Theoretical Structure of Wave Energy and Its Importance in Terms of Energy Supply Security

Author(s):  
Hasan Dinçer ◽  
Hüsne Karakuş ◽  
Ulf Henning Richter

The establishment of wave power plants helps the country reduce its dependence on fossil resources. In this regard, the country is least affected by the changes in fossil resource prices. Energy supply security is ensured when the sustainability and availability of electrical energy obtained from wave energy is ensured. This is an important issue for the development of the country's economy. Therefore, attention should be paid to the effect of studies on wave energy on energy supply security. In this study, it is aimed to explain the theoretical structure of wave energy and its importance in terms of energy supply security of the country. In this study, it is intended to generate appropriate strategies for Turkey to improve wave energy system. For this purpose, four different criteria are defined based on balanced scorecard methodology which are finance, customer, organizational effectiveness, and research and development. An evaluation has been conducted by DEMATEL methodology. It is identified that finance is the most significant criterion for Turkey to improve wave energy projects.

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6604
Author(s):  
Domenico Curto ◽  
Vincenzo Franzitta ◽  
Andrea Guercio

The proposal of new technologies capable of producing electrical energy from renewable sources has driven research into seas and oceans. Research finds this field very promising in the future of renewable energies, especially in areas where there are specific climatic and morphological characteristics to exploit large amounts of energy from the sea. In general, this kind of energy is referred to as six energy resources: waves, tidal range, tidal current, ocean current, ocean thermal energy conversion, and saline gradient. This review has the aim to list several wave-energy converter power plants and to analyze their years of operation. In this way, a focus is created to understand how many wave-energy converter plants work on average and whether it is indeed an established technology.


Author(s):  
Geeta.Laxmanrao. Kale ◽  
N.N. Shinde

The secondary energy consumption is forurban & rural sectors. The electricity generated at power plants at 11KV is transmitted & distributed to end utilities through 11/220, 220/110/33, 110/33, 33/11 transformers. In urban areas the major district energy distribution is planned by on demand through LT, HT distribution system. On an average LT HT consumer is further classified as Residential, Commercial, Industrial, & Agricultural/ others having consumptions of 25% , 13%, 53%, & 9% respectively. In urban areas the micro level preliminary studies shows that Agricultural (1%), Street light (2%) Water works 4%, Shopping malls / Advertising /Temporary supply etc. (2%), cumulatively contributes 9% energy consumptions. Due to deficiencies in energy supply side management demand is not met & load shedding & equivalent measures are taken. A case study for local energy distribution company urban division was taken & evaluated for shortfall in Electrical energy supply. A mathematical model is developed taking into consideration the objectives like least load shedding, supply & demand side management,& was analyzed for consumption patterns in end utilities & was optimized for decision making . The model helps to forecast demand side load management system including growth rate analysis.


Author(s):  
Iryna Kanevska ◽  
Serhii Umanets

Here have been defined: general problems of the domestic renewable energy sector such as inefficient use of energy resources; constant increase of prices for fuel and energy resources; unavailability of stable energy supply; delayed construction and commissioning of «alternative» power plants; complex process of obtaining of the «green» tariff in the National Commission by the power facility; seasonal construction of solar plants (before the sunny period in the spring, or before the winter period in the autumn), which requires large land plots, etc. The article refers such problems in renewable energy financing as: limited financial resources; lack of effective mechanisms for tranforming people's savings into investment; high level of investment risks; imperfect tax system; undeveloped corporate securities market. It has been proved that the prospects of financing renewable energy projects to be increased presented the primary task. The latest researches and publications in the field of renewable energy financing have been analyzed. It has been determined that both general and partial problems of financing renewable energy projects in Ukraine as well as the prospects for their further development remain unresolved. The author has investigated the problems and perspectives of financing renewable energy projects in Ukraine, as well as development of practical recommendations for the development of domestic renewable energy. The used methods: economic-statistical and abstract-logic, system approach, comparative analysis. The main directions of Ukrainian energy supply through regional projects, strategies and tactics have been highlighted. Here have been identified the most significant economic factors influencing Ukraine's energy efficiency such as state tariff policy in the field of fuel and energy resources; state fiscal policy in the field of energy saving; the policy of fuel and energy supplying organization; financial incentives for energy efficiency improvement; investment opportunities. The types of basic technologies of renewable energy in Ukraine have been generalized. The energy consumption on the basis of renewable energy sources and the total amount of energy from renewable sources in Ukraine for three years have been analyzed. The author has proposed the model of the financial-economic mechanism of state regulation of the renewable energy development in Ukraine, which would provide the state with the energy autonomy and ecological.


Author(s):  
Ірина А. Ажаман ◽  
Олексій Ю. Гордєєв

The article discusses contemporary issues of ensuring energy security in Ukraine. A brief overview on the modern energy system which comprises power plants of different types, electrical and thermal networks operating in the manufacturing sector, in transmission and distribution of electrical and thermal energy. The study considers the following types of power plants in the energy system of Ukraine: nuclear, thermal, hydroelectric and hydropower stations as well as power plants working with alternative (renewable) energy sources. It is argued that the ratio of energy sources and the energy system balance is the core basis to provide the national energy security and maintain stable power supply subject to different external environment factors. The findings have revealed the dominance of coal and natural gas production in the overall energy balance of Ukraine. However, the study of import and export trends demonstrates the prevalence of energy imports, in particular coal, oil and gas. It is observed that currently, alternative energy sources are at the infant development stage. The study of alternative energy supply in Ukraine shows that over 2018–2020 the capacity of such power plants increased by 7%, in particular, the capacity of wind stations grew by 2.3 times and solar – by 4.3 times, thus exhibiting respective change in energy output. It is also observed that during the period under consideration, the renewable energy output dropped by 17.1% while wind power production increased by 2.8 times and solar – by 5.2 times, respectively. According to the results, over 2018–2020 the capacity of wind power plants increased from 0.9% to 2.0% of the total domestic output, and solar – from 2.3% to 9.4%; as to production, the share of energy generated by wind power increased from 0.8% to 2.4%, and solar – from 0.7% to 4.1%. Given the current trend of increasing energy output generated from alternative sources, there is reason to tap a growing interest in the activities of companies offering power generating equipment in the Ukrainian market. A study on the capacity needs has revealed that the most popular among consumers of autonomous power supply systems, about 70% of total sales refer to low and medium power generators in the range of 8–550 kW. The conclusions resume that the key driver in boosting the alternative energy supply system is the relevant legal framework that encourages further alternative energy supply market development and, accordingly, the market of power generating equipment in Ukraine characterized by a strong upward growth trend.


Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 3491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Marchgraber ◽  
Christian Alács ◽  
Yi Guo ◽  
Wolfgang Gawlik ◽  
Adolfo Anta ◽  
...  

The increasing amount of renewable energy sources in the electrical energy system leads to an increasing number of converter-based generators connected to the electrical power grid. Other than conventional power plants that are often connected to the grid via synchronous generators, converter-based generators do not provide mechanical inertia intrinsically. Therefore, ensuring frequency stability in the electrical power grid might become even more difficult in the future. With the concept of synthetic inertia, the converter-based generators partially imitate the behavior of conventional generators. By implementing such a concept in converters, they are capable of contributing to frequency stability as well. This paper compares two strategies to realize synthetic inertia by modeling converter-based generators in MATLAB/SIMULINK and simulating their behavior in a small Microgrid. The results prove that any kind of realization of synthetic inertia helps to improve frequency stability. Each of the two investigated strategies may have their scope of application in a future electrical energy system.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 5862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Dehghani ◽  
Mohammad Mardaneh ◽  
Om Parkash Malik ◽  
Josep M. Guerrero ◽  
Ruben Morales-Menendez ◽  
...  

In today’s world, the development and continuation of life require energy. Supplying this energy demand requires careful and scientific planning of the energy provided by a variety of products, such as oil, gas, coal, electricity, etc. A new study on the operation of energy carriers called Energy Commitment (EC) is proposed. The purpose of the EC is to set a pattern for the use of energy carriers to supply energy demand, considering technical and economic constraints. EC is a constrained optimization problem that can be solved by using optimization methods. This study suggests the Following Optimization Algorithm (FOA) to solve the EC problem to achieve technical and economic benefits. Minimizing energy supply costs for the total study period is considered as an objective function. The FOA simulates social relationships among the community members who try to improve their community by following each other. Simulation is carried out on a 10-unit energy system supplied by various types of energy carriers that includes transportation, agriculture, industrial, residential, commercial, and public sectors. The results show that the optimal energy supply for a grid with 0.15447 Millions of Barrels of Oil Equivalent (MBOE) of energy demand costs 9.0922 millions dollar for a 24-h study period. However, if the energy supply is not optimal, the costs of operating energy carriers will increase and move away from the optimal economic situation. The economic distribution of electrical demand between 10 power plants and the amount of production units per hour of the study period is determined. The EC outputs are presented, which include an appropriate pattern of energy carrier utilization, energy demand supply costs, appropriate combination of units, and power plant production. The behavior and process of achieving the answer in the convergence curve for the implementation of FOA on EC indicates the exploration and exploitation capacity of FOA. Based on the simulated results, EC provides more information than Unit Commitment (UC) and analyzes the network more efficiently and deeply.


2021 ◽  
Vol 927 (1) ◽  
pp. 012014
Author(s):  
Ahmad Vidura ◽  
Adil Fajar Widrian ◽  
Nyimas Aljaniah Zahra ◽  
Muhammad Fakhruddin ◽  
Yanif Dwi Kuntjoro

Abstract Sebira is a small island located at the northernmost of the Thousand Islands, Indonesia. The Electricity supply at the island uses an isolated network system for its territory. This study aims to model a system of electrical energy supply in Sebira Island. We explore literature studies related to the electricity supply system to support our model to be more representative. We then describe the system with a Causal Loop Diagram and a Stock Flow Diagram. The current electricity supply comes from solar power plants 400 kWp and three units diesel power plants with capacities of 125 kVA (2 units) and 250 kVA (1 unit). In this model, we consider the variables of population growth, initial investment, electricity shortages, fuel costs, profits, and margins. Furthermore, we create two scenarios in the simulation, with and without additional wave energy. The results show that in a sufficiently long period, the second scenario (with extra wave energy) is more profitable for the electricity supply in Sebira Island; however, it requires more initial investment than the first scenario.


Author(s):  
A.P. Senkov ◽  
A.A. Senkov

Экологические проблемы и энергетическая безопасность заставили многие страны обратиться к возобновляемым источникам энергии. В последние десятилетия широкое применение получили солнечные и ветроэлектростанции. Ветровые волны морей и океанов также обладают большими ресурсами экологически чистой энергии. При этом плотность энергии морских волн значительно выше, чем плотность энергии солнечного излучения и ветра, и волны сами несут свою энергию к берегам. Однако попытки практического использования энергии волн для получения электроэнергии стали предприниматься только в последние годы. Построены несколько вариантов опытных волновых электростанций (ВлЭС), например, Oceanlinx , Pelamis , Oyster . Энергия волн имеет две составляющие - потенциальную и кинетическую, которые между собой равны. Эффективность ВлЭС зависит от способности конструкции ВлЭС использовать для преобразования в электрическую энергию и потенциальную энергию, и кинетическую энергию волн. В статье выполнен анализ эффективности различных вариантов опытных ВлЭС. Показано, что большинство из них может преобразовать в электрическую энергию только часть потенциальной энергии волн, а кинетическая энергия волн при этом не используется. Предлагается конструкция ВлЭС способная преобразовать в электрическую энергию и потенциальную, и кинетическую энергию волн. Кроме того, в этой конструкции ВлЭС сложное механическое и электрическое оборудование размещается в воздушной среде, что обеспечит высокую надежность и ресурс.Environmental problems and energy security have forced many countries to turn to renewable energy sources. In recent decades, solar and wind power plants have been widely used. Wind waves of the seas and oceans also have large resources of clean energy. At the same time, the energy density of sea waves is much higher than the energy density of solar radiation and wind, and the waves themselves carry their energy to the shores. However, attempts to use wave energy for generating electricity have been made only in recent years. Now several versions of experimental wave energy converters (WEC) have been built, for example, Oceanlinx, Pelamis, Oyster. Wave energy has two components-potential and kinetic, which are equal to each other. The efficiency of a WEC depends on the ability of the WEC design to use both potential energy and kinetic energy of waves for conversion to electrical energy. The article analyzes the effectiveness of various variants of experimental WECs. It is shown that most of them can convert only a part of the potential energy of waves into electrical energy, and the kinetic energy of waves is not used. We propose a design of a WEC that can convert both potential and kinetic energy of waves into electrical energy. In addition, in this WEC design, complex mechanical and electrical equipment is placed in the air, which will provide high reliability and resource.


Author(s):  
Ken Oshiro ◽  
Shinichiro Fujimori

Abstract Japan’s mid-century strategy to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 80% by 2050 requires rapid energy system changes, which may lead to stranded assets in fossil fuel-related infrastructure. Existing studies have shown that massive stranding of assets in the energy supply side is possible; few studies have involved economy-wide stranded asset analysis. In this study, we estimated stranded investments in both the energy supply and demand sectors in Japan in the context of near-term goals for 2030 and the mid-century strategy. To this end, multiple emission scenarios for Japan were assessed based on various emission reduction targets for 2030 and 2050. The results show that stranded investments in the energy supply sectors occur mainly in coal power plants without carbon capture and storage (CCS), especially in scenarios without enhanced near-term mitigation targets. Increases of stranded investment in demand sectors were observed primarily under stringent mitigation scenarios, which exceed the 80% reduction target. In particular, investment for oil and gas heating systems in the buildings sector may be stranded at levels up to $20 billion US between 2021 and 2050. We further simulated a scenario incorporating a subsidy for devices that do not use fossil fuels as a sector-specific policy; this reduced the amount of stranded investment in the buildings sector. We confirmed the benefit of enhancing near-term mitigation targets to avoid generating stranded investments. These findings support the importance of inclusive energy and climate policy design involving not only pricing of carbon emissions but also complementary cross-sector economy-wide policies.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 10053
Author(s):  
Mohammad Dehghani ◽  
Mohammad Mardaneh ◽  
Om P. Malik ◽  
Josep M. Guerrero ◽  
Carlos Sotelo ◽  
...  

In recent years, energy consumption has notably been increasing. This poses a challenge to the power grid operators due to the management and control of the energy supply and consumption. Here, energy commitment is an index criterion useful to specify the quality level and the development of human life. Henceforth, continuity of long-term access to resources and energy delivery requires an appropriate methodology that must consider energy scheduling such as an economic and strategic priority, in which primary energy carriers play an important role. The integrated energy networks such as power and gas systems lead the possibility to minimize the operating costs; this is based on the conversion of energy from one form to another and considering the starting energy in various types. Therefore, the studies toward multi-carrier energy systems are growing up taking into account the interconnection among various energy carriers and the penetration of energy storage technologies in such systems. In this paper, using dynamic programming and genetic algorithm, the energy commitment of an energy network that includes gas and electrical energy is carried out. The studied multi-carrier energy system has considered defending parties including transportation, industrial and agriculture sectors, residential, commercial, and industrial consumers. The proposed study is mathematically modeled and implemented on an energy grid with four power plants and different energy consumption sectors for a 24-h energy study period. In this simulation, an appropriate pattern of using energy carriers to supply energy demand is determined. Simulation results and analysis show that energy carriers can be used efficiently using the proposed energy commitment method.


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