Nanomedicine

2015 ◽  
pp. 64-89
Author(s):  
Roy Gaurab ◽  
Shetti Dattatrya ◽  
Yadav Amit ◽  
Kundu Gopal C
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Effect ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Imaging Agents ◽  
Life Threatening

Nanomedicine, an offshoot of nanotechnology, is considered as one of the most promising technologies of the 21st century. Due to their minute size, nanomedicines can easily target difficult-to-reach sites with improved solubility and bioavailability and reduced adverse effects. They also act as versatile delivery systems, carrying both chemotherapeutics and imaging agents to targeted sites. Hence, nanomedicine can be used to achieve the same therapeutic effect at smaller doses than their conventional counterparts and can offer impressive resolutions for various life-threatening diseases. Although certain issues have been raised about the potential toxicities of nanomaterials, it is anticipated that the advances in nanomedicine will furnish clarifications to many of modern medicine's unsolved problems. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive and contemporary survey of various nanomedicine products along with the major risks and side effects associated with the nanoparticles.

scholarly journals Nanomedicine

2017 ◽  
pp. 1258-1285
Author(s):  
Roy Gaurab ◽  
Shetti Dattatrya ◽  
Yadav Amit ◽  
Kundu Gopal C
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Effect ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Imaging Agents ◽  
Life Threatening

Nanomedicine, an offshoot of nanotechnology, is considered as one of the most promising technologies of the 21st century. Due to their minute size, nanomedicines can easily target difficult-to-reach sites with improved solubility and bioavailability and reduced adverse effects. They also act as versatile delivery systems, carrying both chemotherapeutics and imaging agents to targeted sites. Hence, nanomedicine can be used to achieve the same therapeutic effect at smaller doses than their conventional counterparts and can offer impressive resolutions for various life-threatening diseases. Although certain issues have been raised about the potential toxicities of nanomaterials, it is anticipated that the advances in nanomedicine will furnish clarifications to many of modern medicine's unsolved problems. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive and contemporary survey of various nanomedicine products along with the major risks and side effects associated with the nanoparticles.

Elucidating the Potential Side Effects of Current Anti- Seizure Drugs for Epilepsy

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enes Akyüz ◽  
Mohd. Farooq Shaikh ◽  
Betül Köklü ◽  
Cansu Ozenen ◽  
Alina Arulsamy
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
First Line ◽  
Epileptic Patients ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Visual Problems ◽  
Gaba Transmission

: Over the decades, various interventions have been developed and utilized to treat epilepsy. However, majority of epileptic patients are often first prescribed with anti-epileptic drugs (AED), now known as anti-seizure drugs (ASD), as a first line of defense to suppress their seizures and regain their quality of life. ASDs exert their anti-convulsant effects through various mechanisms of action including regulation of ion channels, blocking of glutamate-mediated stimulating neurotransmitter interaction, and enhancing the inhibitory GABA transmission. About one third of epileptic patients are often resistant to anti-convulsant drugs, while others develop numerous side effects which may lead to treatment discontinuation and further deterioration of quality of life. Common side effects of ASDs include headache, nausea and dizziness. However, more adverse effects such as auditory and visual problems, skin problems, liver dysfunction, pancreatitis and kidney disorders may also be witnessed. Some ASDs may even result in life-threatening conditions as well as serious abnormalities, especially in patients with comorbidities and in pregnant women. Nevertheless, some clinicians had observed a reduction in the development of side effects post individualized ASD treatment. This suggest that a careful and well-informed ASD recommendation to patients may be crucial for an effective and side-effect free control of their seizures. Therefore, this review aimed to elucidate the anticonvulsant effects of ASDs as well as their side effect profile, by discussing their mechanism of action and reported adverse effects based on clinical and preclinical studies, thereby providing clinicians with a greater understanding of the safety of current ASDs.

Delirium on clozapine: A tale of friend turned foe-A case report

2020 ◽  
pp. 009121742097282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aparna Das ◽  
Rebecca Minner ◽  
Lewis Krain ◽  
John Spollen
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Treatment Resistant ◽  
Drug Of Choice ◽  
Life Threatening

Treatment resistant schizophrenia (TRS) is often encountered in clinical practice. Clozapine remains the drug of choice in the management of TRS. Several studies have shown that clozapine is the most effective antipsychotic medication to date for TRS. But it is also well known that it has multiple side effects. Some side effects are transient and relatively benign, while other adverse effects are menacing, serious and life-threatening. Delirium may occur with clozapine and is a therapeutic challenge as there is always a risk of precipitating delirium on clozapine rechallenge. Limited management strategies are available as alternatives for the management of psychiatric illness stabilized on clozapine. In this case report, we describe an older adult patient who developed delirium on clozapine. The aims of this case report are to discuss the mechanism by which clozapine leads to delirium, revisit various factors which could possibly lead to delirium, and discuss the different management strategies available for management of psychiatric illness for a patient previously stabilized on clozapine.

Pilot Open-Label Study of Alprazolam (U-31,889) in Anxious Alcoholic Out-Patients

1977 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis F Fabre ◽  
Allison Gainey ◽  
Sherrie Kemple
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Effect ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Marked Improvement ◽  
Study Analysis ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Open Label Study ◽  
Label Study

Twenty out-patients suffering from anxiety and tension after withdrawal from alcohol were treated for 28 days with alprazolam. Three patients dropped out for intercurrent events, and 2 dropped out for recurrent drinking. Of the 15 patients completing the study, analysis of variance showed significant improvement in all Physician's Ratings as well as all patient self-ratings. At the 28th day, 93% of the patients rated moderate to marked improvement on the Physician's Global Impression and Therapeutic Effect, and 93% self rated at least a little better. Side-effects were generally mild and inconsequential. No adverse effects attributable to alprazolam were noted on laboratory evaluations, EKG's, or ophthalmologic examinations.

scholarly journals Analgesic combinations as a strategy for pain relief and isobolographic analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aracely Evangelina Chávez-Piña ◽  
Arlette Guadalupe Arroyo-Lira
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Pain Management ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Pain Relief ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Effect ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Opioid Analgesics ◽  
Isobolographic Analysis ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs

Pain is a multidimensional sensory experience that is intrinsically unpleasant and associated with hurting and soreness, it is essentially a sensation. Pain has strong, cognitive and emotional components, it is linked to, or described in terms of suffering. Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and opioid analgesics are two of the most common types of drugs used for pain management. However, the use of these analgesics is limited by the presence of significant adverse effects. A useful practice is a combination of two agents with the same therapeutic effect wherein each agent is administered to obtain additive, synergistic or subadditive interaction in a fixed ratio. If the combination resulted in addition or synergism, the doses employed by each agent are reduced, then the side effects are absent; this kind of study is named isobolographic analysis. In this review, the authors summarized previous reports of the combination of NSAIDs with opioids and natural products as an alternative in the pain management.

Nanoparticle-based Drug Delivery Systems for Targeted Epigenetics Cancer Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 1084-1098
Author(s):  
Fengqian Chen ◽  
Yunzhen Shi ◽  
Jinming Zhang ◽  
Qi Liu
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Epigenetic Therapy ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
High Therapeutic Index

This review summarizes the epigenetic mechanisms of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation, histone modifications in cancer and the epigenetic modifications in cancer therapy. Due to their undesired side effects, the use of epigenetic drugs as chemo-drugs in cancer therapies is limited. The drug delivery system opens a door for minimizing these side effects and achieving greater therapeutic benefits. The limitations of current epigenetic therapies in clinical cancer treatment and the advantages of using drug delivery systems for epigenetic agents are also discussed. Combining drug delivery systems with epigenetic therapy is a promising approach to reaching a high therapeutic index and minimizing the side effects.

Cutaneous Adverse Events of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Summarized Overview

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerasia-Maria Plachouri ◽  
Eleftheria Vryzaki ◽  
Sophia Georgiou
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Skin Toxicity ◽  
Maculopapular Rash ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Stevens Johnson Syndrome ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Skin Side Effects

Background:The introduction of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in the recent years has resulted in high response rates and extended survival in patients with metastatic/advanced malignancies. Their mechanism of action is the indirect activation of cytotoxic T-cells through the blockade of inhibitory receptors of immunomodulatory pathways, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1). Despite their impressive therapeutic results, they can also induce immune-related toxicity, affecting various organs, including the skin.Objective:To provide an updated summarized overview of the most common immune-mediated cutaneous side effects and their management.Method:English articles derived from the databases PubMed and SCOPUS and published between 2009 and 2018, were analyzed for this narrative review.Results:The most common adverse cutaneous reactions include maculopapular rash, lichenoid reactions, vitiligo and pruritus, with severity Grade 1 or 2. Less frequent but eventually life-threatening skin side effects, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms and Toxic Epidermal necrolysis, have also been reported.Conclusion:Basic knowledge of the Immune-Checkpoint-Inhibitors-induced skin toxicity is necessary in order to recognize these treatment-related complications. The most frequent skin side effects, such as maculopapular rash, vitiligo and pruritus, tend to subside under symptomatic treatment so that permanent discontinuation of therapy is not commonly necessary. In the case of life-threatening side effects, apart from the necessary symptomatic treatment, the immunotherapy should be permanently stopped. Information concerning the management of ICIs-mediated skin toxicity can be obtained from the literature as well as from the Summary of Product Characteristics of each agent.

The Use of Methotrexate in Rheumatoid Arthritis

1985 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 349-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter W. Letendre ◽  
Douglas J. DeJong ◽  
Donald R. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Systemic Administration ◽  
Refractory Disease ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trials ◽  
Folic Acid Antagonist ◽  
Acid Antagonist

The use of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis is reviewed. Methotrexate, a folic acid antagonist, is sometimes employed in an attempt to symptomatically control patients whose disease does not respond adequately to conventional therapies. Systemic administration of 7.5–15 mg/wk in a “pulse” fashion appears to be effective without precipitating severe adverse effects. However, concern over potentially serious side effects and a lack of well-controlled clinical trials have limited its use to severe, refractory disease. Further studies are needed before its role in rheumatoid arthritis can justifiably be expanded.

Proton Pump Inhibitors in 2021: Pros, Cons, and Everything in Between

2021 ◽  
pp. 263451612110217
Author(s):  
Joshua A. Sloan ◽  
Philip O. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Proton Pump Inhibitors ◽  
Proton Pump ◽  
Drug Class ◽  
Life Threatening

The medical and lay literature has exploded with reports of adverse events associated with proton pump inhibitors over the last 10 to 15 years. The dissemination of these reports to patients and clinicians have created substantial concerns regarding what has been an exceptionally valuable drug class, dramatically improving patient quality of life, and in many cases preventing life threatening side effects of other medication. Patients are more frequently seeking to avoid these medications, and practitioners are reducing or discontinuing them to the patient’s detriment due to a misunderstanding of the data. This review will discuss the data regarding the most commonly publicized adverse events and attempt to put them in perspective.

scholarly journals Lidocaine: A Local Anesthetic, Its Adverse Effects and Management

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 782
Author(s):  
Entaz Bahar ◽  
Hyonok Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Local Anesthetic ◽  
Local Anesthetics ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Rapid Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Life Threatening

The most widely used medications in dentistry are local anesthetics (LA), especially lidocaine, and the number of recorded adverse allergic responses, particularly of hazardous responses, is quite low. However, allergic reactions can range from moderate to life-threatening, requiring rapid diagnosis and treatment. This article serves as a review to provide information on LA, their adverse reactions, causes, and management.

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