The Effects of Health Expenditures to Decrease Infant Mortality Rates in OECD Countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 357-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Funda Kara ◽  
İrfan Ersin
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Panel Cointegration ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Causality Analysis ◽  
Analysis Process

There is a positive relationship between the health level of the society and its economic development. The main reason is that improving quality of the lives and increasing lifetime has lead to higher economic performance. This evaluates the relationship between health expenditure and infant mortality rate in OECD countries. In the analysis process, 20 different countries in the OECD are selected and annual data of these countries for the years between 1980 and 2017 is evaluated with the help of Kao panel cointegration and Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality analysis. The findings show that there is long term relationship between health expenditure and infant mortality rates in OECD countries. Another important conclusion is that there is a causality analysis from health expenditure to the infant mortality rate. While considering these results, it is recommended that OECD countries should take some actions in order to increase health expenditure so that it can be possible to decrease infant mortality rate.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Determinants of Infant Mortality Rate in Asean: A Panel Data Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vita Kartika Sari ◽  
Dwi Prasetyani
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita

The infant mortality rate indicates the health status of a country. Previous studies have proven that socioeconomic factors have a significant influence on infant mortality rates in both developed and developing countries. Further studies on infant mortality rates are useful for public service strategic policy in the health sector. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the socioeconomic factors influencing infant mortality rates in ASEAN based on panel data estimates for 2000-2017. The dependent variable for this study was infant mortality rate, while the independent variables were health expenditure, female labor force, maternal fertility rate, and GDP per capita. The authors concluded that the main cause of infant mortality in ASEAN is care during delivery. Other influencing factors include family health status, maternal education level, and socio-economic inequality. This study found that the size of the female workforce has a strong influence on increasing the infant mortality rate in ASEAN. The fertility rate also had a strong influence on increasing infant mortality rate in ASEAN, while GDP per capita had a negative influence on infant mortality rate.  Health expenditure is proven to have no effect on the increase of infant mortality rates in ASEAN.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of the Inter-Regional Infant Mortality Rate from the Perspective of Health Economics in Turkey

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emin Barlas ◽  
Fatih Şantaş ◽  
Ahmet Kar
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Health Economics ◽  
Velocity Ratio ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Health Economy ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
The Developed Countries

Being healthy is a condition which all individuals and all countries are willing to achieve. However, health is a difficult concept to define and describe. Countries that are striving to achieve better status of health allocate an increasing part of their national income to health sector and expect to get these expenditures' worth. Health economy is an important tool that can be utilized in determining the effect of expenditures on the status of health and improving the effectiveness of expenditures. Thus, health economics is being used both in micro and macro scales. One of the important criteria showing the health status and development of countries is infant mortality rate. Turkey is among the countries which closed the gap between itself and the developed countries in terms of infant mortality rate. In this study, velocity ratio between 2006 and 2012 in Turkey had been calculated in order to compare them with those of the developed countries. In order to compare Turkey's regional infant mortality rates, territorial velocity ratios had been calculated, Turkey Health Statistics Annual data belonging to the years 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012 had been used to carry out various statistical analyses in order to determine the factors affecting infant mortality rate. Although Turkey had improved itself in terms of infant mortality rates, there are still things to be achieved at the scale of the country and the regions.

Empirical analysis of factors influencing the public health expenditure in Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Kok Wooi Yap ◽  
Doris Padmini Selvaratnam
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Price Index ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Public Health Expenditure ◽  
The Public ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Per Capita

This study aims to investigate the determinants of public health expenditure in Malaysia. An Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach proposed by Pesaran & Shin (1999) and Pesaran et al. (2001) is applied to analyse annual time series data during the period from 1970 to 2017. The study focused on four explanatory variables, namely per capita gross domestic product (GDP), healthcare price index, population aged 65 years and above, as well as infant mortality rate. The bounds test results showed that the public health expenditure and its determinants are cointegrated. The empirical results revealed that the elasticity of government health expenditure with respect to national income is less than unity, indicating that public health expenditure in Malaysia is a necessity good and thus the Wagner’s law does not exist to explain the relationship between public health expenditure and economic growth in Malaysia. In the long run, per capita GDP, healthcare price index, population aged more than 65 years, and infant mortality rate are the important variables in explaining the behaviour of public health expenditure in Malaysia. The empirical results also prove that infant mortality rate is significant in influencing public health spending in the short run. It is noted that macroeconomic and health status factors assume an important role in determining the public health expenditure in Malaysia and thus government policies and strategies should be made by taking into account of these aspects.

scholarly journals The effect of the quality of institutions on the relationship between public health expenditure and the infant mortality rate: evidence from the PVAR (X) and PSTR approaches

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-35
Author(s):  
Arthur Evariste KOUASSI ◽  
Ya Assanhoun Guillaume KOUASSI ◽  
Nogbou Andetchi Aubin AMANZOU
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Institutional Variables ◽  
Public Health Expenditure ◽  
Sub Saharan

Infant mortality is a major health problem in developing countries. It is an important indicator of a country's public health as it goes hand in hand with socio-economic conditions and many others. Public health spending has been committed to reducing this scourge. This has led to the completion of numerous studies which have yielded mixed results. The main objective of this study is to test the effect of public health expenditure (% GDP) on the infant mortality rate, taking into account the role that institutional quality can play. To achieve this, we use two approaches which are the autoregressive vector panel model with exogenous variables (PVAR (X)) and the smooth threshold regression model (PSTR) on annual data covering the period 2002-2016 and covering 37 African countries. Sub-Saharan. Our main results through the PVAR (X) reveal that in the absence of institutional variables, public health expenditure has a negative and significant effect on the infant mortality rate, whereas, in the presence of the various institutional variables, this effect is still negative but is no longer significant. Our results show that the presence of institutions halves the weight of public health expenditure in explaining the infant mortality rate. In addition, our results show through the PSTR that there is a certain level of institutional qualities that these countries must achieve for public health expenditure to positively affect infant mortality rates. These thresholds oscillate for all the institutional variables around 7%. Taking institutional variables into account will help reduce infant mortality in Sub-Saharan African countries.

Annual Summary of Vital Statistics—1991

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 835-845
Author(s):  
Myron E. Wegman
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Divorce Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Marriage Rates ◽  
Final Data

Between 1990 and 1991, provisional data show that the infant mortality rate decreased again, from 9.1 to 8.9, a decline of 2% in contrast to the 7% decline from 1989 to 1990. Birth, death, and marriage rates were also lower, but the divorce rate stayed at about the same level as in 1990. Natural increase in the population, excess of births over deaths, was less than 2 million, 4% less than the increase in 1990. Detailed analysis of changes and of the influence of factors like age and race requires final data; at the time of preparation of this report final birth and death data were available only through 1989. For a variety of reasons, including staff shortages and delays in receipt of state data by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), final data for 1990, which would usually have been available in late August 1992, are not expected before early 1993. Unlike recent years, the decline in the infant mortality rate was only in the neonatal component, which decreased 3.6%. Postneonatal mortality increased, for the first time in many years, by 1.6%, suggesting that the decline in the total is related more to therapeutic advances in neonatology than to improved prevention. Internationally, newly independent Latvia was added to the list of countries with rates less than 15, but Costa Rica was deleted. With the reunification of Germany the list shrank to 28 and, by default, the United States moved up from 21st to 20th. Some 12.5 million births, less than 9% of the world total, took place in countries with under-5 mortality rates of less than 20 per 1000. At the other end of the scale, 42% of the world's births occurred in countries with under-5 mortality rates of more than 140 per 1000. The median under-5 mortality rate for those countries in 1990 was 189 per 1000, meaning that almost 20% of the infants born alive in these countries died before their fifth birthday.

Determinants of Infant Mortality Rate in Malaysia: Evidence from Dynamic Panel Data Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-450
Author(s):  
Chor Foon Tang
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Dynamic Panel Data ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Female Education ◽  
Dynamic Panel ◽  
Governance Quality

Understanding the factors associated with the infant mortality rate is essential as it may guide policymaking in efforts to alleviate the high incidence of infant mortality. The aim of this study is to explore the major determinants of the infant mortality rate with specific focus accorded to research and development (R&D) and governance quality. Our analysis utilizes unbalanced panel data from 122 countries from 2001 to 2013. Using the dynamic panel data generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator, we find that income, health spending, female education, technological progress and governance quality have significant negative impact on infant mortality rates. It can thus be surmised that policies to reduce infant mortality rates should focus upon improving the level of income, female education, health spending and governance quality, besides encouraging R&D activities.

On the Measurement of Infant Mortality

1973 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 433-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. McCutcheon
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
England And Wales

In England and Wales prior to 1956 annual estimates for the infant mortality rate q0 were obtained as the quotient of an observed number of deaths and an exposure calculated by reference to the related births. Since 1956, however, infant mortality rates have been measured as the ratio of the numbers of deaths and births in a given calendar year (cf. reference 4, Part I, supplement to Table 24).

Child Mortality After Hurricane Katrina

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert K. Kanter
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Hurricane Katrina ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Health Consequences ◽  
Daily Newspaper ◽  
Department Of Health

ABSTRACTBackground: Age-specific pediatric health consequences of community disruption after Hurricane Katrina have not been analyzed. Post-Katrina vital statistics are unavailable. The objectives of this study were to validate an alternative method to estimate child mortality rates in the greater New Orleans area and compare pre-Katrina and post-Katrina mortality rates.Methods: Pre-Katrina 2004 child mortality was estimated from death reports in the local daily newspaper and validated by comparison with pre-Katrina data from the Louisiana Department of Health. Post-Katrina child mortality rates were analyzed as a measure of health consequences.Results: Newspaper-derived estimates of mortality rates appear to be valid except for possible underreporting of neonatal rates. Pre-Katrina and post-Katrina mortality rates were similar for all age groups except infants. Post-Katrina, a 92% decline in mortality rate occurred for neonates (<28 days), and a 57% decline in mortality rate occurred for postneonatal infants (28 days–1 year). The post-Katrina decline in infant mortality rate exceeds the pre-Katrina discrepancy between newspaper-derived and Department of Health–reported rates.Conclusions: A declining infant mortality rate raises questions about persistent displacement of high-risk infants out of the region. Otherwise, there is no evidence of long-lasting post-Katrina excess child mortality. Further investigation of demographic changes would be of interest to local decision makers and planners for recovery after public health emergencies in other regions.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:62-65)

scholarly journals A study on transformation in infant mortality rates in India: mortality indicators as major tool for indicating status of nation’s health

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 647
Author(s):  
Chandramohan Reddy S. ◽  
Dharna Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
P Value ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Mortality is important to study population change in the country; infant mortality is considered as principal component balancing the child sex ratio. In this study authors aimed to analyze how mortality rates and child sex ratios are different in urban and rural areas and how its growth statistics are changing over years. Objectives of the study were to quantify infant mortality rates change over time and check the means among mortality indicators.Methods: The study was conducted using secondary data obtained from various issues and reports published by Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India for a period of 10 years from 2006 to 2016. The obtained data on mortality indicators were subjected to basic statistical analysis using percent change and paired t-test.Results: The Infant mortality rate which was reduced by 23 points indicating reduction of 67.65 percent control over a period from 2006 to 2016. Further, results show that, in case of urban mortality, there was significant difference between mortality indicators during study period, the p-value (0.011) was less than level of significance (0.05) so we reject the null hypothesis and it is concluded that there is significant difference between the means of urban mortality indicators over a period of from 2006 to 2016.Conclusions: The infant mortality rate frequently provided as a key indicator of overall the development. There is need for stable child sex ratio; health of children and women are essential for better growth and reaching stable child sex ratio for the ever increasing population.

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