Civilization Life Cycle

2009 ◽  
pp. 45-61
Author(s):  
Andrew Targowski
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Spiritual Needs ◽  
Cultural Dynamics ◽  
Information Communication ◽  
Good Shape ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
The Status ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Universal Civilization

The purpose of this study is to define the role of civilization’s critical powers in the civilization life cycle. The role of information-communication processes is particularly crucial in this quest. The terms “rise” and “fall” of civilization reflect this chronic issue in comparative civilization studies. Spengler, in his book The Decline of the West (1918), argued that all cultures are subject to the same cycle of growth and decay in accordance with predetermined “historical destiny.” Toynbee in his Study of History (1934), compared civilizations to organisms and perceived their existence in a life cycle of four stages: genesis, growth, breakdown, and disintegration. A mechanism of “challenge-response” facing civilizations influences their abilities at self-determination and self-direction. However, according to him, all civilizations that grow eventually reach a peak, from which they begin to decline. It seems that Toynbee’s civilization life cycle is too short, since his “breakdown of growth” phase is in fact a point in time and the “disintegration” phase is too pessimistic in its title, only perceiving the “universal state,” often under a form of “empire,” as an ancient regime which only wants to maintain the status quo and is doomed to fail. But history shows that some civilizations may last a long time in relatively good shape without being in imminent danger of disintegration. Sorokin argued in Social and Cultural Dynamics (1937) that three cultural mentalities, ideational (spiritual needs and goals), sensate (“wine, women, and song”), and idealistic (a balance of needs and ends) are the central organizing principles of a civilization’s life cycle, and that they succeed each other always in the same order according to super-rhythms of history. According to Sorokin, Western civilization has for the last 500 years been in the sensate stage, reaching now its limit, and will soon pass to the next idealistic stage (which, according to this author, could be the universal civilization).

scholarly journals KERAGAAN AGROINDUSTRI DAN POSISI PRODUK BERDASARKAN SIKLUS HIDUP PRODUK PADA SOSIS GULUNG VARIAN NOODLE DI CV CUCURUTUKU CERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 561
Author(s):  
Meliani Indah Sari ◽  
Dyah Aring Hepiana Lestari ◽  
Wuryaningsih Dwi Sayekti
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

This study aims to analyze the process production of sausage noodle roll, the income and production costs, the marketing action and determine the position based on the life cycle of sausage noodle roll as well learn the role of supporting service for sausage noodle roll in CV Cucurutuku Ceria. This research method is a case study. The determination of consumer samples is taken by Convenience Sampling. Analysis of the data used in this research is descriptive qualitative and quantitative analysis. The data of this study was collected in May 2019 until June 2019. The results showed that the value R/C>1, that means sausage noodle roll business was profitable. Calculation of the cost of production on sausage rolls noodles amounted to Rp1,046.53. The BEP unit calculation has been achieved for a long time, in the amount of 42,791 units from the BEP calculation of 604 units. The noodle rolls sausage has also obtained a profit from the selling price of Rp ,000.00 per pcs from the calculation of the BEP price of Rp1,238.58 per pcs. The marketing mix that has been utilized by CV Cucurutuku Ceria is collaboration with e-commerce companies namely gofood and grabfood to facilitate consumers in the ordering process and CV Cucurutuku Ceria has utilized social media as promotional activities for sausage noodle roll product. In the product life cycle, sausage noodle roll are in a stage of decline. CV Cucurutuku Ceria has not fully utilized the government policies regarding the protection and empowerment of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.Keywords: cost, noodle, position, and sausage

scholarly journals What does ‘intent to destroy’ in genocide mean?

2009 ◽  
Vol 91 (876) ◽  
pp. 833-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Ambos
Keyword(s):  
Case Law ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
The Status ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Combined Structure ◽  
Mental Element ◽  
Teleological Interpretation

AbstractGenocide is a crime with a double mental element, i.e. a general intent as to the underlying acts, and an ulterior intent with regard to the ultimate aim of the destruction of the group. The prevailing view in the case-law interprets the respective ‘intent to destroy’ requirement as a special or specific intent (dolus specialis) stressing its volitional or purpose-based tendency. While this view has been followed for a long time in legal doctrine without further ado, it has recently been challenged by knowledge- and structure-based approaches, which have not received sufficient attention. A historical, literal, systematic and teleological interpretation of the ‘intent to destroy’ requirement, taking into account the particular structure of the genocide offence and the meaning of ‘intent’ in comparative law, reveals that the traditional view can no longer be maintained. It should be replaced by a combined structure- and knowledge-based approach that distinguishes according to the status and role of the (low-, mid- and top-level) perpetrators. Thus, the purpose-based intent should be upheld only with regard to the top- and mid-level perpetrators, whereas for the low-level perpetrators knowledge of the genocidal context should suffice. Lastly, this new approach requires a fresh look at the ‘intent to destroy’ requirement in cases of participation in genocide.

scholarly journals Miejsce i rola kobiety w rodzinie na przestrzeni wieków. Od Antyku po I wojnę światową. Zarys problematyki

2018 ◽  
pp. 33-41
Author(s):  
Rafał Kamprowski
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Time History ◽  
Women's Issues ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Status ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
The One

For a long time, history of women was not in the mainstream of interest. The interest for this topic was not shown untill the twentieth century. The aim of this paper is to present a long and difficult struggle to gain the status similar to the one women have nowadays. It is difficult to understand the present reality without going back to the past. The role of women is undergoing a lot of changes all the time. This subject is a huge field for research. The article attempts to give a summary of publications which deal with women’s issues.

scholarly journals Informações dos Investimentos de Marketing: Recurso de Diferenciação ou Segredo?

2022 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelini Lauri Morri Garcia ◽  
Valter Afonso Vieira ◽  
Caroline Pereira Borges
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Voluntary Disclosure ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Status ◽  
Marketing Intensity ◽  
Management Report ◽  
Marketing Investments

ABSTRACT Objective: drawing on voluntary disclosure theory, the paper’s main goal was to analyze the main effect of marketing intensity and the moderating role of life cycle on disclosure of marketing investments. Method: the sample includes 89 Brazilian companies listed on B3 stock exchange. We collected financial data from two sources, such as Economatica platform and in the explanatory notes and management report from the companies, which we coded through content analysis. We merged these two datasets and analyzed it using multiple linear regression. Results: both the marketing intensity and the life cycle of companies have effects on disclosure of marketing investments. In addition, the birth and growth phases moderate the main effect of marketing intensity, reducing the level of disclosure. This moderation is identified especially in disclosures of qualitative information. Conclusions: the findings support the voluntary disclosure theory based on arguments of judgment-based disclosure. Outcomes showed that when there is a high intensity of marketing investments, disclosure of marketing investments is managed by moving from the status of secrecy in companies in the birth and growth phases of life cycle to the status of differentiation resource in companies in the maturity phase of life cycle.

REGIONAL DISPUTATION BETWEEN NORTH HALMAHERA AND WEST HALMAHERA REGENCIES, 2003-2010

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliane Mojau
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
The West ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Administrative Region ◽  
The North ◽  
The Status ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Government

Ideally, the proliferation of the administrative region is aimed at improving the welfare of society. In reality, the proliferation of the administrative region often triggers the regional disputation. The regional disputation between the North Halmahera and the West Halmahera regencies is one of the cases that took a long time. There are six villages that contested in this regional disputation, namely Dum-Dum, Gamsungi/Akesahu, Akelamo Kao, Tetewang, Bobane Igo, and Pasir Putih. At first, the government of the North Halmahera and the West Halmahera regencies coordinated to settle their region boundaries. But it develops to the status issue of the six villages: are the six villages part of the North Halmahera or the West Halmahera regencies. This research is aimed at explaining the regional disputation between the North Halmahera and the West Halmahera regencies, 2003-2010. The method used in this research is the historical method, which consists of four stages, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The result of this research indicates there are cultural dimension that colored this regional disputation and there is a role of local political elites (DPRD Halmahera Utara).

scholarly journals The Systematics of a Methodical Instrumentarium for Assessing the Efficiency of the Entrepreneurial Structures’ Innovative Activities

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (524) ◽  
pp. 266-275
Author(s):  
S. O. Yermak ◽  
◽  
L. V. Frolova ◽  
S. I. Buhenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
Innovation Development ◽  
Comparative Efficiency ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Status ◽  
Characteristic Methods

Over the past decades, against the background of the innovative directedness of economic development, the role of innovative processes in the activities of entrepreneurial structures has been growing rapidly. Thus, scientific researches related to the innovative activity of entrepreneurial structures, its efficiency and methods of its evaluation become actualized. The present research is aimed at systematizing the existing methodological instrumentarium for assessing the efficiency of entrepreneurial structures, identifying its features and shortcomings for further improvement. The article carries out a detailed systematization of methodological instrumentarium for assessing the innovative activities of entrepreneurial structures, which allowed to allocate the most characteristic methods that differ in indicators and algorithms of their computing, and divide them into two groups depending on the status: governmental and scientific (recommendative). A systematization of methodologies for assessing the efficiency of innovation activity of entrepreneurial structures in accordance with the main object of research was carried out, where among the main criteria for efficiency assessing were the following: effectiveness, comparative efficiency, profit growth, factor analysis, discounting, risk discounting, innovation life cycle, and consumer interest. It is identified that not all extant methodologies allow to obtain a holistic conclusion on the state of innovation activity of entrepreneurial structures, since many of them do not take into account uneconomic factors, rather superficially evaluate or do not evaluate at all ecological, social and other spheres that have a direct impact on the level of innovation activity of entrepreneurial structures. This justifies the impossibility of wide application of such techniques for the analysis and extrapolation of the results obtained in the calculations for them to other levels of innovation development management (both industry and national).

The Civilization Index

2009 ◽  
pp. 62-77
Author(s):  
Andrew Targowski
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
World Order ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Information Communication ◽  
Clash Of Civilizations ◽  
Large Structures ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
The World

The purpose of this chapter is to define energy levels of civilizations, particularly in respect to a role of information-communication processes. Rapid changes in the world economy and social structure have brought into question traditional assumptions, prompting some intellectuals to speak of a “clash of civilizations” (Huntington, 1993; 1996) or even “the end of history” (Fukuyama, 1989; 1992). Before one can speculate about a new world order, it is necessary to develop an appropriate set of measurements to compare human societies and a terminology to describe them. The environment described as a “civilization” by Toynbee (1995) and “the world civilization” by Braudel (1993) has changed so drastically that those definitions are no longer sufficient. The spectacular progress in technology and social life that has been achieved at the beginning of the third millennium stimulates an extensive investigation into the human condition and the world status. Questions like the following need to be answered: 1. What is the state of Western and other civilizations at the beginning of the 21st century? 2. How can it be compared to other civilizations in terms of level of development? 3. What criteria and measurements should be applied in evaluating and comparing civilizations? 4. What is the relationship between a given civilization and the world civilization? This study falls into a category of wide-ranging comparisons of large structures and processes, in order to understand how human entities behave in a certain way because of the consequences of the civilization system’s behavior as a whole (Tilly, 1984).

scholarly journals Provisions of Labour Law to Safeguard the Interest of Female Workers to Ensure Equality in India

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S4) ◽  
pp. 975-978
Keyword(s):  
Economic Justice ◽  
Gender Justice ◽  
Labour Law ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Status ◽  
Financial Soundness ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Welfare Agencies

The jurisprudence of economic development has demonstrated the vigorous role of industrial laws as an instrument of societal and economic justice. Social justice means the attainment of socio-economic objectives laid down by the legislature. Financial soundness is the base of principle of equality of female workers. For a long time, female workers were discriminated in matters of employment and it was felt that gender equality did not find its fulfilment even at the hands of judges. If, we really want to upgrade the status of female workers we have to apportion major significant roles to them. Female are biologically different from males so here equality denotes the equal role considering this condition but difference in term of wages is discrimination. The problem was taken care of by enacting numerous pro female worker provisions like the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 with the Amendment Act of 2017 and the Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 etc. The Constitution of India also directed the State to make special provisions in favour of them. The Supreme Court by interpreting of articles fourteen, fifteen sixteen and twenty-one of the Indian Constitution has intended significantly to ensure gender justice and no discrimination policy in employment matters. With the above introduction the researcher in this research paper wants to highlight the provisions of Labour Laws related to female workers and how it is ensuring and sustaining the socio- economic justice and equality to maintain the dignity and raise the standard in our society. To justify its observation; the researcher has gone through the various statutory enactments, reviews, the report of various social welfare agencies and the interpretation done by judiciary in number of cases.

scholarly journals Marketing Investment Information: Differentiation Resource or Secret?

2022 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelini Lauri Morri Garcia ◽  
Valter Afonso Vieira ◽  
Caroline Pereira Borges
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Voluntary Disclosure ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Status ◽  
Marketing Intensity ◽  
Management Report ◽  
Marketing Investments

ABSTRACT Objective: drawing on voluntary disclosure theory, the paper’s main goal was to analyze the main effect of marketing intensity and the moderating role of life cycle on disclosure of marketing investments. Method: the sample includes 89 Brazilian companies listed on B3 stock exchange. We collected financial data from two sources, such as Economatica platform and in the explanatory notes and management report from the companies, which we coded through content analysis. We merged these two datasets and analyzed it using multiple linear regression. Results: both the marketing intensity and the life cycle of companies have effects on disclosure of marketing investments. In addition, the birth and growth phases moderate the main effect of marketing intensity, reducing the level of disclosure. This moderation is identified especially in disclosures of qualitative information. Conclusions: the findings support the voluntary disclosure theory based on arguments of judgment-based disclosure. Outcomes showed that when there is a high intensity of marketing investments, disclosure of marketing investments is managed by moving from the status of secrecy in companies in the birth and growth phases of life cycle to the status of differentiation resource in companies in the maturity phase of life cycle.

The Role of Augmented Reality on Public Relations and Advertising

2021 ◽  
pp. 196-216
Author(s):  
Sevilay Ulaş
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Communication Strategy ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Information Communication Technologies ◽  
Information Communication ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
Communication Practices

Along with the changes in information communication technologies, changes are observed in today's communication practices. Particularly the personal and corporate usage of the internet-based applications is remarkable. At this point, augmented reality applications that take their place as a communication strategy in the brand communication process draw attention. It can be said that institutions prefer augmented reality applications in their communication processes with the target audience. In this process, augmented reality is a preferred communication element in public relations and advertising applications. In this study, the situation of augmented reality applications in public relations and advertising applications is examined. Firstly, the concept and scope of augmented reality is explained. Then, historical development process and how it develops and changes are emphasized. In the light of the aforementioned literature information, applications were tried to be described with the examples determined from the augmented reality applications.

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