Application of Ferrate for the Treatment of Organic Matters in Wastewater

2013 ◽  
Vol 361-363 ◽  
pp. 654-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya Rui Song ◽  
Jian Wei Ma
Keyword(s):  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Bacterial Inactivation ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Toc Removal ◽  
Water Matrix ◽  
Secondary Effluents ◽  
By Products

Fe (VI) was evaluated to treat municipal secondary effluents derived from wastewater treatment plants. Organic matter and reactive phosphate compounds in wastewater was oxidized by Fe (VI) l, and the formation of adsorbable organic haloids (AOX) as by-products in this study. Additionally, the most probable number (MPN) of cultivable heterotrophic bacteria was also determined. In every case for 100% bacterial inactivation a low Fe (VI) concentration (5 mg L.1) was enough and by this concentration 40% chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 20% total organic carbon (TOC) removal could be obtained on average. Higher Fe (VI) concentration (715 mg L.1) resulted in an even higher organics reduction (depending on the water matrix up to 79% COD and 45% TOC removal). Monitoring AOX concentration during Fe (VI)-treatment, it could be stated that AOX formation was in linear relationship with the applied Fe (VI) concentration, but at higher than about 10 mg L-1Fe (VI) concentration this increase became much less than at lower Fe (VI) concentration.

Effect of polluted water on Danio rerio (Zebrafish) as a vertebrate model: A case study of Ibalur Lake, Bangalore, India

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
Mathews P. Raj ◽  
Anitha A. Abraham ◽  
Jayarama Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Lake Water ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Zebra Fish ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Lake Ecosystems ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Who Standards

  Lake ecosystems are degraded with the increase in urbanization and anthro-pogenic activities. A study was taken up to analyze the effects of water quality of Ibalur Lake, Bangalore, India. The physico- chemical parameters and bacteriological examination of lake water was done for a period of 3 months from December 2013 – February 2014. The values recorded for Dissolved oxygen (DO), Biological oxygen demand (BOD) and Chemical oxygen demand (COD) were found to be zero. The average values recorded for parameters like calcium, total alkalinity, hardness were 231mg/L, 197mg/L and 587.1 mg/L respectively which were found exceeding the WHO standards set for drinking water; Parameters like Magnesium, Sodium, Chlorides, Sulphates had an average value of 140, 18.4, 59.5, 15 expressed in mg/L, which were within the WHO standards. Coliform count customized using the standard Most Probable Number (MPN) test reported a very high bacterial activity and proved the lake water is non-potable. Analysis carried out to determine the effects of pollutants on the vertebrate system (zebra fish) showed that the polluted waters of the lake have deleterious effects on zebra fish. With these observations it can be concluded that the pollutants of the lake can have detrimental impact on the biotic components.

scholarly journals Influence of environmental disturbances on the bacteriological quality of Pagbanganan river in Baybay City, Leyte, Philippines

2019 ◽  
pp. 81-91 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Public Water Supply ◽  
Environmental Disturbances ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Fermentation Test

Microorganisms like bacteria are frequently used as indicators of water quality in freshwater ecosystems. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the total coliforms (TC) and total aerobic heterotrophic bacteria (TAHB) present in the upstream (Kantagnos), midstream (lgang), and downstream (Kan-ipa) of Pagbanganan River. The most probable number (MPN/100 mL) of TC was determined through multiple tube fermentation test while counts of TAHB present in both water and sediments were enumerated by serial dilution and plating methods. MPN of TC revealed that the river water should not be used as a source of public water supply and as a venue for contact recreational activities like bathing and swimming. Furthermore, TAHB in the sediments of the river did not differ significantly across sites although their values showed a decreasing trend. Conversely, TAHB in the water column of the river significantly increased from upstream to downstream. These results are most probably influenced by the quarrying activities present in the area. In the upstream where there is no quarrying activity, TAHB was higher in sediment than in the water, while in the downstream where quarrying activities are present, it is otherwise. Because of these significant differences, it is believed that the ratios of TAHB present in the water column and sediments are potential indicators of sediment disturbance in the aquatic environment. The results of this study imply that proper management of Pagbanganan River by all sectors of the community is needed to keep it sustainable for safe use.

Shelf life study of handmade and industrially processed Minas frescal cheese

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 1207-1218
Author(s):  
Thamiris Evangelista Silva ◽  
Priscila Alonso dos Santos ◽  
Thamara Evangelista Silva ◽  
Kamilla Soares Silva ◽  
André Luiz Borges Machado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
State Inspection ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Life Study ◽  
Thermotolerant Coliforms ◽  
Milk Pasteurisation

Purpose The purpose of this study is to characterize and compare the results of the inspection mark of handmade and industrially processed Minas frescal cheese. It is one of the most commonly made and consumed cheeses in Brazil, and its production processes range from handmade cheeses produced in small household production sites to cheeses manufactured in large dairy factories subject to federal inspection. Design/methodology/approach The samples were stored for 10 days at 4°C in a biochemical oxygen demand chamber. Cheeses were analyzed using physicochemical analyzes, yield and syneresis indices and microbiological analyses. Findings The cheese A met the criterion of regulatory classification for very high humidity (65.32 g/100 g), while cheese B did not meet the criterion (54.38 g/100 g). Cheeses A (19.01 g/100 g) and B (24 g/100 g) showed average fat contents that did not comply with current legislation. The most probable number per g of thermotolerant coliforms was outside the acceptable range (>24 × 102 MPN/g), and Salmonella spp. were present in the tested samples. The highest yield was observed for handmade cheese (an average of 5.35 L of milk to produce 1 kg of cheese), which had the highest syneresis during the storage period (p = 0.004), reaching 14.26% on the 10th day of storage. Originality/value Municipal and state inspection certificates do not ensure the microbiological quality of Minas frescal cheese, indicating flaws in the good manufacturing practices and/or in the milk pasteurisation stage.

Efficacy of an appropriate point-of-use water treatment intervention for low-income communities in India utilizing Moringa oleifera, sari-cloth filtration and solar UV disinfection

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Imran Ali ◽  
Morgan MacDonald ◽  
J. Jincy ◽  
K. Arun Sampath ◽  
G. Vinothini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Pre Treatment

This study investigated the efficacy of a POU water treatment system featuring sari-cloth filtration and/or Moringa oleifera coagulation as pre-treatments for solar disinfection (SODIS). Surface water from a peri-urban slum in Chennai, India, was treated and analysed for turbidity, organic content via chemical oxygen demand (COD) and microbiological quality via most probable number (MPN) enumeration of total coliforms. Pre-treatment with both moringa coagulation and sari-cloth filtration significantly improved the turbidity of raw water compared to no pre-treatment controls (P = 0.0002). Optimal moringa coagulation did not outperform sari-cloth filtration (P = 0.06), but combining optimal moringa coagulation with sari-cloth filtration significantly outperformed either pre-treatment independently with respect to turbidity (P = 0.016 and P = 0.0001, respectively). The addition of moringa was found to increase COD in treated water, with greater doses of moringa resulting in higher COD levels (P = 0.04). Increased organics may have encouraged the re-growth of coliform bacteria that was observed in those jars receiving moringa coagulant such that, with respect to MPN, those jars which were subject to optimal moringa coagulation did not outperform those undergoing sari-cloth filtration alone (P = 0.41). Sari-cloth filtration is recommended as a pre-treatment for SODIS whereas moringa is not, as further investigation on the relationship between organics and bacterial re-growth is necessary.

Modeling of pathogen inactivation in thermal septic tanks

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Koottatep ◽  
S. Phuphisith ◽  
T. Pussayanavin ◽  
A. Panuvatvanich ◽  
C. Polprasert
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Weibull Model ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Pathogen Inactivation ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Septic Tanks ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Safe Level

Thermal application has been widely used for pathogen inactivation in various fields. The purpose of this research was to develop a model of pathogen inactivation in septic tanks operating at various temperatures. Four laboratory-scale septic tanks fed with septage were operated at temperatures of 30, 40, 50 and 60 °C and Escherichia coli (E. coli) was selected as the pathogenic indicator. The efficiencies of E. coli inactivation were found to increase with increasing temperatures, while the opposites were observed for chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction. At 60 °C, the E. coli concentrations were reduced from 9.6 × 106 to about 10 most probable number (MPN)/100 mL or 6 log reduction. The kinetics of E. coli reduction followed a modified Weibull model which could be applied to septic tank design and operation. The percentage COD removal was found to be 93, 94, 89 and 84 at temperatures of 32, 40, 50 and 60 °C, respectively. The results of this study suggested that pathogenic microorganisms in septic tanks could be inactivated to be at a safe level with thermal application.

scholarly journals Microbiological and Physicochemical Water Quality Assessments of River Water in an Industrial Region of the Northwest Coast of Borneo

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sui Leong ◽  
Johan Ismail ◽  
Nurdiyana Denil ◽  
Shahrul Sarbini ◽  
Wafri Wasli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
River Water ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Northwest Coast ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Industrial Region ◽  
Coliform Count ◽  
The Mean

Urbanization and ever increasing socioeconomic activities have degraded natural resources globally. This study monitored water quality (WQI) based on physicochemical and microbial qualities of river water in an industrial region northwest coast of Borneo. Microbiological parameters tested included total viable count (TVC), coliform count (TC), faecal coliform count (FC), and Escherichia coli confirmation. Physicochemical constituents evaluated included water temperatures (T), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS). The mean microbial counts of samples were: TVC (3.9 × 102–3.0 × 104 cfu mL−1), TC and FC (23–>1600 MPN 100 mL−1) (MPN: the most probable number) and Escherichia coli growth was confirmed. The mean values of pH, TDS, salinity, EC and BOD are significantly different (p < 0.05) between the rivers ranged: pH (5.05 ± 0.03–6.10 ± 0.10), TDS (0.0 ± 0.0–38,600 ± 50 mg L−1), salinity (0.01 ± 0.0–3.07 ± 0.07%), EC (650 ± 25–19,566.67 ± 251.66 µS cm−1), and BOD (0.23 ± 0.10–3.12 ± 0.02 mgO2 L−1). The tested parameters of samples exceeded international limits with the exception of COD and TSS. The WQI of river water tested ranged from 65–73 under class III. Most of the river water was slightly polluted and a potential threat to public health.

scholarly journals Bacteria and protozoa populations in groundwater in landfill area in São Carlos, SP

1999 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Fusconi ◽  
Mirna Januária Leal Godinho
Keyword(s):  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Town ◽  
Microaerophilic Conditions

The microbial populations of groundwaters were analyzed in a region under the influence of a landfill (piezometer L12) in the town of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil, and in an area not influenced by the landfill (piezometer L5). Heterotrophic bacteria were counted by spread plate method and the number of protozoa was estimated by the most probable number method. There was a larger number of organisms in well L12, with a mean value of 15.76 x 104 CFU/ml for bacteria and 9.7 MPN/ml for protozoa, whereas the mean values for piezometer L5 were 2.88 x 104 CFU/ml for bacteria and 3.4 MPN/ml for protozoa. The greater abundance detected in piezometer L12 may be related to the influence of the leachate through the landfill on the microbial populations, also demonstrated by deoxygenation and by the high conductivity values (3530 µS/cm) compared to piezometer L5 (2.47 mg/L dissolved oxygen and 42 µS/cm conductivity). The most commonly detected protozoa were amoebae and flagellates. The density of flagellate protozoa determined under microaerophilic conditions was 10 times higher than that determined under aerobic conditions.

Quantification and characterization of greywater from schools

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (11) ◽  
pp. 1973-1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdalrahman D. Alsulaili ◽  
Mohamed F. Hamoda
Keyword(s):  
Primary Schools ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
School Level ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Potable Reuse

Survey of schools of different education levels (primary, intermediate and secondary) in Kuwait showed an average greywater generation rate of 7.3 L/p/d and varied in the range of 2.9–16 l/p/d, reflecting the school level of education (i.e. student age). The highest rates were observed for primary schools while the lowest rates were observed in secondary schools where students are more mature and use the water more wisely. The greywater characteristics indicated waste with low chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) values but relatively high solids, conductivity, and sodium content due to excessive use of hand soap. Total coliform values ranged between 89 and 352 most probable number (MPN)/mL with an average of 196 MPN/mL while no fecal coliform values were detected. Greywater collected from schools is classified as light greywater and contains much lower levels of organic matter and nutrients compared to residential greywater and domestic wastewater. It is suitable for non-potable reuse after minimal treatment since microbial contamination may pose a serious threat to health if greywater comes into contact with humans. It also provides a good opportunity for reuse in toilet flushing since it can be easily collected from wash sinks and fountains, as major sources, and recycled.

Sewage treatment efficacy and heavy metal removal in moving bed biofilm based treatment plants of northern India

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid Muzamil Gani ◽  
Muntjeer Ali ◽  
Ankur Rajpal ◽  
Hitesh Jaiswal ◽  
Absar Ahmad Kazmi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Heavy Metal Removal ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Moving Bed ◽  
Northern India

Moving bed biofilm reactor based sewage treatment plants (STPs) have been installed in northern India over the last decade. As such, there are no performance evaluation studies of this technology in the region. Evaluation of four such STPs was carried out in terms of removal efficiencies of physico-chemical parameters, microbiological parameters and heavy metals. Results showed that the average chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, total suspended solids, total nitrogen and total phosphorus removal of all STPs ranged from 74 to 91%, 81 to 95%, 79 to 93%, 44 to 80% and 58 to 85%, respectively. Total and thermotolerant (faecal) coliform in the influent and effluent of STPs ranged from 1.5 × 104 to 9.3 × 107 most probable number (MPN)/100 mL and 0 MPN/mL to 2,400 MPN/mL, respectively. Heavy metal concentration (nickel, zinc, cadmium, iron, lead, chromium, and copper) in effluent samples of all the STPs was below Indian discharge limits except lead. Integrated efficiency (IE) of the STPs was also evaluated and the results showed that the actual IE of all STPs was 0–10% larger than standard IE, indicating the suitability of the technology in the region.

Preliminary Study of the Disinfection of Secondary Wastewater Using a Solar Photolytic-Photocatalytic Reactor

2008 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Héctor Hernández-García ◽  
Héctor López-Arjona ◽  
Juan Francisco Rodríguez ◽  
Rosario Enríquez
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Photocatalytic Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Continuous Reactor ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Probable Number

Our main purpose was to study the disinfection of a secondary wastewater anaerobic effluent by a combined photolytic-photocatalytic continuous reactor using solar irradiation. This reactor had a rectangular section and included back-and-forth-flow internal channels. It comprised two compartments: the first one (6.4l) corresponded to photolytic disinfection with a 1h residence time and the second one (12.8l) corresponded to photocatalytic disinfection with a 2h residence time. The photocatalyst used was Degussa P-25 TiO2 fixed on an ordinary tile. By use of this reactor between 9:00h and 16:00h with a water flow rate of 3.4lh−1, the total coliform concentration diminished by four orders of magnitude, reaching values lower than 102MPN (most probable number)/100ml, which are below the regulation. Even if photolysis was important, this single process did not permit one to obtain an outlet coliform concentration below 103MPN∕100ml; however, it helped to improve the photocatalytic performance. A decrease in chemical oxygen demand (COD) was also observed in the photocatalytic compartment, illustrating an oxidation of organic pollutants. In parallel, batch experiments were carried out to get information about the residence times, the photocatalytic performance of TiO2 fixed on an ordinary tile, and the photolytic effect. The results suggest that this low cost and easy to operate treatment system could be a promising alternative to usual systems for the decrease in COD and the disinfection of domestic wastewaters.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document