Gender Differences in Preferences and Proclivities for ICT Tools and Online Services

2019 ◽  
pp. 87-103
Author(s):  
Winfred Yaokumah ◽  
Fred Totimeh ◽  
Peace Kumah
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
University Students ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Text Messaging ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Online Services ◽  
Gender Essentialism ◽  
Ict Tools ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Policy Direction

Gender essentialism is often used to excuse gender-based biases in the use of ICT tools and online services encouraging gender inequalities in opportunities for both males and females. This chapter aims at exploring ICT tools and online services currently being used by university students. The chapter investigates gender differences in preferences and proclivities for ICT tools and online services. Data collected from 618 university students were analyzed. The results show that males significantly differ in the use and preferences of ICT tools and devices (smart phones and tablets) from females. Conversely, females significantly differ in the use and preferences for online services (WhatsApp, text messaging, and library search engines) from males. The study also finds that smartphone and laptop computers are the most frequently used ICT tools and WhatsApp and Facebook are the most preferred online services. Gender studies in ICT to understand gender differences and proclivities are importance for policy direction towards an effort to bridge the gender gap.

A Socio-pragmatic Analysis of Taboo Language Using Animal Names in Facebook Messenger in the Jordanian Setting: A Gender-Based Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-430
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
University Students ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Pragmatic Analysis ◽  
Taboo Words ◽  
Animal Names ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Way

The current paper aimed to investigate taboo language using animal names in Facebook Messenger in the Jordanian setting based on the context where it appeared. A total of (100) male and female university students answered a questionnaire devised to examine the way how students use taboo language. It was noticed that "pig" recorded the highest frequency of occurrence comprising (11.59) of the total number of the taboo words followed by "dog" and "bitch". Important differences were observed in the frequency and use of taboo words by male (68. 8 %) and female (32.2%) students. The study explained the reasons why such words were deemed taboo in the Jordanian setting taking into consideration the socio-cultural and religious norms of the society. The study also concluded that taboo language was used to express different themes such as humor, relaxation, anger and abuse. Keywords: Taboo Language, Gender Differences, Themes, Socio-Pragmatic, Facebook Messenger.

Exploring the relationship between holistic spirituality and gender essentialism among Swiss university students

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annika Zemp ◽  
Ulf Liebe
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Religious Orientation ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Spiritual Experiences ◽  
Spiritual Beliefs ◽  
Gender Essentialism ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

Do women and men with stronger spiritual beliefs, experiences, and practices tend toward more or less ambivalent sexism and self-stereotyping? To shed more light on this issue at the intersection of religion and gender, we will analyze a survey of 379 Swiss university students, both women and men, to establish whether a positive or negative relationship between holistic spirituality and gender essentialism is empirically more plausible. Our data show a gender gap: women express stronger spiritual beliefs and they report on more spiritual experiences and practices than men. We also find, inter alia, associations between religious orientation and holistic spirituality as well as spiritual beliefs and ambivalent sexism for both women and men; yet, stronger spiritual beliefs are correlated with less self-stereotyping for men but with more self-stereotyping for women. In sum, our results tend to support a positive relationship between holistic spiritualty and gender essentialism.

scholarly journals Data Collection to Fulfil the Targets for the SDGs: The APIK Gender Justice Index (AGJI)

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Saskia Wieringa
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Justice ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
Flexible Tool ◽  
Political Empowerment ◽  
Indonesian Archipelago ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Policies And Programs

<p>Indonesia has committed itself to the 2030 Agenda with 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which were approved by the United Nations on September 25, 2015. Seventeen objectives and 169 related targets must be achieved by 2030. Gender equality is an independent goal (SDG number 5), but gender related issues are also contained in the goal of poverty alleviation (SDG 1), health care including maternal and child health (SDG 3) and education (SDG 4). SDG number 16 concerns a commitment to peace, access to justice and strong institutions. Reliable and inclusive gender statistics are needed to monitor progress towards achieving gender equality and justice and to identify key gender inequalities that require policy interventions. Both quantitative and qualitative data are needed. In addition, certain problems are specific for women, such as maternal death. Given the wide diversity in gender relations and socio-economic conditions of the Indonesian archipelago subnational data are required. This article outlines the methodology of designing the APIK Gender Justice Index. The main findings are that the availability of sex-disaggregated data at the subnational level leaves much to be desired. The AGJI proves to be a reliable, comprehensive and flexible tool that can easily be used by policy makers and activists to design policies and programs to address gender-based discrimination in Indonesia, for instance in the field of health. The AGJI is based on locally available data. The advantages of the AGJI are that it can be computed with a minimum of cost and effort to achieve a maximum of reliability and ease in use. The GSI was found to be comparable with the Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI) for Indonesia but it is more sensitive to political empowerment. The AGJI assesses in how far women have been able to take up leadership positions at subnational levels, including at the village level and are represented in the major decision-making bodies such as the judiciary.</p>

Declining Gender Differences in Low-Wage Employment in Germany, Austria and Switzerland

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina-Sophie Fritsch ◽  
Roland Verwiebe ◽  
Bernd Liedl
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Market Risks ◽  
Employment Sector ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Wage Employment

Abstract Although the low-wage employment sector has enlarged over the past 20 years in the context of pronounced flexibility in restructured labor markets, gender differences in low-wage employment have declined in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. In this article, the authors examine reasons for declining gender inequalities, and most notably concentrate on explanations for the closing gender gap in low-wage employment risks. In addition, they identify differences and similarities among the German-speaking countries. Based on regression techniques and decomposition analyses (1996-2016), the authors find significantly decreasing labor market risks for the female workforce. Detailed analysis reveals that (1) the concrete positioning in the labor market shows greater importance in explaining declining gender differences compared to personal characteristics. (2) The changed composition of the labor markets has prevented the low-wage sector from increasing even more in general and works in favor of the female workforce and their low-wage employment risks in particular.

scholarly journals Gender differences in wage expectations: the role of biased beliefs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Briel ◽  
Aderonke Osikominu ◽  
Gregor Pfeifer ◽  
Mirjam Reutter ◽  
Sascha Satlukal
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
University Students ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Quantile Regressions ◽  
Conditional Quantile ◽  
Lower Wage

AbstractWe analyze gender differences in expected starting salaries along the wage expectations distribution of prospective university students in Germany, using elicited beliefs about both own salaries and salaries for average other students in the same field. Unconditional and conditional quantile regressions show 5–15% lower wage expectations for females. At all percentiles considered, the gender gap is more pronounced in the distribution of expected own salary than in the distribution of wages expected for average other students. Decomposition results show that biased beliefs about the own earnings potential relative to others and about average salaries play a major role in explaining the gender gap in wage expectations for oneself.

scholarly journals लिंगआधारीत बजेट आणि वास्तवीकता

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAKSHIT MADAN BAGDE
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Women's Development ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
The Government ◽  
Changing Times ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Uk

In the modern age, gender-based budgeting is influenced by the growing consciousness of different sections of society. Indian society is divided into different castes, religions, and sects. In all of this, the expectation of equality and the consciousness to fulfill it seem to have been created. Considering the Indian economy, the concept of a gender-based budget has come to the fore these days. Through this, the nation and the state are trying to extend the benefits of the government scheme to the women in the society and to bridge the gender gap between men and women. Gender-based budgeting does not mean creating a separate budget for women but trying to address social and gender inequalities by adjusting to the main budget. At the experimental level, the first gender-based budget was introduced in Australia in 1980. Since then, gender-based budgets have been used in the UK in 1989 and now in 70 countries around the world. At present, welfare has taken the place of empowerment in India due to the changing times and that is why in the 9th Five Year Plan, Rs 30 crore was distributed in the country in the form of various schemes for women in the form of gender-based budget. In 2001, the Government of India declared 'Women's Empowerment Year' and gave priority to women's development in the country. On March 16, 2012, Pranab Mukherjee presented the 2012-13 budget in the Lok Sabha. Judging by this, it cannot be called an ambitious budget.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Parenting of Early Adolescents in Viwandani Informal Settlement, Nairobi: a Qualitative Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian Nyansarora Nyakangi ◽  
Beatrice Maina ◽  
Michelle Mbuthia ◽  
Martin Bangha
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Informal Settlement ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Adolescent Boys ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Family Setting ◽  
Communication Control ◽  
Parenting Approaches

Abstract Background: Parenting in adolescence is gendered in many dimensions including communication, control, discipline and styles of parenting. Gendered parenting reinforces harmful stereotypical gender norms which can lead to gender inequalities in society. Gender inequalities put adolescent boys and girls at a heightened risk of poor SRH outcomesMethods: The study was conducted in an informal urban settlement, Viwandani, in Kenya’s capital city, Nairobi. Focus group discussions were used to collect data from 48 parents of adolescents in grades 5 and 6 in two public day primary schools. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and uploaded to NVivo 12 for coding and thematic analysis.Findings: We found differences in parenting approaches based on the parent’s and/or adolescent’s gender. Based on parents’ gender, fathers had more differential parenting approaches for their sons and daughters while mothers were more consistent for both boys and girls. Fathers held different expectations for their adolescent girls and boys with respect to their roles and responsibilities presently and in the future. Based on the gender of the adolescent, boys had more freedom of movement than girls and girls were more likely to be engaged in SRH discussions with parents as compared to boys. There were also differences in the roles that mothers and fathers played in the family setting.Conclusion: Gender differences in parenting do exist along with male and female roles differing considerably within households. The disconnect in gendered beliefs between men and women implies a greater need to engage men in gender-equitable programming given they have been found to hold gender inequitable attitudes.

The gender gap in voter turnout: An artefact of men’s over-reporting in survey research?

2021 ◽  
pp. 136914812110568
Author(s):  
Daniel Stockemer ◽  
Aksel Sundstrom
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Survey Research ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Moderate Evidence ◽  
Official Records ◽  
Cross National

Is there a gender gap in voting? Most cross-national survey research on gender inequalities in voter turnout finds that men have a higher probability to vote than women. Yet, some studies using validated turnout data shed some doubt on this finding. We revisit the question of a gender gap in voting using official records. In more detail, we compare the gender gap in turnout between survey data and official electoral figures across 73 elections. Our results highlight that in surveys, men still report higher turnout in most countries. However, official electoral figures reveal contrasting trends: across countries, women are, on average, more likely to vote. We also test two explanations for this difference in turnout between official figures and surveys: (1) men over-report voting more than women and (2) the survey samples of men and women are different. We find some, albeit very moderate, evidence for the first explanation. We find some, albeit very moderate, evidence for the first explanation and no support for the second explanation. All in all, our research nevertheless suggests that scholars should be careful in using surveys to detect gender differences in voting.

scholarly journals American Party Women

2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany D. Barnes ◽  
Erin C. Cassese
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Republican Party ◽  
Democratic Party ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
Policy Attitudes ◽  
Joint Influence ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

Research on the gender gap in American politics has focused on average differences between male and female voters. This has led to an underdeveloped understanding of sources of heterogeneity among women and, in particular, a poor understanding of the political preferences of Republican women. We argue that although theories of ideological sorting suggest gender gaps should exist primarily between political parties, gender socialization theories contend that critical differences lie at the intersection of gender and party such that gender differences likely persist within political parties. Using survey data from the 2012 American National Election Study, we evaluate how party and gender intersect to shape policy attitudes. We find that gender differences in policy attitudes are more pronounced in the Republican Party than in the Democratic Party, with Republican women reporting significantly more moderate views than their male counterparts. Mediation analysis reveals that the gender gaps within the Republican Party are largely attributable to gender differences in beliefs about the appropriate scope of government and attitudes toward gender-based inequality. These results afford new insight into the joint influence of gender and partisanship on policy preferences and raise important questions about the quality of representation Republican women receive from their own party.

scholarly journals SOCIAL SUPPORT AMONG VIETNAMESE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: EVIDENCE OF GENDER DIFFERENCES

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Ho Thi Truc Quynh
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
University Students ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Social Support Scale ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
High Level

Social support is considered to be an important element of relationships. Previous studies have provided evidence that low social support is closely related to poor physical and mental health. Gender has an important influence on social support for university students; however, research on the level of social support and differences in social support by gender for Vietnamese university students is still lacking. The current study aims to investigate the level of social support and gender differences in social support for Vietnamese university students. A total of 859 Vietnamese university students have completed the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS). The results revealed that Vietnamese university students have a high level of social support and that male students have a lower level of social support than female students. Factors that may contribute to gender differences in social support are discussed. These findings have important implications for the development of interventions to provide gender-based social support.

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