scholarly journals Genetics and Public Health

This chapter wraps up by discussing the crucial role played by public health specialists who must reconcile traditional public health concerns of health inequality and equity with safe and effective health interventions and diagnostics that meet individual health needs. Since most genetic diseases in the realm of public health are an interplay of different genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors, genomic science has given greater emphasis to the importance of molecular and cellular mechanisms in health and disease. New biological knowledge must be integrated with the social and environmental models to improve health at individual and population levels. Public health specialists must now be able to integrate genome-based knowledge into public health in a responsible, ethical, and effective way and anticipate the increase in the health service requirements likely to occur in the future. The foundational pillars of bioethics (beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice) must be protected by all public health stakeholders.

Author(s):  
Oscar J. Wambuguh

This chapter wraps up by discussing the crucial role played by public health specialists who must reconcile traditional public health concerns of health inequality and equity with safe and effective health interventions and diagnostics that meet individual health needs. Since most genetic diseases in the realm of public health are an interplay of different genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors, genomic science has given greater emphasis to the importance of molecular and cellular mechanisms in health and disease. New biological knowledge must be integrated with the social and environmental models to improve health at individual and population levels. Public health specialists must now be able to integrate genome-based knowledge into public health in a responsible, ethical, and effective way and anticipate the increase in the health service requirements likely to occur in the future. The foundational pillars of bioethics (beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice) must be protected by all public health stakeholders.


2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jemma L. Geoghegan ◽  
Xiaoyun Ren ◽  
Matthew Storey ◽  
James Hadfield ◽  
Lauren Jelley ◽  
...  

AbstractNew Zealand, a geographically remote Pacific island with easily sealable borders, implemented a nationwide ‘lockdown’ of all non-essential services to curb the spread of COVID-19. Here, we generate 649 SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences from infected patients in New Zealand with samples collected during the ‘first wave’, representing 56% of all confirmed cases in this time period. Despite its remoteness, the viruses imported into New Zealand represented nearly all of the genomic diversity sequenced from the global virus population. These data helped to quantify the effectiveness of public health interventions. For example, the effective reproductive number, Re of New Zealand’s largest cluster decreased from 7 to 0.2 within the first week of lockdown. Similarly, only 19% of virus introductions into New Zealand resulted in ongoing transmission of more than one additional case. Overall, these results demonstrate the utility of genomic pathogen surveillance to inform public health and disease mitigation.


Author(s):  
Gülay Tamer

While some segments of society may want to be promoted and informed about products and services, some segments argue that most of the advertising activities can negatively affect human health due to poor control. Considering that the advertisements will mislead individuals and affect the health of the society in a positive way, the existence of advertising bans is considered an accurate decision to protect public health. Due to its advertising structure, it turns healthcare into a commercial commodity and sells healthcare. This situation disrupts the social structure of the health service and makes the service a subject of competition between institutions and individuals. It is seen that obstacles are put in this regard and serious sanctions are imposed. Health personnel also have important duties to prevent health from being a commercial good and to provide a respected health environment.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 246-252
Author(s):  
Michael Harvey

New public health educational competencies include the ability to explain social phenomena—such as politics, globalization, and racism—and their relationship to health and disease. Formal explanations of social phenomena call for social theory. However, public health pedagogy is principally concerned with behavioral theory. This piece surveys the behavioral theoretical status quo within public health pedagogy and discusses its implication. The concept of “social theories of health inequality”—that is, explanations of health-relevant social phenomena and their role in producing differences in health, morbidity, and mortality—is proposed as one way of fulfilling new educational competencies. Emerging social theories of health inequality are identified and discussed in relation to public health pedagogy.


2015 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Colucci

A causa del maggior sviluppo della bioetica negli ambiti della clinica e della sperimentazione biomedica, e per la difficoltà di definire la stessa sanità pubblica, quest’ultima manca ancora di un quadro etico di riferimento. Dopo un breve profilo storico e semantico, si esamina perciò l’antitesi, in letteratura, tra bioetica ed etica di sanità pubblica. Quindi si rileggono e sfatano le tre principali dicotomie su cui viene costruita tale antitesi – pazienti vs. assistiti, individuo vs. popolazione, paternalismo vs. autonomia. Si può affermare che la salute individuale e la salute collettiva sono fini simultanei e inseparabili degli interventi di sanità pubblica. Inoltre, l’autonomia relazionale è l’unica alternativa all’autonomia d’impronta liberale. L’autonomia individuale, infatti, si sviluppa attraverso l’influenza di legami umani e la giustizia sociale. La relazione – come capacità di promuovere la partecipazione e di mantenere la fiducia – è la sostanza della sanità pubblica, e fonte assiologica della sua etica. È cioé il primo valore e il principale criterio per indirizzare gli interventi di sanità pubblica, che saranno tanto più etici quanto più saranno in grado di massimizzare la relazione nel contesto in cui vengono attuati. ---------- Owing to a greater development of bioethics in the fields of clinical medicine and biomedical research, and because of the difficulty to define the public health itself, the latter still lacks an ethical framework. Therefore, after a brief historical and semantic outline, we examine the antithesis, as proposed in the literature, between bioethics and public health ethics. Then, we reread and debunk the three main dichotomies on which such an antithesis is built – patients vs. healthcare users, individual vs. population, paternalism vs. autonomy. We may state that the individual health and the collective health are simultaneous and inseparable purposes of public health interventions. Moreover, the relational autonomy it is the only alternative to the liberal-shaped autonomy. Indeed, the individual autonomy develops through the influence of human bonds and the social justice. The relationship – as the capability to promote the engagement and to maintain trust – is the substance of public health, and the axiological source of its ethics. In other words, it is the first value and the main criterion to address public health interventions; these will be ethical as much as they will be able to maximize the relationship in the context of their fulfilment.


2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Christian Bonah ◽  
Joël Danet

This contribution analyses in detail a series of instructional television programmes for schools produced between the 1950s and the 1980s on national health insurance and the French social welfare system (known as Sécurité sociale). We consider the televisualization of health issues from two alternative perspectives: school television as a type of public health service and access as a matter of social welfare and public health. We investigate how these television programmes, which focus closely on social welfare administration, sought both to educate captive school audiences as future citizens and to shape and form their attitudes towards it.


Author(s):  
Raquel Gomez Bravo ◽  
María Gómez Bravo ◽  
Charilaos Lygidakis ◽  
Claus Vögele

Background: Social media have been used exponentially and globally, providing a means for billions of users to connect, interact, share opinions and criticise, becoming one of the main channels of communication for users around the world. One of the most popular free social media networks is Twitter, with more than 100 million active users per day worldwide. Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyse a sample of the public conversations generated, using the hashtag #MeToo, around the topic of sexual abuse on Twitter.  Methods:  Using social media marketing software, the use of the #MeToo hashtag was analysed over a period of 60 days (14 September 2017 to 13 November of 2017). Results: The #MeToo conversation was mainly in English (79.3%), located in the United States (48.2% of cases), but with global repercussions. The volume of mentions of the #MeToo hashtag was far greater (97.7%), compared with other hashtags related to violence over this period of time, using mostly Twitter (96.2%). Conclusions: These results suggest that it is possible to describe different groups using the social media, and analyse their conversations to identify opportunities for successful public health interventions.  If the topic is relevant for the general public, it will generate interest and conversations at the global level, supported by a universal and borderless channel such as Twitter.


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