Strategic and Legal Framework of Torrential Flood Control in Some Western Balkan and EU Countries

2022 ◽  
pp. 42-73
Author(s):  
Nada Dragović ◽  
Tijana Vulević ◽  
Muhamed Bajrić ◽  
Johannes Huebl ◽  
Paolo Porto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Flood Protection ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Balkan Countries ◽  
Torrential Flood ◽  
Legal Frameworks

The EU countries are obliged to harmonize their legislation in the field of flood protection, and thus torrential floods, in accordance with the Water Framework Directive (WFD) which was adopted in 2000. Two EU countries, Austria and Italy, and three Western Balkan countries were selected for the strategic and legal framework of torrential flood control: Serbia, North Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. In addition to the legal framework of torrential flood control in EU countries, policies and strategies related to this area were studied for comparative analysis with non-EU countries. The strategic framework for the protection of water resources, and in particular torrential flood protection, is lacking in all Western Balkan countries. The aim of this chapter is to determine the directions of future strategic directions and torrential flood control policies in the Western Balkans based on the experiences of EU countries, advantages and disadvantages of the existing strategic, and legal frameworks.

scholarly journals Compensation Models for Community Health Workers: Comparison of Legal Frameworks across Five Countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Ballard ◽  
Carey Westgate ◽  
Rebecca Alban ◽  
Nandini Choudhury ◽  
Rehan Adamjee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Community Health ◽  
Community Health Workers ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Law Firms ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Compensation Mechanisms ◽  
Legal Frameworks

Abstract Background Despite the life-saving work they perform, community health workers (CHWs) have long been subject to global debate about their remuneration. There is now, however, an emerging consensus that CHWs should be paid. As the discussion evolves from whether to financially remunerate CHWs to how to do so, there is an urgent need to better understand the types of CHW payment models and their implications. Methods This study examines the legal framework on CHW compensation in five countries: Brazil, Ghana, Nigeria, Rwanda, and South Africa. In order to map the characteristics of each approach, a standardized questionnaire was developed and targeted at local law firms. The questionnaire covered legal structures and requirements for compensation of CHWs, CHW compensation mechanisms, CHW legal protections and benefits, and alignment of national CHW policies with global guidelines. Results The five countries profiled represent possible archetypes for CHW compensation: Brazil (public), Ghana (volunteer-based), Nigeria (private), Rwanda (cooperatives with performance based incentives) and South Africa (hybrid public/private). Advantages and disadvantages of each model with respect to (i) CHWs, in terms of financial protection, and (ii) the public sector, in terms of ease of implementation, are outlined. Conclusions While a strong legal framework does not necessarily translate into high-quality implementation, it is the first necessary step. While certain approaches to CHW compensation - particularly public-sector or hybrid models with public sector wage floors - best institutionalize recommended CHW protections, political will and long-term financing often remain obstacles. Removing ecosystem barriers - such as multilateral and bilateral restrictions on the payment of salaries - can help governments institutionalize CHW payment.

scholarly journals Compensation Models for Community Health Workers: Comparison of Legal Frameworks across Five Countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Ballard ◽  
Carey Westgate ◽  
Rebecca Alban ◽  
Nandini Choudhury ◽  
Rehan Adamjee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Community Health ◽  
Community Health Workers ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Law Firms ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Compensation Mechanisms ◽  
Legal Frameworks

Abstract Background: Despite the life-saving work they perform, community health workers (CHWs) have long been subject to global debate about their remuneration. There is now, however, an emerging consensus that CHWs should be paid. As the discussion evolves from whether to financially remunerate CHWs to how to do so, there is an urgent need to better understand the types of CHW payment models and their implications. Methods: This study examines the legal framework on CHW compensation in five countries: Brazil, Ghana, Nigeria, Rwanda, and South Africa. In order to map the characteristics of each approach, a review of the regulatory framework governing CHW compensation in each country was undertaken. Law firms in each of the five countries were engaged to support the identification and interpretation of relevant legal documents. To guide the search and aid in the creation of uniform country profiles, a standardized set of questions was developed, covering : (i) legal requirements for CHW compensation, (ii) CHW compensation mechanisms, and (iii) CHW legal protections and benefits. Findings: The five countries profiled represent possible archetypes for CHW compensation: Brazil (public), Ghana (volunteer-based), Nigeria (private), Rwanda (cooperatives with performance based incentives) and South Africa (hybrid public/private). Advantages and disadvantages of each model with respect to (i) CHWs, in terms of financial protection, and (ii) the health system, in terms of ease of implementation, are outlined.Conclusions: While a strong legal framework does not necessarily translate into high-quality implementation, it is the first necessary step. Certain approaches to CHW compensation - particularly public-sector or hybrid models with public sector wage floors - best institutionalize recommended CHW protections. Political will and long-term financing often remain; removing ecosystem barriers - such as multilateral and bilateral restrictions on the payment of salaries - can help governments institutionalize CHW payment.

Regulation governing non-profit organisations in developing countries

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhamed Zulkhibri
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Tax Incentives ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Tax Exemptions ◽  
Legal Frameworks

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a comparative analysis on the regulation, the applicable law and the tax treatment in the operations of NPOs in developing countries. Design/methodology/approach – A comparative analysis in term of NPOs legal framework governing the formation, existence, restriction and fundraising of NPOs, as well as the tax treatment for the NPOs. Findings – The findings suggest that regulations of NPOs in these countries exhibit a mixed picture with respect to the establishment, operation, affiliation and fundraising, as well as their tax incentives and preferences. In some countries, NPOs have fewer restrictions and are eligible for generous tax incentives, while for other countries, various restrictions and lack of incentives are the norms. The legal frameworks for NPOs are burdensome and, to some extent, do not reflect the importance of NPOs as partner for development of society. The findings also suggest that tax treatments in these countries vary from simple to complex coupled with obscure tax exemptions rules. Originality/value – Around the globe, authorities and society are increasingly acknowledging the important role of NPOs in dealing with social needs from basic poverty, health and sustainable environments. This study’s focus on NPOs regulation will provide an understanding for authorities to design an appropriate framework for the growth and vibrancy of the NPOs.

scholarly journals Determining Food Security in Crisis Conditions: A Comparative Analysis of the Western Balkans and the EU

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 9924
Author(s):  
Bojan Matkovski ◽  
Danilo Đokić ◽  
Stanislav Zekić ◽  
Žana Jurjević
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Preference Ranking ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Balkan Countries ◽  
Promethee Method ◽  
Crisis Conditions ◽  
The Eu

The right to food is a fundamental one, and the optimization between human needs and available resources is a challenge in all countries. The main goal of this study is to find the factors that determine food security and to determine the level of food security in the Western Balkans while undergoing the process of European Union (EU) integration. In order to achieve this, four Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) dimensions of food security are analyzed: stability, availability, access, and utilization. The Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations (PROMETHEE) method is then used to rank Western Balkan and EU countries according to food security. The results show a significant difference among these countries in terms of their levels of food security, which is a consequence of Western Balkan countries’ significant lag in economic development in comparison to the EU. Although the level of food security in Western Balkan countries is lower than in EU countries, it is not endangered. However, it can become endangered under crisis conditions (like the COVID-19 pandemic). The main reasons for this discrepancy are high food supply variability, dependence on cereal import, and lower Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in these countries than in EU.

scholarly journals MACROECONOMIC MOVEMENTS OF THE WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES ECONOMY / MAKROEKONOMSKA KRETANJA PRIVREDE ZEMALJA ZAPADNOG BALKANA

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragana Milić ◽  
Zorka Grandov ◽  
Maja Đokić
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Business Cycles ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Balkan Countries ◽  
Selection Of

The aim of this research is to determine based on a statistical analysis of the macroeconomic trends, the achieved level of recovery and development in the economy of the Western Balkan countries after 2008. In the global economic history, 2008 will be remembered as the year in which many developed and developing countries faced an economic crisis, which was reflected in the decline in general economic indicators.Some experts explain economic crises and recession as accumulated imbalances in relations between basic macroeconomic aggregates and in that sense the crisis is just one of the stages in business cycles. The paper deals with theoretical views regarding this topic, and the conducted empirical research included four countries of the Western Balkans, Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The survey gives a clear overview of the macroeconomic trends of the Western Balkan countries with appropriate explanations, which enabled the selection of countries by set criteria. Comparative analysis between countries pointed to good and bad macroeconomic trends in certain periods.

scholarly journals Pollution data tracking in the Western Balkan countries: A state-of-the-art review

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordana Stefanovic ◽  
Miroslav Trajanovic ◽  
Neven Duic ◽  
Martina Ferk
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Balkan Countries ◽  
Data Tracking ◽  
Regional Projects ◽  
State Of The Environment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mapping Exercise

As part of the FP6 Program, a project named WEB-ENV 'Development of environ- mental guidelines for the region of Western Balkans' dealt with the state of the environment in the region of the West Balkan countries: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, FYR Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia. The parameters which were observed were air and water quality, solid waste pollution, soil degradation, and state of biodiversity. The results are presented as an extended mapping exercise identifying major environmental problems in each country. This paper outlines the comparative analysis of the parameters observed in the project and their respective resources. This paper also presents the impact of some polluters on the environmental condition of the countries surrounding Western Balkans. The analysis of data proves that certain areas have insufficient parameters especially in the field of ground water quality and soil degradation. Another problem in the comparative analysis was discrepancy of year of data collection. In order to get a better understanding of the environmental issue in the region it has been determined that it is necessary to provide comprehensive data monitoring via regional projects on the territory of the Western Balkans.

scholarly journals The Impact of Corruption, Economic Freedom and Urbanization on Economic Development: Western Balkans versus EU-27

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 9743
Author(s):  
Nerajda Feruni ◽  
Eglantina Hysa ◽  
Mirela Panait ◽  
Irina Gabriela Rădulescu ◽  
Alina Brezoi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Balkan Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The topic of economic development has been addressed in recent decades from more and more points of view in order to identify the factors with significant impact on this phenomenon. Identifying the factors and measuring their impact on economic development are essential starting points for adopting the necessary public policies. Similar types of research for the Western Balkan countries and comparative analyses between the Western Balkans and the European Union countries are limited in number. Hence, the main purpose of this paper is to empirically test the impact of corruption, economic freedom, and urbanization on the economic development for both the Western Balkan countries and the EU countries for the period 2009–2018 to provide a comparative analysis for these two groups. The corruption perception index, economic freedom index, and urban population growth are chosen as independent variables, whereas the dependent variable of the human development index (HDI) represents economic development. Using the Random Effects model, which falls under the Panel Generalized Least Square method, the empirical analysis suggests that corruption has a negative impact on economic development, while economic freedom and urbanization have a positive impact on the economic development for both groups of countries. However, the impact of corruption is more destructive in the Western Balkans, and they appear to benefit more from economic freedom and urbanization as compared to the EU countries. Whether the impact of the chosen independent variables is restricted to any component of the HDI in particular is left open for further studies in the future, though the results of this paper are highly significant and in accordance with the reviewed literature.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF CORRUPTION ON STARTING THE NEW BUSINESSES - COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES AND DEVELOPED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

TEME ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 527
Author(s):  
Vinko Lepojevic ◽  
Maja Ivanović Djukic ◽  
Suzana Stefanović
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Initial Assumption ◽  
Balkan Countries ◽  
New Business ◽  
Construction Permit ◽  
The Impact

This paper analyzes the impact of corruption on the establishment of new businesses through a comparative analysis of the Western Balkan countries and the developed European countries. The aim of the paper is to examine whether corruption affects the establishment of new businesses, and to identify areas that are important for starting a new business in which corruption is most present, as well as to propose measures that can mitigate the negative effects of corruption and, consequently, make more supportive environments for development of entrepreneurship. Our initial assumption is that corruption has a negative impact on the development of entrepreneurship. In order to check this hypothesis, the method of correlation and regression analysis was applied in research of corruption impact on entrepreneurship development based on a sample of 25 countries. The results of our research have shown that corruption has had a negative and statistically significant impact on the establishment of new businesses. Also, our research has shown that the impact of corruption on the development of entrepreneurship is higher in countries characterized by an insufficiently stable and underdeveloped macroeconomic environment such as the Western Balkans countries, compared to developed European countries. As study has shown, obtaining construction permit and registering property are the areas in which corruption is most pronounced.

Agrarian receipts as a tool for the structural transformation of financial and credit relations in the agrarian business of the region

2019 ◽  
pp. 40-53
Author(s):  
Yuliia Nehoda
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Bank Lending ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
Agricultural Business ◽  
Business Entities

The subject of the research – is a set of organizational-economic relations arising in the process of structural transformation of financial and credit relations in the agricultural business. The purpose of the article is a retrospective analysis of structural transformations of financial and credit relations in the agricultural business, evaluation of the effectiveness and feasibility of the introduction of agricultural receipts as a new instrument of lending to the agricultural business of the regions. Methodology of work – system-structural and comparative analyzes (to determine the effectiveness of the crediting mechanism according to the agricultural receipts of the farmers of the region); monographic (when studying the problems of the functioning of the mechanism of lending to agrarians by agrarian receipts) economic analysis (when carrying out a comparative analysis of the mechanism of classical bank lending to the agrarian business and the mechanism of lending to agrarians according to agrarian receipts); modeling and forecasting (when determining ways to overcome the existing deficiencies in the mechanism of lending to agrarian business entities of the region according to agrarian receipts). The results of the work – a retrospective analysis of the structural transformation of financial and credit relations in the agricultural business was carried out. The mechanism of crediting agrarians according to agrarian receipts and the scale of its distribution in the agrarian business of the region are considered. A comparative analysis of the mechanism of classical bank lending to the agrarian business and the mechanism of lending to agrarians according to agrarian receipts was carried out. In the framework of the pilot project “Agrarian receipts in Ukraine” of the international financial corporation (IFC) in partnership with the Swiss Confederation in Ukraine, the example of the Poltava region defined the effectiveness of the crediting mechanism according to the agrarian receipts of the agrarians of the region. The advantages and disadvantages of the mechanism of crediting the subjects of the agrarian business on agrarian receipts are noted. The ways to overcome the existing shortcomings of the mechanism of crediting the subjects of the agrarian business of the region according to agricultural receipts are determined. Conclusions – according to the results of the conducted research, the effectiveness of the mechanism of lending to the agricultural business of the regions according to agricultural receipts was proved, its advantages and disadvantages were noted, and attention was also focused. Proposed in Art. 7 of Law No. 5479-VI clearly delineate cases and restrictions on the debtor’s reimbursement of expenses incurred by the lender with the acquisition of the right to grow and harvest the pledged crop of agricultural products, which will ensure the principle of equality of parties on economic benefits and distribution of credit risks according to agricultural receipts.

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