requiring one venous anastomosis performed with either hand-sewn sutures or with a coupler-assisted anastomosis using the GEM COUPLER. Fixed and variable costs incurred with each anastomotic technique were identified with an activity-based cost analysis. Price lists were retrieved from suppliers to quantify disposable costs and capital expenditures. Two literature reviews were executed to identify microsurgical operating room (OR) costs and operating time reductions with coupler-assisted anastomoses. Results For each venous anastomosis, the use of the anastomotic coupler increased disposable costs by $284.40 compared with a hand-sutured anastomosis. Total fixed and variable OR costs were $30.82 per minute. Operating time was reduced by a mean of 16.9 minutes with a coupler-assisted anastomosis, decreasing OR costs by $519.29. Total savings of $234.89 were generated for each coupler-assisted anastomosis, recuperating the device's capital expenditure after 13 uses. Conclusion Compared with a hand-sewn venous anastomosis, an MACD produces savings with each case and quickly recoups the device's capital expenditure. Despite its limitations and simplicity, this study provides a practical economic analysis that can help inform purchasing decisions, particularly for smaller volume centers where the economic rationale may be less clear.

scholarly journals Economic Analysis of Irish Potato (Solanum tuberusum) Marketing in Metropolitan Markets of Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
U. E. Umoffia ◽  
U. K. Iroegbute ◽  
T. M. Barnabas ◽  
J. A. Nandi ◽  
J. N. Akeweta
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Irish Potato ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Personal Savings ◽  
Benefit Cost

Aims: This paper evaluates the economic analysis of Irish Potato (Solanum tuberosum) marketing in the metropolitan markets of Bauchi State. Study Design: A sample random sampling technique was used in selecting eighty (80) respondents (30 wholesalers and 50 retailers). Place and Duration of Study: The study was done at Bauchi State, Nigeria. Methodology: Questionnaire was used to collect data on the socio-economic characteristics of the marketers and other information on cost/return from the respondents. It was however complemented with oral interviews. Results: The results shows that the enterprise is a profitable venture in the metropolitan markets of Bauchi with a Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) of (1.84) Yelwa Tudu market compared to other markets, while acquisition cost constitutes the highest proportion of the total cost of marketing potato. The majority of the marketers were female (57.75%) with 70% of the total respondents falling within the age bracket of 30-50 years. Majority of the marketers had a marketing experience of 1-10 years (58.73%). Also 70% of the marketers were married and 57% started their business with personal savings. Conclusion: The present study identified different challenges in Irish potatoes production and marketing in Bauchi State, Nigeria.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KINERJA KEUANGAN PADA DINAS BINA MARGA DAN SUMBER DAYA AIR KABUPATEN BANJAR

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fariz Syahidi
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Average Performance ◽  
Performance Targets ◽  
Capital Spending ◽  
Operational Expenditure ◽  
Very High

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness, efficiency and growth on Highways and Water Resources Office of Banjar regency. The data analysis method was descriptive quantitative. The results showed that the average performance of the financial management of the efficiency ratio in 2013, 2014, 2015 was not efficient, due to the lack of savings in indirect expenditures or the payment of salaries of civil servants. Meanwhile, the effectiveness ratio in 2014 and 2015 were effective but in 2013 was quite effective. The effectiveness achievement was based on employees’ performance to realize performance targets and financial targets. The growth of revenue, capital expenditure and operational expenditure showed high to very high results. It means that the development growth increased every year, especially in capital spending as a means to financed infrastructure development for roads, bridges and maintenance. Keywords: efficiency, effectiveness, growth Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui nilai efektifitas, efisiensi dan pertumbuhan pada Dinas Bina Marga dan Sumber Daya Air Kabupaten Ban-jar. Metode analisis data dalam penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata kinerja pengelolaan keuangan pada rasio efisiensi tahun 2013, 2014 dan 2015 tidak efisien. Hal ini dikarenakan tidak adanya penghematan pada belanja tidak langsung atau pembayaran gaji PNS. Pa-da rasio efektifitas tahun 2014 dan 2015 efektivitas dan tahun 2013 cukup efekti-vitas. Pencapaian hasil efektifitas didasarkan pada hasil kinerja pegawai yang mampu merealisasikan target kinerja dan target keuangan. Pertumbuhan PAD, be-lanja modal dan belanja operasional menunjukan hasil yang tinggi hingga sangat tinggi. Hal ini berarti dari tahun ke tahun pertumbuhan pembangunan mengalami peningkatan terutama pada belanja modal sebagai sarana untuk pembiayaan pem-bangunan infrastruktur pembangunan jalan, jembatan dan pemeliharaannya..Keywords: efisiensi, efektifitas, pertumbuhan

scholarly journals KINERJA KEUANGAN DAERAH PASCA PERALIHAN BEA PEROLEHAN HAK ATAS TANAH DAN BANGUNAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Juli Juli Juli
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Financial Performance ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Local Taxes ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Operational Expenditure ◽  
Observation Period

This study examined differences in the local government's financial performance before and after the transition from central tax BPHTB be local taxes? In general, this study aims to determine the contribution BPHTB to the PAD as a source of funding for the survival of each region in order to achieve local autonomy system. The samples used in this study is the district/city that has existed since autonomy BPHTB not be treated as 114 cities/districts. The realization of the study observation period is the period before the transition budget BPHTB (Year 2010) and after the transition BPHTB (Year 2011). The research data were statistically tested with a different test of two paired samples. The results show that the performance of local government in Java have differences before and after the transition BPHTB from the central government to local governments. This research can provide empirical evidence of the differences in the financial performance of the post-transition region from the center to the regions BPHTB especially Java. The results of this study can also be used as a reference in future studies with similar themes to consider several things. First, the use of samples that are not confined to the local government but the entire Indonesian island of Java. Second, adding the growth rate ie performance measurement. Third, review the compatibility ratio because in addition to operational expenditure and capital expenditure is no longer heading in the budget expenditure is financing and transfer.     Keywords: Bea Perolehan Hak atas Tanah dan Bangunan, Financial Performance, Autonomous Region.

scholarly journals Techno-economic analysis of catechin mix manufacture from camellia sinensis leaves using green extraction technology

2020 ◽  
pp. 44-44
Author(s):  
Adeyi Oladayo ◽  
Oke Olusola ◽  
Adeyi Abiola ◽  
Okolo Bernard ◽  
Nwosu-Obieogu Kenechi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Extraction Technology ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Uncertainty Analyses ◽  
Input Variables

This work designed, modeled and performed economic analysis of the base case extraction and recovery of catechin mix (CM) from Camellia sinensis leaves (CSL) using deep eutectic solvent (DES) and microwave assisted extraction (MAE) with the assistance of SuperPro Designer software. Techno-economic analysis of three commercial scales of manufacture was also investigated and compared using profitability parameters. Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses were further carried out on the most viable commercial scale to determine input variable (s) of highest significance on the profitability of the process. The 3.30 kg CM/batch is the most economically desirable scale with return on investment of 324.65%, payback period of 0.31 year, internal rate of return of 163.83% and net present value of 1,059,595,224. Out of the input variables selected for the sensitivity and uncertainty analyses, CSL and DES costs have the least effect on the selected profitability parameters of the process.

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