Historical Earthquake Damages to Domed Structures in Istanbul

2015 ◽  
pp. 649-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
İhsan E. Bal ◽  
F. Gülten Gülay ◽  
Meltem Vatan ◽  
Eleni Smyrou
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Seismic Events ◽  
Historical Earthquake ◽  
Historical Buildings ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ottoman Architecture ◽  
Hazard Level ◽  
Earthquake Damages

This chapter discusses the domed structures in Istanbul, which are reported damaged during strong historical earthquakes. The attention is focused mostly to their domes, the most important component of the Byzantine and the Ottoman architecture. The significant shakings, together with their estimated epicenters and magnitudes, have been defined and the spatial distribution of the reported damages in the domed structures has been examined. It is underlined once more that the Historical Peninsula, which is where once Constantinople was located, has several vulnerable structures and high seismic hazard level at the same time. Certain structures are quite vulnerable to strong shakings and received significant damages multiple times. The chapter discusses the possible effects of the future seismic events on the historical buildings in Istanbul, based on the recorded damages occurred during the past seismic events.

scholarly journals Repeated historical earthquakes in Sousse, Monastir and El-Jem (Tunisia)—an archaeoseismological study

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miklós Kázmér
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Active Faults ◽  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Segment Length ◽  
Seismic Events ◽  
Historical Buildings ◽  
The North ◽  
Sahel Region ◽  
The City ◽  
East West

AbstractTunisia is known of sparse and moderate earthquakes. However, there are seismically damaged historical buildings in the eastern Sahel region. The Roman amphitheatre of Thysdrus (modern El-Jem), various Islamic religious and secular buildings in Sousse and Monastir testify to seismic events with intensity up to IX (EMS98 scale). We raise the hypothesis that their destruction was caused by the nearby east-west Cherichira-Abaieh Fault and the north-south Monastir Fault. Simultaneity of the 859 AD Kairouan earthquake and extensive restoration works in Sousse 50 km to the east allow assessing magnitude up to 7.2 based on segment length. The city was hit both by the 859 AD and a post-1575 earthquake. Being nearby two active faults, seismic hazard in Sousse is higher than either in Kairouan or in Monastir.

A Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis of Northeast India

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandip Das ◽  
Ishwer D. Gupta ◽  
Vinay K. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
Response Spectra ◽  
Northeast India ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hazard Response ◽  
Hazard Level ◽  
Spectral Velocity ◽  
Pseudo Spectral

Seismic hazard maps have been prepared for Northeast India based on the uniform hazard response spectra for absolute acceleration at stiff sites. An approach that is free from regionalizing the seismotectonic sources has been proposed for performing the hazard analysis. Also, a new attenuation model for pseudo-spectral velocity scaling has been developed by using 261 recorded accelerograms in Northeast India. In the present study, the entire area of Northeast India has been divided into 0.1° grid size, and the hazard level has been assessed for each node of this grid by considering the seismicity within a 300-km radius around the node. Using the past earthquake data, the seismicity for the area around each node has been evaluated by defining a and b values of the Gutenberg-Richter recurrence relationship, while accounting for the incompleteness of the earthquake catalogue. To consider the spatial distribution of seismicity around each node, a spatially smoothed probability distribution function of the observed epicentral distances has been used. Uniform hazard contours for pseudo-spectral acceleration as the hazard parameter have been obtained for an exposure time of 100 years and for 50% confidence level at different natural periods for both horizontal and vertical components of ground motion. The trends reflected by these contours are broadly consistent with the major seismotectonic features in the region.

scholarly journals Using Google Earth Images to Extract Dense Landslides Induced by Historical Earthquakes at the Southwest of Ordos, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Du Peng ◽  
Xu Yueren ◽  
Tian Qinjian ◽  
Li Wenqiao
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Historical Earthquake ◽  
Strong Earthquakes ◽  
Ordos Block ◽  
Earthquake Zone

As historical earthquake records are simple, determining the source parameters of historical strong earthquakes over an extended period is difficult. There are numerous uncertainties in the study of historical earthquakes based on limited literature records. Co-seismic landslide interpretation combined with historical documents can yield the possibility of reducing these uncertainties. The dense co-seismic landslides can be preserved for hundreds to thousands of years in Loess Plateau, North China; furthermore, there are notable attribute differences between earthquake landslides and rainfall-triggered landslides. Along the southwestern margin of the Ordos Block, only one severe earthquake has been recorded in the past 3,000 years. The records of “Sanchuan exhaustion and Qishan collapse” provide clues for an investigation of the 780 BC Qishan earthquake. In this study, combined with historical documents, current high-resolution Google Earth images were used to extract historical landslides along the southwestern of the Ordos Block. There were 6,876 landslides with a total area of 643 km2. The landslide-intensive areas were mainly distributed along the Longxian–Qishan–Mazhao Fault in the loess valley area on the northeastern side of the fault. Loess tableland and river terraces occur on the southwest side of the fault; dense landslides have not been examined due to the topographical conditions in this area. By analyzing the spatial distribution of historical earthquake damage in this region, comparing the characteristics of rainfall-triggered landslides, and combining existing dating results for bedrock collapse and loess landslides, the interpretation of dense historical landslides can be linked to the Qishan Earthquake. The interpretation results are associated with historical records. Analyses of current earthquake cases show that the distribution of dense landslides triggered by strong earthquakes can indicate the episeismic area of an earthquake. In addition, the non-integrated landslide catalog without small- and medium-scale coseismic landslides can be used to effectively determine the source parameters of historical strong earthquakes and perform quantitative evaluations. This study evaluates the focal parameters of the 780 BC Qishan earthquake based on interpretations of the spatial distribution range of historical landslides as representations of the range of the extreme earthquake zone.

scholarly journals HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKES IN THE REGION OF LEFKADA ISLAND , IONIAN SEA - ESTIMATION OF MAGNITUDES FROM EPICENTRAL INTENSITIES

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 1389 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fokaefs ◽  
G. A. Papadopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Seismic Hazard Assessment ◽  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Maximum Intensity ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Ionian Sea ◽  
The Past ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Lefkada Island

Historical documentation of strong shocks for Lefkada Island, Ionian Sea, exists since the 16th century A.D. In this paper we establish a relation between magnitude and maximum intensity from twenty-nine instrumental events that hit the area in the past. Then, on the basis of historical documentary sources we reevaluate the intensities of strong historical earthquakes, their maximum intensity being observed on Lefkada in the time interval from AD1577 to 1911, recalculate their magnitudes on the basis of the magnitude/intensity relation and, finally, compile a new catalogue of historical earthquakes. The results obtained are of importance for the seismicity studies and seismic hazard assessment in the area.

scholarly journals Seismic effects of the strongest historical earthquak in the Syracuse area

1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Boschi ◽  
E. Guidoboni ◽  
D. Mariotti
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Historical Buildings ◽  
Descriptive Data ◽  
Historical Seismology ◽  
Local Seismic Response ◽  
Seismic Scenarios ◽  
The City ◽  
Attenuation Laws

The effects of earthquakes that occurred in a given area contribute significantly to the evaluation of to local seismic hazard. The information concerning historical earthquakes of the Mediterranean area covers many centuries, but the wealth of information made available by historical seismology does not appear to ha taken into account by engineering seismologists. By adopting "attenuation laws" based on data contained in the seismic catalogues, not only do we sometimes come up against the gross errors normally found jn logues, but we also lose sight of important details relating to the characteristics of urban seismic scenarios this paper we describe the results obtained from the analysis of seismic scenarios in Ortigia (old Syracuse this analysis we emphasized the qualitative and descriptive data to outline the "largest historical eve reassessed the data concerning five earthquakes that occuned in 1169,1542,1693,1757 and 1846, w reported by the Catalogue of Italian Earthquakes with an intensity greater than or equal to IX MCS epicentre of which was located within 50 km of the city. The last two of these earthquakes turned out t result of mistakes in the transmission of the news and have therefore been removed trom the list of de events. In addjtjon, we reconstructed the damage caused by the 1542 and 1693 earthquakes on a ma ancient town of Ortigia, taking into account the economic, demographic, and urbanistic conditions of t The empirical elements supplied to evaluate the local seismic response can also be of use in the preservation of historical buildings.

scholarly journals Millennial Record of Earthquakes in the Carpathian-Pannonian Region: Historical and Archaeoseismology

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-301
Author(s):  
Miklós Kázmér ◽  
Erzsébet Győri
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Seismic Events ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Earthquake Catalogues ◽  
Earthquake Parameters ◽  
The Past ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
Short Essay

This is a short essay on earthquakes in the Carpathian-Pannonian region and its surroundings. Earthquakes have been recorded using seismographs since 1902 in Hungary. The relatively small number of seismic events and the long return period of major earthquakes make it necessary to use historical data in order to assess seismic hazard. Historical earthquake catalogues aim for exhaustiveness both in time and space, but they are limited by the lack of documentary data. A simple arithmetical assessment is provided to estimate our lack of knowledge of past seismic events. All destructive earthquakes of the twentieth century (above magnitude 5) are included in the catalogue (100%). Of the seismic events which took place in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries, only 23% are on record, while this figure drops to 4.6 percent for the eleventh–sixteenth centuries and 0.2 percent for the first millennium AD. On average, we have no information about 90% of the destructive earthquakes which occurred in the Carpathian-Pannonian region over the course of the past two millennia. According to both instrumental measurements and historical sources, there were relatively few earthquakes in the central era of the period of time in question. This era coincides roughly with the two centuries of Ottoman rule (the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries). Were there really few earthquakes over the course of these two centuries, or we do not have the relevant records? We contend that warfare resulted in the destruction of settlements and the annihilation of documents. Fragile historical documents can be supplemented by the study of robust edifices, an approach to the study of the past which is known as archaeoseismology. Evidence of damage and destruction can be identified, and earthquake parameters can be assessed. One can find evidence corroborating other sources indicating an earthquake (e.g. Savaria), and one can also identify traces of previously unknown seismic events (Visegrád). One can also assign intensity values to the existing historical records. Damage observed to a Roman road in Savaria, to the medieval donjon of Nagyvázsony offers support for our fundamental contention. In order to understand the seismic hazard that was faced in the Carpathian-Pannonian region, renewed study of historical sources and new archaeoseismological investigations are needed.

scholarly journals Coseismic fault-slip distribution of the 2019 Ridgecrest Mw6.4 and Mw7.1 earthquakes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Gao ◽  
HuRong Duan ◽  
YongZhi Zhang ◽  
JiaYing Chen ◽  
HeTing Jian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strike Slip ◽  
Fault Slip ◽  
Slip Distribution ◽  
Synthetic Aperture ◽  
Seismic Events ◽  
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dextral Strike Slip Fault ◽  
Fault Slip Distribution ◽  
Dextral Strike Slip

AbstractThe 2019 Ridgecrest, California seismic sequence, including an Mw6.4 foreshock and Mw7.1 mainshock, represent the largest regional seismic events within the past 20 years. To obtain accurate coseismic fault-slip distribution, we used precise positioning data of small earthquakes from January 2019 to October 2020 to determine the dip parameters of the eight fault geometry, and used the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data processed by Xu et al. (Seismol Res Lett 91(4):1979–1985, 2020) at UCSD to constrain inversion of the fault-slip distribution of both earthquakes. The results showed that all faults were sinistral strike-slips with minor dip-slip components, exception for dextral strike-slip fault F2. Fault-slip mainly occurred at depths of 0–12 km, with a maximum slip of 3.0 m. The F1 fault contained two slip peaks located at 2 km of fault S4 and 6 km of fault S5 depth, the latter being located directly above the Mw7.1hypocenter. Two slip peaks with maximum slip of 1.5 m located 8 and 20 km from the SW endpoint of the F2 fault were also identified, and the latter corresponds to the Mw6.4 earthquake. We also analyzed the influence of different inversion parameters on the fault slip distribution, and found that the slip momentum smoothing condition was more suitable for the inversion of the earthquakes slip distribution than the stress-drop smoothing condition.

scholarly journals Ground Response and Historical Buildings in Avellino (Campania, Southern Italy): Clues from a Retrospective View Concerning the 1980 Irpinia-Basilicata Earthquake

Geosciences ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 503
Author(s):  
Lucia Nardone ◽  
Fabrizio Terenzio Gizzi ◽  
Rosalba Maresca
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Strong Motion ◽  
Historical Buildings ◽  
Borehole Data ◽  
Ground Response ◽  
Maximum Acceleration ◽  
Observed Damage ◽  
Hazard Disaggregation

Cultural heritage represents our legacy with the past and our identity. However, to assure heritage can be passed on to future generations, it is required to put into the field knowledge as well as preventive and safeguard actions, especially for heritage located in seismic hazard-prone areas. With this in mind, the article deals with the analysis of ground response in the Avellino town (Campania, Southern Italy) and its correlation with the effects caused by the 23rd November 1980 Irpinia earthquake on the historical buildings. The aim is to get some clues about the earthquake damage cause-effect relationship. To estimate the ground motion response for Avellino, where strong-motion recordings are not available, we made use of the seismic hazard disaggregation. Then, we made extensive use of borehole data to build the lithological model so being able to assess the seismic ground response. Overall, results indicate that the complex subsoil layers influence the ground motion, particularly in the lowest period (0.1–0.5 s). The comparison with the observed damage of the selected historical buildings and the maximum acceleration expected indicates that the damage distribution cannot be explained by the surface geology effects alone.

The Gutenberg-Richter or characteristic earthquake distribution, which is it?

1994 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 1940-1959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven G. Wesnousky
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
Slip Rate ◽  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Characteristic Earthquake ◽  
Earthquake Model ◽  
Earthquake Distribution ◽  
Fault Trace ◽  
Major Strike

Abstract Paleoearthquake and fault slip-rate data are combined with the CIT-USGS catalog for the period 1944 to 1992 to examine the shape of the magnitude-frequency distribution along the major strike-slip faults of southern California. The resulting distributions for the Newport-Inglewood, Elsinore, Garlock, and San Andreas faults are in accord with the characteristic earthquake model of fault behavior. The distribution observed along the San Jacinto fault satisfies the Gutenberg-Richter relationship. If attention is limited to segments of the San Jacinto that are marked by the rupture zones of large historical earthquakes or distinct steps in fault trace, the observed distribution along each segment is consistent with the characteristic earthquake model. The Gutenberg-Richter distribution observed for the entirety of the San Jacinto may reflect the sum of seismicity along a number of distinct fault segments, each of which displays a characteristic earthquake distribution. The limited period of instrumental recording is insufficient to disprove the hypothesis that all faults will display a Gutenberg-Richter distribution when averaged over the course of a complete earthquake cycle. But, given that (1) the last 5 decades of seismicity are the best indicators of the expected level of small to moderate-size earthquakes in the next 50 years, and (2) it is generally about this period of time that is of interest in seismic hazard and engineering analysis, the answer to the question posed in the title of the article, at least when concerned with practical implementation of seismic hazard analysis at sites along these major faults, appears to be the “characteristic earthquake distribution.”

Methodology for seismic risk assessment for tubular steel wind turbine towers: application to Canadian seismic environment

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Nuta ◽  
Constantin Christopoulos ◽  
Jeffrey A. Packer
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Seismic Loading ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Design Spectrum ◽  
Wind Turbine Tower ◽  
Damage States ◽  
Wind Turbine Towers ◽  
Hazard Level ◽  
Hazard Levels

The seismic response of tubular steel wind turbine towers is of significant concern as they are increasingly being installed in seismic areas and design codes do not clearly address this aspect of design. The seismic hazard is hence assessed for the Canadian seismic environment using implicit finite element analysis and incremental dynamic analysis of a 1.65 MW wind turbine tower. Its behaviour under seismic excitation is evaluated, damage states are defined, and a framework is developed for determining the probability of damage of the tower at varying seismic hazard levels. Results of the implementation of this framework in two Canadian locations are presented herein, where the risk was found to be low for the seismic hazard level prescribed for buildings. However, the design of wind turbine towers is subject to change, and the design spectrum is highly uncertain. Thus, a methodology is outlined to thoroughly investigate the probability of reaching predetermined damage states under any seismic loading conditions for future considerations.

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