Resource Theory of Organizations

2010 ◽  
pp. 59-85
Author(s):  
Petter Gottschalk ◽  
Hans Solli-Saether
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Resource Theory ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Over Time

The resource theory of organizations is an influential theoretical framework for understanding how efficiency and effectiveness within organizations are achieved and how advantage might be sustained over time. This perspective focuses on the internal availability of resources in organizations. The theory assumes that organizations can be conceptualized as bundles of resources that those resources are heterogeneously distributed across organizations, and that resource differences persist over time (Eisenhardt & Martin, 2000).

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
The State ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Business Interests ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Commercial Environment

This chapter introduces the concept of extralegal groups and a theoretical framework for analyzing them—how they emerge, develop, and become entrenched over time. It explores their dual nature as threats to the state and as local statebuilders. Formally, an extralegal group is defined as a set of individuals with a proven capacity for violence who work outside the law for profit and provide basic governance functions to sustain its business interests. This framing shows how political authority can develop as a by-product of the commercial environment, even where the state has little or no presence. In post-conflict societies, the predatory nature and historical abuses of citizens conducted in the name of the state means that government is not always more trusted or better able to look after the interests of local populations than an extralegal group. Ultimately, extralegal groups blur the lines between the formal and informal; the licit and illicit.

Neighborhood Firearm Victimization Rates and Social Capital Over Time

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin C. Medina
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Policy Planning ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Neighborhood Social Capital ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Victimization Rates

Distribution of firearm victimization is not equal within cities. Victimization can persistently concentrate in a small number of neighborhoods, while others experience very little violence. Theorists have pointed to one possible explanation as the ability of groups to control violence using social capital. Researchers have shown this association at the U.S. county, state, and national levels. Few studies, however, have examined the relationship between neighborhood social capital and violence over time. This study uses longitudinal data to ask whether neighborhood social capital both predicts and is influenced by firearm victimization over 3 years in Philadelphia. The results of several regression analyses suggest that trusting others and firearm victimization are inversely related over time. Implications for neighborhood policy planning and social capital as a theoretical framework are discussed.

Toward a Post-Sraffian Theory of Income Distribution

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Roncaglia
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Distribution Theory ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Sraffian Theory ◽  
Over Time

After recalling the Sraffian critiques to marginalist distribution theory, and hence the need for a different approach, the paper illustrates the classical conceptualization of social classes and its flexibility for the application to the modern world. The relationships among market forms-above all oligopoly, mark-up pricing, and income distribution-are then discussed, in search of a theoretical framework for the analysis of the evolution of distributive variables over time: an approach suggested as superior to the traditional one which aims at determining equilibrium values for the distributive variables at a moment in time.

scholarly journals “Golden Prague”, “a Promised South” and the rest...? Regional and settlement preferences of the inhabitants of Czechia

Geografie ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Štefánková ◽  
Dušan Drbohlav
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Representative Survey ◽  
Residential Preferences ◽  
Czech Population ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Given ◽  
Coherent Picture ◽  
Over Time

The article deals with regional and residential preferences of the Czech population. Regional and settlement preferences represent an interdisciplinary issue, which is relevant mostly to geography and sociology. In this article, the given issue is presented under the umbrella of a broader theoretical framework in the context of Czech and foreign studies. Selected important outputs of previous research activities in the field of regional and settlement preferences are discussed within this study, which enables it to draw a coherent picture of the given issues in Czechia and their developments over time. The main analysis is devoted to the current state of preferences of the Czech population. It is based on a representative survey, which was carried out in December 2010. The aim of the article is not only to make a comparison of regional and residential preferences over a period of almost 40 years, but also to juxtapose the patterns of regional preferences with real migration movements of the Czech population.

scholarly journals The bigger picture: an examination of socially conscious art and design produced by Armando Milani and John Quigley in collaboration with the United Nations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azza Abbaro
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Social Semiotics ◽  
Art And Design ◽  
Seminal Work ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Palestinian Children ◽  
Initial Research ◽  
Over Time

This thesis explores the ideology of the United Nations (UN) as manifested through external visual communications materials which have been produced in collaboration with artists and graphic designers since the organization’s inception in 1945. Initial research showed frequent usage of the symbols of the dove and olive branch, which have been known to connote “peace” over time and across a variety of cultures. A detailed examination of two specific works of socially conscious art and design, Translating War Into Peace and Pablo Picasso’s Peace Dove by Palestinian Children in Jericho, shows the multilayered and more meaningful adoption of these symbols by their respective designer Armando Milani and artist John Quigley. Using the theoretical framework of visual social semiotics and the “visual grammar” outlined by Gunther Kress and Theo van Leeuwen in their seminal work Reading Images, this paper examines how Milani and Quigley have produced compositions that represent how the UN views peace— namely, as a process that requires not just ending wars but working to continuously build peaceful infrastructures.

Criticality: How Changes Preserve Stability in Self-Organizing Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 1613-1629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Accard
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
System Theory ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Fundamental Issue ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
Self Organized Criticality ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Self Organizing

Self-organizing systems are social systems which are immanently and constantly recreated by agents. In a self-organizing system, agents make changes while preserving stability. If they do not preserve stability, they push the system toward chaos and cannot recreate it. How changes preserve stability is thus a fundamental issue. In current works, changes preserve stability because agents’ ability to make changes is limited by interaction rules and power. However, how agents diffuse the changes throughout the system while preserving its stability has not been addressed in these works. We have addressed this issue by borrowing from a complex system theory neglected thus far in organization theories: self-organized criticality theory. We suggest that self-organizing systems are in critical states: agents have equivalent ability to make changes, and none are able to foresee or control how their changes diffuse throughout the system. Changes, then, diffuse unpredictably – they may diffuse to small or large parts of the system or not at all, and it is this unpredictable diffusion that preserves stability in the system over time. We call our theoretical framework self-organiz ing criticality theory. It presents a new treatment of change and stability and improves the understanding of self-organizing.

Benevolent Secularism

2017 ◽  
pp. 9-41
Author(s):  
David T. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Critical Junctures ◽  
Case Selection ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Religion In Public Life ◽  
Religion And Democracy ◽  
Over Time

How do countries reconcile religion and democracy, both at critical junctures and over time? This chapter sets out a theoretical framework linking institutions of “benevolent secularism” to maintaining what Stepan has called the twin tolerations between religion and democracy. Institutions shape preferences within religious and secular elites over the place of religion in public life, and build religious-secular and interfaith partnerships that stabilize the twin tolerations when they face new challenges over time. After setting out the theoretical framework, the chapter discusses case selection and data collection.

The Public Understanding of Crime and Policing

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Martin Innes ◽  
Colin Roberts ◽  
Trudy Lowe ◽  
Helen Innes
Keyword(s):  
Community Policing ◽  
Community Support ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
Public Understanding ◽  
The Public ◽  
Order Maintenance ◽  
History Of ◽  
Over Time

This chapter situates Neighbourhood Policing in a social and policing context, arguing that in order to understand how and why it gained traction at the particular moment when it did, it is necessary to establish how it relates to a longer and deeper history of policing ideas. It proposes that, as a particular iteration of the community policing philosophy, Neighbourhood Policing reflects a defining tension in the police mission as to whether the principal focus should be upon crime management, or a broader notion of community support and order maintenance. This analysis develops a detailed discussion of the community policing tradition and how it has ebbed and flowed over time in terms of its popularity, outlining a theoretical framework for thinking about how and why community policing interventions impact upon public perceptions and experiences of crime, disorder, and security.

scholarly journals Theories of Vigilance and the Prospect of Cognitive Restoration

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 1639-1643
Author(s):  
Jace Flanagan ◽  
Dan Nathan-Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Resource Theory ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Vigilance Decrement ◽  
Cognitive Resource ◽  
Cognitive Resource Theory ◽  
Rest Breaks ◽  
Active Breaks ◽  
Over Time

Effectively mitigating the vigilance decrement (the decrease in performance on tasks requiring sustained attention over time) is one of the most important human factors problems studied today. Despite this, the underlying theory of vigilance and its failings are still disputed. The two primary theories espoused by researchers today are a cognitive resource theory of vigilance and a mindlessness theory of vigilance. This literature review examines the literature investigating points of conflict between these theories, revealing that the majority of experimental research supports a cognitive resource theory of vigilance. Additionally, we examine research investigating the effect of active rest breaks on cognitive and affective restoration. The literature available on cognitive restoration does not support the suggestion that active rest breaks help restore vigilance-relevant cognitive resources more effectively than passive rest breaks. The research does however, support the proposition that more active rest breaks can reduce stress and increase affect. The potential for increasing worker well-being with more active breaks warrants additional research.

scholarly journals Design, Implementation and Perceptions of Safety Culture Prerequisites

2019 ◽  
Vol 273 ◽  
pp. 01004
Author(s):  
Nektarios Karanikas ◽  
Alfred Roelen ◽  
Alistair Vardy
Keyword(s):  
Safety Culture ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Organizational Safety ◽  
Professional Literature ◽  
Just Culture ◽  
Learning Cultures ◽  
Perceptions Of Safety ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Organizational Safety Culture

In the frame of an on-going 4-years research project, the Aviation Academy Safety Culture Prerequisites (AVAC-SCP) metric was developed to assess whether an organisation plans and implements activities that correspond to prerequisites for fostering a positive safety culture. The metric was designed based on an inclusive theoretical framework stemmed from academic and professional literature and in cooperation with knowledge experts and aviation companies. The goal of the AVAC-SCP is to evaluate three aspects, namely (1) the extent to which the prerequisites are designed/documented, (2) the degree of the prerequisites’ implementation, and (3) the perceptions of the employees regarding the organizational safety culture as a proxy for the effectiveness of the prerequisites’ implementation. The prerequisites have been grouped into six categories (common prerequisites and just, flexible, reporting, information and learning cultures) and the metric concludes with scores per aspect and category. The results from surveys at 16 aviation companies showed that these companies had adequately included most of the Safety Culture Prerequisites (SCP) in their documentation where Just culture plans scored the lowest and Reporting culture plans were found with the highest percentage of planning. The level of SCP implementation was the same high as the organisational plans and quite uniform across the companies and sub-cultures. The perceptions were at the same overall level with implementation, but employees perceived the organisational environment as less fair and more flexible than managers claimed. Although the study described in this report was exploratory and not explanatory, we believe that the results presented in combination with the ones communicated to the participating companies can trigger the latter to investigate further their weaker areas and foster their activities related to Safety Culture Prerequisites. Also, the AVAC-SCP metric is deemed useful to organisations that want to self-assess their SCP levels and proceed to comparisons amongst various functions and levels and/or over time.

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