A Performance Evaluation of the Coverage Configuration Protocol and its Applicability to Precision Agriculture

2014 ◽  
pp. 107-122
Author(s):  
Amine Dhraief ◽  
Imen Mahjri ◽  
Abdelfettah Belghith
Keyword(s):  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Packet Losses ◽  
Active Sensors ◽  
Sensing Coverage ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Precise Knowledge ◽  
The Impact

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have recently emerged as a prominent technology for lots of civilian and military applications in both rural and urban environments. Area coverage configuration is an efficient method to alleviate the nodes' limited energy supply in high density WSNs. It consists in selecting as few active sensors as possible from all deployed nodes while ensuring sufficient sensing coverage of the monitored region. Several coverage configuration protocols have been developed; most of them presume the availability of precise knowledge about node locations and sensing ranges. Relaxing these conservative assumptions might affect the performance of coverage configuration protocols. In this chapter, the authors examine the impact of location errors, irregular sensing ranges, and packet losses on the Coverage Configuration Protocol (CCP). The authors focus more precisely on the impact of using this protocol on a real application: precision agriculture where farmers need to cover the entire terrain with sensors in order to rapidly detect and localize spots requiring chemical treatment.

A Performance Evaluation of the Coverage Configuration Protocol Under Location Errors, Irregular Sensing Patterns, and a Noisy Channel

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 28-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amine Dhraief ◽  
Imen Mahjri ◽  
Abdelfettah Belghith
Keyword(s):  
Area Coverage ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Noisy Channel ◽  
Coverage Problem ◽  
Packet Losses ◽  
Coverage Ratio ◽  
Sensing Coverage ◽  
Location Errors ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The Impact

Area coverage problem is one of the key issues to prolong a wireless sensor network lifetime. It is based on selecting as few active nodes as possible from all deployed nodes while maintaining sufficient sensing coverage of the monitored region. Several area coverage protocols have been proposed, most of them assume the availability of accurate information about node locations and sensing ranges. Relaxing these conservative assumptions might impact the performance of area coverage protocols. In this paper, the authors study the impact of location errors, irregular sensing ranges and packet losses on the coverage configuration protocol. They focus more precisely on their impact on the number of selected active nodes, the coverage ratio and the total consumed energy.

scholarly journals Physical Layer Intercept Probability in Wireless Sensor Networks over Fisher–Snedecor ? Fading Channels

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1368
Author(s):  
Srđan Maričić ◽  
Nenad Milošević ◽  
Dejan Drajić ◽  
Dejan Milić ◽  
Jelena Anastasov
Keyword(s):  
Fading Channels ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Physical Layer ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Active Sensors ◽  
Signal Ratio ◽  
Wiretap Channel ◽  
Intercept Probability ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, we analyze the physical layer security (PLS) of an arbitrarily dimensioned wireless sensor network (WSN) in the presence of an unauthorized attacker. Various scheduling schemes have been exploited in order to enhance the secure transmission of reliable links impaired by Fisher–Snedecor F fading. The path loss among active nodes is also considered. The exact intercept probability expressions are derived recalling an optimal scheduling scheme (OS), a scheduling policy based on a specific cumulative distribution function (CS), and round-robin scheduling as a baseline. The asymptotic behavior of the intercept metric is also presented in a simpler form with acceptable accuracy. The secrecy diversity orders are defined and the security–reliability tradeoff of WSN is specified. Numerical results are provided to demonstrate the interplay of various main/wiretap channel conditions, the distances among nodes, the number of active sensors, and the average main-to-eavesdropper’s signal ratio in order to upgrade the quality of the WSN secrecy performance. Additionally, the impact of the outage probability on the intercept probability is defined for a variety of scenarios under which either the CS or OS scheme could be selected as suitable for PLS enhancement. The obtained results are verified by independent Monte Carlo simulations.

scholarly journals Gênese, frequência e intensidade das precipitações de granizo nas Mesorregiões Centro Oriental e Sudeste Paranaense, Brasil

GeoTextos ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Felipe da Silva Caldana ◽  
Alan Carlos Martelócio
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Event ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Civil Defense ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Genesis Frequency

A precipitação de granizo, um evento extremo caracterizado por precipitação de água em estado sólido, tem alta capacidade destrutiva nos meios rural e urbano, gerando transtornos e prejuízos frequentes. A Mesorregião Centro Oriental Paranaense (MRCOP) e a Mesorregião Sudeste Paranaense (MRSEP) possuem uma grande área de produção agrícola e aproximadamente 900 mil habitantes, que podem estar vulneráveis a eventos meteorológicos extremos, sendo necessários estudos que auxiliem o planejamento e as tomadas de decisão neste recorte específico. Desta forma, este trabalho teve por objetivo identificar a gênese, a frequência e a intensidade das precipitações de granizo nas Mesorregiões Centro Oriental e Sudeste Paranaense, fornecendo suporte para o planejamento e a adoção de preventivas de combate ao impacto desse fenômeno. Foram utilizadas três fontes distintas de dados: estações agrometeorológicas, imagens de satélite e relatórios de ocorrências, danos e situações de emergência da Defesa Civil. Foram identificados 37 decretos de situação de emergência vinculados a granizo e 372 mil pessoas afetadas nas mesoregiões, em 19 anos de análise. Os sistemas convectivos e as frentes frias foram identificados como os principais sistemas meteorológicos atuantes na formação de granizo nestas mesoregiões. Com ausência de planejamento para redução da vulnerabilidade, a exposição aos eventos extremos meteorológicos permanece frequente. Abstract GENESIS, FREQUENCY AND INTENSITY OF HAIL PRECIPITATION IN THE CENTRAL-WESTERN AND SOUTHEAST OF THE PARANÁ STATE, BRAZIL Hail precipitation, an extreme event characterized by solid state water precipitation, has high destructive capacity in rural and urban environments, generating frequent disturbances and losses. The Central-Western Paraná state Meso-region (MRCOP) and The Southeast Paraná state Meso-region (MRSEP) in southern Brazil has a large agricultural production area and approximately 900 thousand inhabitants, which may be vulnerable to extreme weather events, and studies are needed to assist in decision making in these regions. This work aimed to identify the genesis, frequency and intensity of hail precipitation in The Central-Western Paraná state Meso-region (MRCOP) and The Southeast Paraná state Meso-region (MRSEP), providing support for the planning and adoption of preventive measures to combat the impact of this phenomenon. Three different sources of data were used: agrometeorological stations, satellite images and reports of occurrences, damages and emergency situations issued by the Civil Defense. Thirty-seven emergency decrees related to hail and 372 thousand people affected in the regions were identified in 19 years of analysis. The convective systems and the cold fronts were identified as the main meteorological systems working in the genesis of hail in these regions. In the absence of planning for vulnerability reduction, exposure to extreme weather events remains frequent.

Impact of 44 000-kg (97,000-lb) Six-Axle Semitrailer Trucks on Bridges on Rural and Urban U.S. Interstate System

1998 ◽  
Vol 1624 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Weissmann ◽  
Rob Harrison
Keyword(s):  
User Costs ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Interstate System ◽  
National Bridge Inventory ◽  
The Impact

The impact of a 44 000-kg (97,000-lb) tridem semitrailer truck on bridges on the urban and rural U.S. Interstate system is examined. The impacts are determined using a suite of models developed for FHWA policy use, and both agency and user costs are estimated. Bridges on the Interstate system that are already deficient at current loads are excluded from this analysis, which utilizes the National Bridge Inventory database and reports results for the rural and urban Interstate systems.

Water in the economy of Tamil Nadu, India: more flexible water allocation policies offer a possible way out of water-induced economic stagnation and will be good for the environment and the poor

Water Policy ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh Bhatia ◽  
John Briscoe ◽  
R. P. S. Malik ◽  
Lindy Miller ◽  
Smita Misra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Allocation ◽  
Water Policy ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
The State ◽  
Allocation Policy ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
State Income ◽  
Important Exception ◽  
The Impact

The state of Tamil Nadu, India, is in the grips of a water crisis, with demand far outstripping supply. As the economy of the state grows, this crisis is going to become ever more serious. To date the focus of state water policy has been on trying to augment supplies, from within the state (even from desalinization) and from neighboring states. In addition, the water use is regulated in a way that does not encourage the highest value uses. International experience shows that supply-side measures must be complemented by demand-side measures and that practice must move away from fixed, command-and-control allocation policies towards flexible allocation mechanisms, which facilitate the voluntary movement of water from low to high-value uses. This study addresses the question of whether such a change in allocation policies is worth doing. It addresses this question by developing optimization models for each of the 17 river basins in Tamil Nadu (including an assessment of the economic value of water in different end-uses – agriculture, domestic and industry), then using an input–output model embedded in a social accounting matrix (SAM), to assess the impact of these changes on the state economy and on different rural and urban employment groups. The results suggest that a shift to a flexible water allocation system would bring major environmental, economic and social benefits to the state. Compared with the current “fixed sectoral allocation” policy, a flexible allocation policy would, in 2020, result in 15% less overall water used; 24% less water pumped from aquifers; 20% higher state income; with all strata, rich and poor, benefiting similarly, with one important exception, that of agricultural laborers.

scholarly journals Urban Heat Islands and Thermal Comfort: A Case Study of Zorrotzaurre Island in Bilbao

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6106
Author(s):  
Irantzu Alvarez ◽  
Laura Quesada-Ganuza ◽  
Estibaliz Briz ◽  
Leire Garmendia
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Urban Heat Islands ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Climate Index ◽  
Physiological Equivalent Temperature ◽  
Heat Islands ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact

This study assesses the impact of a heat wave on the thermal comfort of an unconstructed area: the North Zone of the Island of Zorrotzaurre (Bilbao, Spain). In this study, the impact of urban planning as proposed in the master plan on thermal comfort is modeled using the ENVI-met program. Likewise, the question of whether the urbanistic proposals are designed to create more resilient urban environments is analyzed in the face of increasingly frequent extreme weather events, especially heat waves. The study is centered on the analysis of temperature variables (air temperature and average radiant temperature) as well as wind speed and relative humidity. This was completed with the parameters of thermal comfort, the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) and the Universal Temperature Climate Index (UTCI) for the hours of the maximum and minimum daily temperatures. The results demonstrated the viability of analyzing thermal comfort through simulations with the ENVI-met program in order to analyze the behavior of urban spaces in various climate scenarios.

scholarly journals The North Caucasus Region as a Blind Spot in the “European Green Deal”: Energy Supply Security and Energy Superpower Russia

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
José Antonio Peña-Ramos ◽  
Philipp Bagus ◽  
Dmitri Amirov-Belova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Blind Spot ◽  
Illustrative Case ◽  
The European Union ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Strong Argument ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Energy Supply Security

The “European Green Deal” has ambitious aims, such as net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. While the European Union aims to make its energies greener, Russia pursues power-goals based on its status as a geo-energy superpower. A successful “European Green Deal” would have the up-to-now underestimated geopolitical advantage of making the European Union less dependent on Russian hydrocarbons. In this article, we illustrate Russian power-politics and its geopolitical implications by analyzing the illustrative case of the North Caucasus, which has been traditionally a strategic region for Russia. The present article describes and analyses the impact of Russian intervention in the North Caucasian secessionist conflict since 1991 and its importance in terms of natural resources, especially hydrocarbons. The geopolitical power secured by Russia in the North Caucasian conflict has important implications for European Union’s energy supply security and could be regarded as a strong argument in favor of the “European Green Deal”.

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